E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten
Schäberle Ultrasonography in Vascular Diagnosis
2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-02509-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
A Therapy-Oriented Textbook and Atlas
E-Book, Englisch, 520 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-642-02509-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
This is the second edition of a well-received book that has been recommended for inclusion in any vascular library or vascular radiology suite. The first edition has been fully revised so as to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date account of vascular ultrasound that reflects recent advances. The emphasis remains on the clinical aspects most relevant to angiologists and vascular surgeons. Ultrasound anatomy is discussed, examination procedures explained, normal and pathological findings described, and the clinical impact of ultrasound assessed. Atlas sections present pertinent case material to illustrate typical ultrasound findings for both the more common vascular diseases and rarer conditions. This book will serve not only as an invaluable guide for beginners, but also as an indispensable reference for experienced sonographers, who will benefit from the detailed evaluation of the role of ultrasound as compared with other modalities and the discussion of ultrasound findings in their clinical context.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Ultrasonography in Vascular Diagnosis;2
1.1;Preface to the Second Englishand Third German Edition;5
1.2;Preface to the First English Edition;7
1.3;Preface to the Second German Edition;8
1.4;Preface to the First German Edition;10
1.5;Contents;12
1.6;1: Fundamental Principles;18
1.6.1;1.1 Technical Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound;18
1.6.1.1;1.1.1 Gray-Scale Ultrasonography (B-Mode);18
1.6.1.1.1;1.1.1.1 Historical Milestones;18
1.6.1.1.2;1.1.1.2 Sound Waves;18
1.6.1.1.3;1.1.1.3 Generating Ultrasound Waves;19
1.6.1.1.4;1.1.1.4 Physical Factors Affecting the Ultrasound Scan;19
1.6.1.1.4.1;1.1.1.4.1 Reflection and Refraction;20
1.6.1.1.4.2;1.1.1.4.2 Scattering;20
1.6.1.1.4.3;1.1.1.4.3 Interference;21
1.6.1.1.4.4;1.1.1.4.4 Diffraction;21
1.6.1.1.4.5;1.1.1.4.5 Attenuation and Absorption;21
1.6.1.1.5;1.1.1.5 Generating an Ultrasound Image;21
1.6.1.1.5.1;1.1.1.5.1 Pulse-Echo Technique;21
1.6.1.1.5.2;1.1.1.5.2 Time-Gain Compensation;21
1.6.1.1.5.3;1.1.1.5.3 A-Mode;22
1.6.1.1.5.4;1.1.1.5.4 B-Mode;22
1.6.1.1.5.5;1.1.1.5.5 M-Mode;22
1.6.1.1.6;1.1.1.6 Resolution;23
1.6.1.1.7;1.1.1.7 Beam Focusing;23
1.6.1.1.8;1.1.1.8 Types of Transducers;24
1.6.1.1.8.1;1.1.1.8.1 Principle of Operation;24
1.6.1.1.8.2;1.1.1.8.2 Linear Arrays;24
1.6.1.1.8.3;1.1.1.8.3 Curved or Convex Arrays;25
1.6.1.1.8.4;1.1.1.8.4 Sector Scanners;25
1.6.1.1.8.5;1.1.1.8.5 Phased Arrays;25
1.6.1.1.8.6;1.1.1.8.6 Mechanical Sector Scanners;25
1.6.1.1.8.7;1.1.1.8.7 Annular Phased Arrays;26
1.6.1.1.8.8;1.1.1.8.8 Disadvantages of Mechanical Transducers;26
1.6.1.1.9;1.1.1.9 Ultrasound Artifacts;26
1.6.1.1.9.1;1.1.1.9.1 Posterior Shadowing;26
1.6.1.1.9.2;1.1.1.9.2 Acoustic Enhancement;26
1.6.1.1.9.3;1.1.1.9.3 Edge Effect;26
1.6.1.1.9.4;1.1.1.9.4 Side Lobes;27
1.6.1.1.9.5;1.1.1.9.5 Reverberation Artifact;27
1.6.1.1.9.6;1.1.1.9.6 Geometric Distortion;28
1.6.1.2;1.1.2 Basic Physics of Doppler Ultrasound;28
1.6.1.2.1;1.1.2.1 Continuous Wave Doppler Ultrasound;29
1.6.1.2.2;1.1.2.2 Pulsed Wave Doppler Ultrasound/Duplex Ultrasound;30
1.6.1.2.3;1.1.2.3 Frequency Processing;30
1.6.1.2.4;1.1.2.4 Blood Flow Measurement;31
1.6.1.3;1.1.3 Physical Principles of Color-Coded Duplex Ultrasound;35
1.6.1.3.1;1.1.3.1 Velocity Mode;35
1.6.1.3.2;1.1.3.2 Power (Angio) Mode;37
1.6.1.3.3;1.1.3.3 B-Flow Mode (Brightness Flow);38
1.6.1.3.4;1.1.3.4 Intravascular Ultrasound;39
1.6.1.3.5;1.1.3.5 Three-Dimensional/Four-Dimensional Ultrasound;40
1.6.1.4;1.1.4 Factors Affecting (Color) Duplex Imaging – Pitfalls;40
1.6.1.4.1;1.1.4.1 Scattering, Acoustic Shadowing;40
1.6.1.4.2;1.1.4.2 Mirror Artifact;41
1.6.1.4.3;1.1.4.3 Maximum Flow Velocity Detectable – Pulse Repetition Frequency;41
1.6.1.4.4;1.1.4.4 Minimum Flow Velocity Detectable – Wall Filter, Frame Rate;44
1.6.1.4.5;1.1.4.5 Transmit and Receive Gain;45
1.6.1.4.6;1.1.4.6 Doppler Angle;45
1.6.1.4.7;1.1.4.7 Physical Limitations of Color Duplex Ultrasound;45
1.6.1.5;1.1.5 Ultrasound Contrast Agents;47
1.6.1.6;1.1.6 Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound;49
1.6.1.6.1;1.1.6.1 Thermal Effects;49
1.6.1.6.2;1.1.6.2 Mechanical Effects;50
1.6.1.6.3;1.1.6.3 Specific Risks of Individual Ultrasound Techniques;50
1.6.2;1.2 Hemodynamic Principles;51
1.6.2.1;1.2.1 Laminar Flow;51
1.6.2.2;1.2.2 Flow Profiles and Perfusion Regulation;53
1.6.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Low-Resistance Flow;53
1.6.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 High-Resistance Flow;53
1.6.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Blood Flow Regulation;54
1.6.2.3;1.2.3 Determining the Degree of Stenosis;55
1.6.3;1.3 Machine Settings;59
1.7;2: Peripheral Arteries;62
1.7.1;2.1 Pelvic and Leg Arteries;62
1.7.1.1;2.1.1 Vascular Anatomy;62
1.7.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Pelvic Arteries;62
1.7.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Leg Arteries;62
1.7.1.2;2.1.2 Examination Protocol and Technique;64
1.7.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Pelvic Arteries;64
1.7.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Leg Arteries;65
1.7.1.3;2.1.3 Specific Aspects of the Examination from the Perspective of the Angiographer and Vascular Surgeon;66
1.7.1.4;2.1.4 Interpretation and Documentation;72
1.7.1.5;2.1.5 Normal Duplex Ultrasound of Pelvic and Leg Arteries;72
1.7.1.6;2.1.6 Abnormal Findings: Clinically Oriented Ultrasound Examination, Ultrasound Findings and Measurement Parameters, Diagnost;73
1.7.1.6.1;2.1.6.1 Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease;73
1.7.1.6.1.1;2.1.6.1.1 Pelvic Arteries;74
1.7.1.6.1.2;2.1.6.1.2 Leg Arteries;77
1.7.1.6.1.2.1;Gray-Scale Imaging;77
1.7.1.6.1.2.2;(Color) Duplex Imaging;77
1.7.1.6.1.2.3;Spectral Doppler Assessment of Calf Arteries;84
1.7.1.6.1.2.4;Role of Ultrasound Contrast Agents;85
1.7.1.6.1.2.5;Effects of Collaterals on the Doppler Waveform;85
1.7.1.6.1.2.6;Multilevel Obstruction;85
1.7.1.6.1.2.7;Vascular Occlusion;86
1.7.1.6.2;2.1.6.2 Arterial Embolism;88
1.7.1.6.3;2.1.6.3 Aneurysm;89
1.7.1.6.4;2.1.6.4 Rare Stenosing Arterial Diseases of Nonatherosclerotic Origin;90
1.7.1.6.4.1;2.1.6.4.1 Adventitial Cystic Disease;92
1.7.1.6.4.2;2.1.6.4.2 Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome;93
1.7.1.6.4.3;2.1.6.4.3 Raynaud’s Disease;94
1.7.1.6.4.4;2.1.6.4.4 Paraneoplastic Disturbance of Acral Perfusion;96
1.7.1.6.4.5;2.1.6.4.5 Buerger’s Disease;96
1.7.1.6.4.6;2.1.6.4.6 Inflammatory Conditions;97
1.7.1.6.4.7;2.1.6.4.7 Chronic Recurrent Compartment Syndrome of the Calf;98
1.7.1.7;2.1.7 Follow-up After Surgical and Interventional Treatment;98
1.7.1.7.1;2.1.7.1 Thromboendarterectomy;98
1.7.1.7.2;2.1.7.2 Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting;98
1.7.1.7.3;2.1.7.3 Bypass Graft Surveillance;100
1.7.1.7.3.1;2.1.7.3.1 Methodological Considerations and Stenosis Criteria;100
1.7.1.7.3.2;2.1.7.3.2 Controversy About the Benefit of Duplex Bypass Graft Surveillance Programs;103
1.7.1.7.4;2.1.7.4 Ultrasound Vein Mapping Prior to Peripheral Bypass Surgery;105
1.7.1.8;2.1.8 Role of (Color) Duplex Ultrasound Compared with Other Modalities: Problems and Pitfalls;106
1.7.2;2.2 Arm Arteries;109
1.7.2.1;2.2.1 Vascular Anatomy;109
1.7.2.2;2.2.2 Examination Protocol and Technique;110
1.7.2.3;2.2.3 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;111
1.7.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Atherosclerosis;111
1.7.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Compression Syndromes;111
1.7.2.4;2.2.4 Documentation;112
1.7.2.5;2.2.5 Normal Findings;112
1.7.2.6;2.2.6 Abnormal Findings, Duplex Ultrasound Measurements, and Clinical Role;112
1.7.2.6.1;2.2.6.1 Atherosclerosis;112
1.7.2.6.2;2.2.6.2 Compression Syndromes;112
1.7.3;2.3 Atlas: Peripheral Arteries;114
1.8;3: Peripheral Veins;181
1.8.1;3.1 Pelvic and Leg Veins;181
1.8.1.1;3.1.1 Vascular Anatomy;181
1.8.1.2;3.1.2 Examination Protocol;183
1.8.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Thrombosis;183
1.8.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Varicosis;186
1.8.1.3;3.1.3 Normal Findings;189
1.8.1.4;3.1.4 Documentation;190
1.8.1.4.1;3.1.4.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Leg;190
1.8.1.4.2;3.1.4.2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Varicosis;190
1.8.1.5;3.1.5 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;190
1.8.1.5.1;3.1.5.1 Thrombosis and Postthrombotic Syndrome;190
1.8.1.5.2;3.1.5.2 Varicosis;194
1.8.1.6;3.1.6 Duplex Ultrasound – Diagnostic Criteria, Indications, and Role;197
1.8.1.6.1;3.1.6.1 Thrombosis;197
1.8.1.6.2;3.1.6.2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency;208
1.8.1.6.3;3.1.6.3 Varicosis;211
1.8.1.6.4;3.1.6.4 Varicophlebitis;214
1.8.1.7;3.1.7 Rare Venous Abnormalities;215
1.8.1.7.1;3.1.7.1 Venous Aneurysm;215
1.8.1.7.2;3.1.7.2 Tumors of the Venous Wall;217
1.8.1.7.3;3.1.7.3 Venous Compression;217
1.8.1.7.4;3.1.7.4 Adventitial Cystic Disease of Veins;217
1.8.1.7.5;3.1.7.5 Differential Diagnosis: Lymphedema, Lipedema;217
1.8.1.8;3.1.8 Vein Mapping;218
1.8.1.9;3.1.9 Diagnostic Role of Ultrasound;218
1.8.1.9.1;3.1.9.1 Thrombosis;218
1.8.1.9.2;3.1.9.2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency;222
1.8.1.9.3;3.1.9.3 Varicosis;224
1.8.2;3.2 Arm Veins and Jugular Vein;225
1.8.2.1;3.2.1 Vascular Anatomy;225
1.8.2.2;3.2.2 Examination Protocol and Technique;225
1.8.2.3;3.2.3 Normal Findings;225
1.8.2.4;3.2.4 Documentation;225
1.8.2.5;3.2.5 Clinical Role;226
1.8.2.6;3.2.6 Duplex Ultrasound Findings and Their Diagnostic Significance;226
1.8.2.7;3.2.7 Diagnostic Role of Duplex Ultrasound Compared with Other Modalities;227
1.8.3;3.3 Atlas: Peripheral Veins;228
1.9;4: Shunts;282
1.9.1;4.1 Clinical Role of Shunt Diagnosis;282
1.9.1.1;4.1.1 Background;282
1.9.1.2;4.1.2 Diagnostic Tasks in Patients with Spontaneous and Therapeutic Shunts;282
1.9.2;4.2 Examination Protocol, Technique, and Diagnostic Role;284
1.9.2.1;4.2.1 Congenital and Acquired Fistulae;284
1.9.2.2;4.2.2 Dialysis Access;284
1.9.3;4.3 Typical Shunt-Related Changes in the Doppler Waveform;286
1.9.4;4.4 Shunt Maturation and Flow Volume Measurement;286
1.9.5;4.5 Documentation;287
1.9.6;4.6 Vascular Mapping Prior to AV Fistula Creation;287
1.9.7;4.7 Abnormal Findings (Inadequate Dialysis);288
1.9.7.1;4.7.1 Shunt Stenosis;288
1.9.7.2;4.7.2 Peripheral Ischemia;290
1.9.7.3;4.7.3 Shunt Aneurysm;290
1.9.7.4;4.7.4 Abnormal Shunt Flow;291
1.9.8;4.8 Diagnostic Role of Duplex Ultrasound Compared with Other Modalities;291
1.9.9;4.9 Atlas:Shunts;293
1.10;5: Extracranial Cerebral Arteries;306
1.10.1;5.1 Normal Vascular Anatomy and Important Variants;306
1.10.2;5.2 Examination Technique and Protocol;309
1.10.2.1;5.2.1 Carotid Arteries;309
1.10.2.2;5.2.2 Vertebral Arteries;312
1.10.3;5.3 Documentation;314
1.10.4;5.4 Normal Findings;314
1.10.4.1;5.4.1 Carotid Arteries;314
1.10.4.2;5.4.2 Vertebral Arteries;314
1.10.5;5.5 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;314
1.10.5.1;5.5.1 Carotid Arteries;314
1.10.5.1.1;5.5.1.1 Defining the Degree of Stenosis;316
1.10.5.1.2;5.5.1.2 Plaque Morphology;320
1.10.5.2;5.5.2 Vertebral Arteries;321
1.10.6;5.6 Ultrasound Criteria, Measurement Parameters, and Diagnostic Role;321
1.10.6.1;5.6.1 Carotid Arteries;321
1.10.6.1.1;5.6.1.1 Plaque Evaluation and Morphology;321
1.10.6.1.2;5.6.1.2 Stenosis Quantification/Stenosis Grading;329
1.10.6.1.3;5.6.1.3 Occlusion;339
1.10.6.1.4;5.6.1.4 Postoperative Follow-Up;341
1.10.6.2;5.6.2 Vertebral Arteries;345
1.10.6.2.1;5.6.2.1 Stenosis;345
1.10.6.2.2;5.6.2.2 Occlusion;345
1.10.6.2.3;5.6.2.3 Dissection;345
1.10.6.2.4;5.6.2.4 Subclavian Steal Syndrome;346
1.10.7;5.7 Diagnosis of Brain Death;347
1.10.8;5.8 Rare (Nonatherosclerotic) Vascular Diseases of the Carotid Territory;347
1.10.8.1;5.8.1 Dissection;347
1.10.8.2;5.8.2 Inflammatory Vascular Diseases (Takayasu’s Arteritis);349
1.10.8.3;5.8.3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia;350
1.10.8.4;5.8.4 Aneurysm;350
1.10.8.5;5.8.5 Arteriovenous Fistula;351
1.10.8.6;5.8.6 Idiopathic Carotidynia;351
1.10.8.7;5.8.7 Vasospasm;351
1.10.8.8;5.8.8 Compression by Tumor, Carotid Body Tumor;352
1.10.9;5.9 Diagnostic Role of Duplex Ultrasound in Evaluating the Extracranial Cerebral Arteries;352
1.10.10;5.10 Atlas:Extracranial Cerebral Arteries;356
1.11;6: Visceral and Retroperitoneal Vessels;391
1.11.1;6.1 Abdominal Aorta, Visceral and Renal Arteries;391
1.11.1.1;6.1.1 Vascular Anatomy;391
1.11.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Aorta;391
1.11.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Visceral Arteries;391
1.11.1.1.3;6.1.1.3 Renal Arteries;392
1.11.1.2;6.1.2 Examination Protocol and Technique;392
1.11.1.2.1;6.1.2.1 Aorta;392
1.11.1.2.2;6.1.2.2 Visceral Arteries;392
1.11.1.2.3;6.1.2.3 Renal Arteries;394
1.11.1.3;6.1.3 Normal Findings;394
1.11.1.3.1;6.1.3.1 Aorta;394
1.11.1.3.2;6.1.3.2 Visceral Arteries;394
1.11.1.3.3;6.1.3.3 Renal Arteries;396
1.11.1.4;6.1.4 Interpretation and Documentation;397
1.11.1.5;6.1.5 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;397
1.11.1.5.1;6.1.5.1 Aorta;397
1.11.1.5.2;6.1.5.2 Visceral Arteries;399
1.11.1.5.3;6.1.5.3 Renal Arteries;400
1.11.1.6;6.1.6 Measurement Parameters, Diagnostic Criteria, and Role of Ultrasound;401
1.11.1.6.1;6.1.6.1 Renal Arteries;401
1.11.1.6.1.1;6.1.6.1.1 Renal Artery Occlusion;406
1.11.1.6.1.2;6.1.6.1.2 Transplant Kidney;406
1.11.1.6.2;6.1.6.2 Visceral Arteries;408
1.11.1.6.3;6.1.6.3 Aorta;413
1.11.2;6.2 Visceral and Retroperitoneal Veins;418
1.11.2.1;6.2.1 Vascular Anatomy;418
1.11.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Vena Cava;418
1.11.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Renal Veins;418
1.11.2.1.3;6.2.1.3 Portal Venous System and Hepatic Veins;419
1.11.2.2;6.2.2 Examination Technique;419
1.11.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Vena Cava;419
1.11.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Renal Veins;420
1.11.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 Portal Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein;420
1.11.2.3;6.2.3 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;421
1.11.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Renal Veins;421
1.11.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Portal Venous System;421
1.11.2.4;6.2.4 Normal Findings;422
1.11.2.4.1;6.2.4.1 Vena Cava and Renal Veins;422
1.11.2.4.2;6.2.4.2 Portal Venous System;422
1.11.2.5;6.2.5 Documentation;422
1.11.2.6;6.2.6 Abnormal Ultrasound Findings, Measurement Parameters, and Diagnostic Role;422
1.11.2.6.1;6.2.6.1 Vena Cava;422
1.11.2.6.2;6.2.6.2 Renal Veins;423
1.11.2.6.3;6.2.6.3 Superior Mesenteric Vein;424
1.11.2.6.4;6.2.6.4 Portal and Hepatic Veins;425
1.11.3;6.3 Atlas: Visceral and Retroperitoneal Vessels;429
1.12;7: Penile and Scrotal Vessels;486
1.12.1;7.1 Vascular Anatomy;486
1.12.1.1;7.1.1 Penile Vessels;486
1.12.1.2;7.1.2 Scrotal Vessels;486
1.12.2;7.2 Examination Technique;487
1.12.2.1;7.2.1 Erectile Dysfunction;487
1.12.2.2;7.2.2 Scrotal Vessels;488
1.12.3;7.3 Normal Findings;488
1.12.3.1;7.3.1 Penile Vessels;488
1.12.3.2;7.3.2 Scrotal Vessels;488
1.12.4;7.4 Documentation;488
1.12.5;7.5 Clinical Role of Duplex Ultrasound;489
1.12.5.1;7.5.1 Erectile Dysfunction;489
1.12.5.2;7.5.2 Acute Scrotum;489
1.12.5.3;7.5.3 Varicocele;490
1.12.6;7.6 Abnormal Findings: Role of Duplex Ultrasound Parameters;490
1.12.6.1;7.6.1 Erectile Dysfunction;490
1.12.6.2;7.6.2 Acute Scrotum;491
1.12.6.3;7.6.3 Varicocele;492
1.13;References;497
1.14;Subject Index;524
