Adey / Loveland Dynamic Aquaria

Building Living Ecosystems
3. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-046910-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 528 Seiten

In its third edition, this praised book demonstrates how the living systems modeling of aquatic ecosystems for ecological, biological and physiological research, and ecosystem restoration can produce answers to very complex ecological questions. Dynamic Aquaria further offers an understanding developed in 25 years of living ecosystem modeling and discusses how this knowledge has produced methods of efficiently solving many environmental problems. Public education through this methodology is the additional key to the broader ecosystem understanding necessary to allow human society to pass through the next evolutionary bottleneck of our species. Living systems modeling as a wide spectrum educational tool can provide a primary vehicle for that essential step. This third editon covers the many technological and biological developments in the eight plus years since the second edition, providing updated technological advice and describing many new example aquarium environments. - Includes 16 page color insert with 57 color plates and 25% new photographs - Offers 300 figures and 75 tables - New chapter on Biogeography - Over 50% new research in various chapters - Significant updates in chapters include: - The understanding of coral reef function especially the relationship between photosynthesis and calcification - The use of living system models to solve problems of biogeography and the geographic dispersal and interaction of species populations - The development of new techniques for global scale restoration of water and atmosphere - The development of new techniques for closed system, sustainable aquaculture

Walter Adey received his B.S. in Geophysics from MIT, performed graduate studies at MIT and Harvard in Paleontology and Biology, and obtained his Ph.D. in Marine Botany and Geology from the University of Michigan. Since 1977, he has been the Director of the Marine Systems Laboratory at the Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Adey is an associate editor for Restoration Ecology and The Journal of Ecological Engineering. He has authored numerous publications, and has developed several exhibits and operational mesocosm systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Adey, Walter H.

Loveland, Karen

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;COPYRIGHT PAGE;5
3;CONTENTS;6
4;PREFACE;12
5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATION;16
6;CHAPTER 1 Introduction;18
6.1;The Origin of Life: Microcosm Earth;19
6.2;Microcosms and Mesocosms of Aquatic Ecosystems;22
6.3;Restoration of Damaged Ecological Systems;25
6.4;Summary;25
6.5;Taxonomic Notes;25
6.6;References;26
7;PART I: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT;28
7.1;CHAPTER 2 The Envelope: Physical Parameters and Energy State;30
7.1.1;Temperature;34
7.1.2;Water Motion;40
7.1.3;Tides: Simulating the Effects of Sun and Moon;52
7.1.4;References;58
7.2;CHAPTER 3 Substrate: The Active Role of Rock, Mud, and Sand;60
7.2.1;The Solid Earth and Life;61
7.2.2;Chemical Relationships Between Rocks, Sea Water, and Organisms;65
7.2.3;The Solid Earth, Rock, and Model Ecosystems;67
7.2.4;Sediments and Model Ecosystems;68
7.2.5;Geological Storage;76
7.2.6;References;77
7.3;CHAPTER 4 Water Composition: Management of Salinity, Hardness, and Evaporation;78
7.3.1;Water Structure and Characteristics;79
7.3.2;Ocean Salinity;80
7.3.3;Hardness of Fresh Waters;84
7.3.4;Water and Model Ecosystems;88
7.3.5;Algal Scrubbing and Water Composition;88
7.3.6;Marine Microcosms and Aquaria;89
7.3.7;Quality of Top-up Water;90
7.3.8;References;90
7.4;CHAPTER 5 The Input of Solar Energy: Lighting Requirements;92
7.4.1;Photosynthesis and Its Origin;92
7.4.2;Solar Radiation and Water;96
7.4.3;Light Absorption by Water Plants;99
7.4.4;Light Intensity and Plants;99
7.4.5;Photorespiration;105
7.4.6;Light and Model Ecosystems;106
7.4.7;Light and Physiological Considerations;108
7.4.8;Summary;108
7.4.9;References;109
7.5;CHAPTER 6 The Input of Organic Energy: Particulates and Feeding;110
7.5.1;Particulates, Energy Supply, and Aquatic Ecosystems;110
7.5.2;Inorganic Particulates;112
7.5.3;Organic Particulates;112
7.5.4;Humic Substance;114
7.5.5;Particulates and Aquatic Models;114
7.5.6;Biofilms;115
7.5.7;Particulate Import in Aquatic Models;117
7.5.8;Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration;117
7.5.9;References;117
8;PART II: BIOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT;118
8.1;CHAPTER 7 Metabolism: Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Biological Loading;120
8.1.1;Metabolism;122
8.1.2;Respiration;123
8.1.3;Bacterial Metabolism;127
8.1.4;Photosynthesis;129
8.1.5;Biological Loading;131
8.1.6;References;132
8.2;CHAPTER 8 Organisms and Gas Exchange: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity;134
8.2.1;Oxygen Exchange;135
8.2.2;Oxygen, Model Ecosystems, and Ecosystem Restoration;137
8.2.3;Carbon Dioxide Exchange;138
8.2.4;Carbon Dioxide and Global Aquatic Restoration;139
8.2.5;Managing Carbon Dioxide and pH in Microcosms and Mesocosms;141
8.2.6;Gas Exchange and Selected Model Ecosystems;142
8.2.7;References;145
8.3;CHAPTER 9 The Primary Nutrients – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica: Limitation and Eutrophication;148
8.3.1;Nutrients in Natural Waters;148
8.3.2;Eutrophication and Hypereutrophication of Natural Waters;151
8.3.3;Nutrients and Model Ecosystems;153
8.3.4;Summary;156
8.3.5;References;157
8.4;CHAPTER 10 Biomineralization and Calcification: A Key to Biosphere and Ecosystem Function;158
8.4.1;The Process of Biomineralization;160
8.4.2;The Carbonate System and the Formation of Calcite and Aragonite;160
8.4.3;Halimeda: Photosynthesis-Induced Calcification;162
8.4.4;Calcification in Stony Corals;163
8.4.5;Calcification, Stony Corals, Coral Reefs, and Global Warming;165
8.4.6;Calcification in Mesocosms and Aquaria;167
8.4.7;Coral Reef Aquaria and Stony Coral Calcification;168
8.4.8;References;171
8.5;CHAPTER 11 Control of the Biochemical Environment: Filters, Bacteria, and the Algal Turf Scrubber;172
8.5.1;Sterilization Methods;173
8.5.2;Bacteriological Filtration;173
8.5.3;Reef Systems;174
8.5.4;Denitrification;174
8.5.5;Foam Fractionation (Protein Skimming);175
8.5.6;Photosynthetic Methods;175
8.5.7;Algal Turfs;176
8.5.8;The Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS™);178
8.5.9;Algal Scrubbers and the Modeling of Ecosystems;182
8.5.10;Summary;185
8.5.11;References;186
9;PART III: BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE;188
9.1;CHAPTER 12 Community Structure: Biodiversity in Model Ecosystems;190
9.1.1;The Framework of Biodiversity;190
9.1.2;The Community;192
9.1.3;The Biome;192
9.1.4;Features of Communities;198
9.1.5;The Magnitude of Biodiversity;200
9.1.6;Community Structure and Ecological Models;203
9.1.7;Scaling and Reproduction;203
9.1.8;Model Diversity;204
9.1.9;Summary;206
9.1.10;References;206
9.2;CHAPTER 13 Trophic Structure: Ecosystems and the Dynamics of Food Chains;208
9.2.1;Energy Capture and Flow;209
9.2.2;Food Webs;210
9.2.3;Food Webs in Model Ecosystems;212
9.2.4;Establishment of Food Webs;213
9.2.5;Trophic Structure in Aquaria;218
9.2.6;The Organisms;219
9.2.7;References;219
9.3;CHAPTER 14 Primary Producers: Plants That Grow on the Bottom;220
9.3.1;Benthic Algae;220
9.3.2;Algae in Model Ecosystems;236
9.3.3;Submerged Aquatic Vegetation;239
9.3.4;Marine SAV and Model Ecosystems;246
9.3.5;Freshwater SAV and Model Ecosystems;248
9.3.6;Emergent Aquatic Vegetation;251
9.3.7;EAV and Model Ecosystems;259
9.3.8;Plant Communities and the Restoration of Wild Ecosystems;267
9.3.9;References;268
9.4;CHAPTER 15 Herbivores: Predators of Plants and Omnivores, Predators of Plants and Animals;270
9.4.1;Types of Herbivores;271
9.4.2;Plant Defenses;273
9.4.3;Modifications of Marine and Freshwater Herbivores;274
9.4.4;Herbivores and Model Ecosystems;280
9.4.5;References;282
9.5;CHAPTER 16 Carnivores: Predators of Animals;284
9.5.1;The Carnivore Predator;284
9.5.2;The Prey;285
9.5.3;The Dynamics of Predation;286
9.5.4;Marine and Freshwater Predators;286
9.5.5;Predators and Synthetic Ecosystems;292
9.5.6;References;296
9.6;CHAPTER 17 Plankton and Planktivores: Floating Plants and Animals and Their Predators;298
9.6.1;Plankton Size and Composition;299
9.6.2;The Bacteria;299
9.6.3;Phytoplankton;299
9.6.4;The Planktonic Food Web;303
9.6.5;Mechanisms of Filter Feeding;305
9.6.6;Plankton, Particulates, and Model Ecosystems;310
9.6.7;Wild Ecosystem Restoration;317
9.6.8;References;319
9.7;CHAPTER 18 Detritus and Detritivores: The Dynamics of Muddy Bottoms;320
9.7.1;The Deep Ocean;324
9.7.2;Bacteria;324
9.7.3;Fungi;324
9.7.4;Protozoa;326
9.7.5;Meiobenthos: Protozoans;326
9.7.6;Meiofauna: The Multicellular Invertebrates;328
9.7.7;Macrobenthos;330
9.7.8;Deposit Feeding in Saltwater Soft Bottoms;334
9.7.9;Deposit Feeding in Freshwater Soft Bottoms;336
9.7.10;Carnivores and the Detritivore Community;338
9.7.11;Detritus and Its Role in Model Ecosystems;338
9.7.12;References;344
9.8;CHAPTER 19 Symbionts and Other Feeders;346
9.8.1;Zooxanthellae and Their Animal Hosts;346
9.8.2;Biology and Ecology of Corals;349
9.8.3;The Positive Feedback Loop between Photosynthesis and Calcification;351
9.8.4;Anthozoans and Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Aquaria;352
9.8.5;Parasitism;353
9.8.6;Environment, General Health, and Disease;354
9.8.7;Biodiversity;354
9.8.8;Quarantine (Prevention of Transmission);354
9.8.9;Disease Treatment in Model Ecosystems;355
9.8.10;References;356
10;PART IV: ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN MICROCOSMS, MESOCOSMS, AND AQUARIA;358
10.1;CHAPTER 20 Models of Coral Reef Ecosystems;360
10.1.1;Modeling Coral Reef Ecosystems;361
10.1.2;Caribbean Coral Reef Microcosm at the Museum of Natural History;362
10.1.3;Coral Reef Microcosm at the Smithsonian Marine Station;370
10.1.4;Great Barrier Reef Mesocosm;370
10.1.5;A 130-Gallon Reef Microcosm;373
10.1.6;Summary;385
10.1.7;References;385
10.2;CHAPTER 21 A Subarctic/Boreal Microcosm: Test of a Biogeographic Model;388
10.2.1;The Rocky, Embayed Coast of the Northwestern Atlantic Geological History;388
10.2.2;The Gulf of Maine;393
10.2.3;The Core Subarctic;404
10.2.4;Core Subarctic vs Mixed Subarctic/Boreal;410
10.2.5;A Maine Shore Microcosm;412
10.2.6;An Opportunity to Test Biogeographic Theory;420
10.2.7;References;421
10.3;CHAPTER 22 Estuaries: Ecosystem Modeling and Restoration;422
10.3.1;Where Fresh and Salt Waters Interact;422
10.3.2;Chesapeake Bay in Mesocosm;423
10.3.3;A Florida Estuary in Mesocosm;433
10.3.4;Nutrient Dynamics in Estuarine Models;456
10.3.5;Estuarine Restoration;456
10.3.6;References;458
10.4;CHAPTER 23 Freshwater Ecosystem Models;460
10.4.1;A Florida Everglades Stream and Wetland;460
10.4.2;A Blackwater Home Aquarium;467
10.4.3;Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems;469
10.4.4;References;469
11;PART V: THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING;472
11.1;CHAPTER 24 Organisms and Natural Products: Commercial Ecosystem Culture;474
11.1.1;The Aquarium World;475
11.1.2;Pharmaceutical Culture;479
11.1.3;References;480
11.2;CHAPTER 25 Large Scale: Water Quality Management with Solar Energy Capture;482
11.2.1;The Quality of US Surface and Ground Waters;484
11.2.2;Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewaters;485
11.2.3;Nutrient Removal from Agricultural Wastewaters (Nonpoint Source);491
11.2.4;Nutrient Removal from Rivers;496
11.2.5;Bioenergy and Solar Energy Recovery Using ATS Systems;497
11.2.6;Aquacultural Wastewaters;498
11.2.7;Industrial Wastewaters and ATS Systems;501
11.2.8;References;506
12;PART VI: SUMMARY;508
12.1;CHAPTER 26 Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Macrocosms: Building and Restoring Ecosystems, a Synthesis;510
12.1.1;Principles of Ecological Modeling;511
12.1.2;Ecosystems in Home Aquaria;515
12.1.3;Applied Model Ecosystems;516
12.1.4;References;516
13;INDEX;518
13.1;A;518
13.2;B;518
13.3;C;519
13.4;D;520
13.5;E;520
13.6;F;520
13.7;G;521
13.8;H;521
13.9;I;521
13.10;J;522
13.11;K;522
13.12;L;522
13.13;M;522
13.14;N;523
13.15;O;523
13.16;P;523
13.17;Q;524
13.18;R;524
13.19;S;524
13.20;T;525
13.21;U;525
13.22;V;525
13.23;W;525
13.24;Z;525
14;COLOR PLATES;526