E-Book, Englisch, 412 Seiten, Format (B × H): 246 mm x 189 mm
Ahuja Handbook of Water Purity and Quality
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-092112-9
Verlag: Academic Press
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 412 Seiten, Format (B × H): 246 mm x 189 mm
ISBN: 978-0-08-092112-9
Verlag: Academic Press
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark
This work provides those involved in water purification research and administration with a comprehensive resource of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from contaminants, both natural and human caused. The book first provides an overview of major water-related issues in developing and developed countries, followed by a review of issues of sampling for water analysis, regulatory considerations and forensics in water quality and purity investigations. The subsequent chapters cover microbial as well chemical contaminations from inorganic compounds, radionuclides, volatile and semi-volatile compounds, disinfectants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals, including endocrine disruptors, as well as potential terrorist-related contamination. The last chapter describes the Grainger prize-winning filter that can remove arsenic from water sources and sufficiently protect the health of a large number of people.
- Covers the scope of water contamination problems on a worldwide scale
- Provides a rich source of methods for analyzing water to assure its safety from natural and deliberate contaminants
- Describes the filter that won the $1 million Grainger prize and thereby highlighting an important approach to remediation
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Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Handbook of Water Purity and Quality;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;14
6;Contributors;16
7;Chapter 1. Overview;18
7.1;Introduction;18
7.1.1;Water Pollution Worldwide;20
7.1.2;Monitoring Contaminants;23
7.1.3;What Is Potable Water?;24
7.2;Delineation of a Major Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater;24
7.3;Water Quality in Eastern Africa;26
7.4;Effect of Land Development;27
7.5;Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in Bangladesh and India;27
7.6;Forensic Water Quality Investigations;28
7.7;Regulatory Considerations;28
7.8;Microbial Analysis;29
7.9;Monitoring Inorganic Compounds;29
7.10;Radionuclides in Surface- and Groundwater;30
7.11;Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants;30
7.12;Monitoring Disinfectants;30
7.13;Herbicides and Their Degradation Products;31
7.14;Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Effluents;31
7.15;Monitoring Terrorist-Related Contamination;32
7.16;Groundwater Arsenic-Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents;32
7.17;References;33
8;Chapter 2. Delineation of a Major Worldwide Problem of Arsenic-Contaminated Groundwater;34
8.1;Introduction;34
8.1.1;Investigations into the Problem;36
8.1.2;Toxicity of Various Arsenic Species;38
8.1.3;Impact of Arsenic-Laced Irrigation Water on the Food Chain;40
8.2;Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination of Water;41
8.2.1;Weathering of Arsenopyrite;41
8.2.2;Role of Microbes in the Release of Arsenic into Groundwater;42
8.3;Analytical Methods;44
8.3.1;Low-Cost Measurement Technologies for Arsenic;45
8.3.2;Test Kit Reliability;45
8.4;Arsenic-Free Water Supplies;48
8.4.1;Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Water;49
8.4.2;Reasons for Slow Progress;52
8.5;Viable Solutions;53
8.6;Conclusions;54
8.7;References;54
9;Chapter 3. Water Quality Issues in Eastern Africa;56
9.1;Introduction;56
9.2;Climate Change in Eastern Africa Affects Water Availability;56
9.3;Drastic Water Quality Changes in East Africa;59
9.4;Challenges Facing Lake Victoria;61
9.5;Human Waste Disposal: An Ignored Factor;62
9.6;Polychlorinated Biphenyls;67
9.7;Pesticide Residues in the Tropical Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems;73
9.7.1;Short Rain Season;74
9.7.2;Dry Season;76
9.7.3;Heavy Rain Season;78
9.8;Conclusions;80
9.9;References;81
10;Chapter 4. Effect of Human Land Development on Water Quality;84
10.1;Introduction;84
10.2;Impacts of Land Clearing on Receiving Waters;85
10.3;Agriculture and Water Pollution;86
10.3.1;Human Health Pollutants from Agriculture;87
10.3.2;Ecosystem Pollution from Agriculture;88
10.3.3;Best Management Practices to Reduce Agricultural Runoff;91
10.3.4;Agriculture and Pesticides;91
10.4;Urbanization and Hydrological Impacts;92
10.4.1;Urban Pollution—On-Site Wastewater Treatment Issues;92
10.4.2;Septic Systems and Fecal Microbial Pollution;94
10.4.3;Septic Systems and Nutrient Pollution;95
10.4.4;Minimizing Problems from Septic Systems;96
10.5;Stormwater Runoff;96
10.5.1;Urban and Suburban Stormwater Runoff;96
10.5.2;Impacts of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Ecosystems;97
10.5.3;Urban Stormwater Runoff and Human Health;98
10.5.4;Stormwater Runoff Solutions;102
10.6;Summary and Conclusions;106
10.7;References;107
11;Chapter 5. Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic in Groundwater in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh;112
11.1;Introduction;112
11.2;Collection, Preservation of Water Samples, and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Total Arsenic;115
11.3;Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs;119
11.4;Results and Discussion;120
11.4.1;Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of West Bengal;120
11.4.2;Arsenic in Hand Tube Wells in All 64 Districts of Bangladesh;131
11.5;Source and Mechanism of Arsenic Contamination;139
11.6;Conclusions and Recommendations;139
11.7;Acknowledgments;143
11.8;References;143
12;Chapter 6. Forensic Water Quality Investigations: Identifying Pollution Sources and Polluters;148
12.1;Introduction;148
12.2;Quality Assurance/Quality Control;149
12.3;Basic Site Research;150
12.4;Sampling;152
12.5;Working with the Laboratory;152
12.6;Types of Evidence;152
12.7;Legal Tools to Obtain Evidence;155
12.8;Access and Entry;155
12.9;Witnesses;156
12.10;Documentary Evidence;157
12.11;Photography;158
12.12;Quantitative Reasoning;159
12.13;Presentation of Findings;160
12.14;Conclusions;161
12.15;References;161
12.16;Cases;162
13;Chapter 7. Regulatory Considerations to Ensure Clean and Safe Drinking Water;164
13.1;Introduction;164
13.2;EPA Strategic Goals for "Clean and Safe Water";165
13.3;Drinking Water Regulations;166
13.3.1;History;166
13.3.2;The Rule-making Process;166
13.3.3;Clean Water Act;168
13.3.4;Safe Drinking Water Act;169
13.3.5;Contaminant Candidate List;169
13.3.6;Drinking Water Compliance Issues;169
13.4;Human Health Research;172
13.4.1;Toxicokinetics;172
13.4.2;Health Effects Data;173
13.4.3;Quantification of Toxicological Effects;173
13.4.4;Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential;173
13.4.5;Risk Assessment;174
13.5;Drinking Water Research;175
13.5.1;Risk Management;176
13.5.2;Source Water Management;176
13.5.3;Treatment Technologies;178
13.5.4;Residuals Management;183
13.5.5;Distribution System Integrity;186
13.5.6;Water Quality Monitoring Systems;188
13.5.7;Monitoring Equipment;189
13.5.8;Homeland Security/Emergency Response;191
13.6;Research Priorities;192
13.6.1;Current Research Priorities;192
13.6.2;Future Research Priorities;193
13.7;Summary and Conclusions;193
13.8;Acknowledgments;193
13.9;References;193
14;Chapter 8. Microbiological Threats to Water Quality;198
14.1;Introduction;198
14.2;Quantification Methods;201
14.3;Microbial Contamination Indicators;202
14.4;Microbial Source Tracking;203
14.5;Sampling Issues;206
14.6;Conclusions;207
14.7;References;207
15;Chapter 9. Monitoring Inorganic Compounds;214
15.1;Overview;215
15.2;Techniques Used to Identify and Quantify Inorganic Constituents in Water;215
15.2.1;Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry;218
15.2.2;Gas Chromatography;220
15.2.3;High Performance Liquid Chromatography;221
15.2.4;Ion Chromatography;222
15.2.5;Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry;222
15.2.6;UV–Vis Absorption Spectroscopy;223
15.3;Methods to Identify Typical Inorganic Compounds in Water;224
15.3.1;Arsenic;224
15.3.2;Copper;224
15.3.3;Disinfection By-products;224
15.3.4;Fluoride;224
15.3.5;Iron;225
15.3.6;Lead;225
15.3.7;Manganese;225
15.3.8;Mercury;225
15.3.9;Nitrate;225
15.3.10;Sodium;226
15.3.11;Sulfate;226
15.4;Long-Term Monitoring Network for Atmospheric Deposition;226
15.5;Conclusions;228
15.6;References;228
16;Chapter 10. Radionuclides in Surface Water and Groundwater;230
16.1;Radioactive Compounds and Radioactivity;230
16.1.1;Radioactive Decay;231
16.1.2;Exposure to Radiation;232
16.1.3;Radionuclide Toxicity and Metabolism;236
16.2;Primary Radioactive Contaminants: Sources, Uses, and Disposal;236
16.2.1;Nuclear Reactors;237
16.2.2;Medical Applications;237
16.2.3;Mill Tailings;237
16.2.4;Radon Emissions from Soil Minerals and Groundwater;238
16.3;Radioactive Compounds in Water;239
16.3.1;Regulation of Radioactive Wastes and Water Standards;239
16.3.2;Analysis of Radioactive Compounds in Water;240
16.3.3;Examples of Radionuclide Contamination in Groundwater;243
16.4;Biogeochemical Processes Controlling Uranium Fate and Transport;244
16.4.1;Uranium(VI) Reduction;245
16.4.2;Uranium(IV) Oxidation;246
16.5;Remediation of Uranium Contamination;246
16.5.1;Remediation Technologies;246
16.5.2;Bioremediation;247
16.6;Biogeochemistry of Other Radionuclides;249
16.7;Conclusions;249
16.8;Acknowledgments;250
16.9;References;250
17;Chapter 11. Volatile and Semivolatile Contaminants;254
17.1;Introduction;254
17.2;Boiling Points of Some VOCs;254
17.3;Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds;255
17.3.1;Sources of Contamination of VOCs and Their Health Effects;255
17.4;Semivolatile Compounds;258
17.5;Monitoring VOCs and SOCs;263
17.5.1;Odors in Drinking Water;264
17.5.2;Analysis of VOCs;264
17.5.3;Analysis of SOCs;269
17.6;Remediation;273
17.7;Conclusions;273
17.8;References;274
18;Chapter 12. Monitoring Disinfectants;276
18.1;Introduction;276
18.2;Theory of Disinfection;277
18.2.1;Mechanisms of Disinfectants;278
18.2.2;Factors Influencing the Action of Disinfectants;279
18.3;Methods of Disinfection;281
18.3.1;Disinfection with Chlorine (Free and Combined);281
18.3.2;Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide;284
18.3.3;Disinfection with Ozone;285
18.3.4;Disinfection with UV Light;285
18.4;Monitoring Disinfectants;287
18.4.1;Disinfection By-products;287
18.4.2;Regulations Governing Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products Monitoring;287
18.4.3;Disinfectants/Disinfection By-products Rules;288
18.4.4;Sampling and Monitoring for D/DBPs;290
18.4.5;Analytical Methods;291
18.4.6;Using Ct Values for Monitoring Disinfectants;291
18.5;Disinfection By-products Control;295
18.5.1;Using Chlorine;298
18.5.2;Using Chloramines;300
18.5.3;Using Chlorine Dioxide;300
18.5.4;Using Ozone;301
18.6;Conclusions;302
18.7;Acknowledgments;303
18.8;References;303
19;Chapter 13. The Evolution of Analytical Technology and Its Impact on Water-Quality Studies for Selected Herbicides and Their Degradation Products in Water;306
19.1;Introduction;306
19.2;Herbicide Use;308
19.3;Commonly Used Herbicides;308
19.4;Perspective on Role of Analytical Methods Development;310
19.4.1;Mass Spectrometry;310
19.4.2;Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry;310
19.4.3;Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry;311
19.4.4;Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay;312
19.5;Water-Quality Studies;313
19.5.1;Surface Water;314
19.5.2;Groundwater;319
19.5.3;Precipitation;321
19.6;Conclusions;323
19.7;References;324
20;Chapter 14. Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Effluents;332
20.1;Introduction;332
20.2;Sampling;338
20.3;Sample Preparation;344
20.4;Instrumental Analysis;348
20.5;Analytical Quality Controls;352
20.6;Other Techniques;353
20.7;Summary and Conclusions;354
20.8;References;354
21;Chapter 15. Monitoring for Terrorist-Related Contamination;360
21.1;Introduction;360
21.2;What Is the Terrorist Threat to Water?;361
21.3;What Is a Backflow Attack?;362
21.4;Online Monitoring;363
21.4.1;What Should an Early Warning System Look Like?;363
21.4.2;What Should a Monitoring System Detect?;364
21.4.3;Water Analysis Presents Many Problems;365
21.4.4;Toxicity Monitoring;367
21.4.5;Problems with Toxicity Testing;374
21.4.6;Sensor Arrays and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies;375
21.4.7;Bulk Parameter Monitoring;377
21.5;Other Online Technologies;381
21.5.1;UV Absorption and Fluorescence;382
21.5.2;Particle Counting and Characterization with Optical Methods;382
21.5.3;Gas Chromatography;383
21.5.4;Technologies Currently More Suited for Field Confirmatory Analysis;383
21.5.5;Immunoassays;384
21.5.6;Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology;384
21.5.7;Adenosine Triphosphate Detection;386
21.5.8;Rapid Tests for Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Substances (Nerve Agents and Pesticides);386
21.5.9;Infrared Spectroscopy;387
21.5.10;Multiparameter Hand-held Devices;387
21.5.11;Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy;388
21.5.12;Ion Mobility Spectroscopy;389
21.5.13;Surface Acoustic Wave Technology;390
21.6;Summary and Conclusions;390
21.7;References;392
22;Chapter 16. Groundwater Arsenic Removal Technologies Based on Sorbents: Field Applications and Sustainability;396
22.1;Introduction;397
22.2;Physicochemical Basis of Arsenic Removal;399
22.2.1;Speciation of Arsenic in Water;399
22.2.2;Surface-Complexation Reactions;400
22.2.3;Adsorption Isotherm Models for the Evaluation of Sorption Data;402
22.2.4;Kinetic Models for the Evaluation of the Sorption Data;402
22.2.5;Scaleup Approach: Fixed-Bed Column Design by the Kinetic Approach;405
22.3;Arsenic Removal Processes;405
22.3.1;Arsenic Removal Based on Iron;407
22.4;Arsenic Removal Technologies Tested in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India;413
22.4.1;READ-F Based on Hydrous Cerium Oxide on Polymer Sorbent;417
22.4.2;Alcan Filter Based on Enhanced Activated Alumina;417
22.4.3;SONO Filter Based on Composite Iron Matrix;417
22.4.4;Sidco Filter Based on Granular Ferric Hydroxide;418
22.4.5;Oxide India (P) Based on Activated Alumina;418
22.4.6;Arsenic Filters Tested in the United States;419
22.5;Sustainability and Management of Spent Material;419
22.6;Filter Evaluation Through Environmental Technology Verifications;423
22.7;Conclusions and Outlook;425
22.8;References;426
23;Index;436
23.1;A;436
23.2;B;437
23.3;C;438
23.4;D;439
23.5;E;440
23.6;F;440
23.7;G;441
23.8;H;442
23.9;I;442
23.10;J;443
23.11;K;443
23.12;L;443
23.13;M;444
23.14;N;444
23.15;O;445
23.16;P;446
23.17;Q;447
23.18;R;447
23.19;S;448
23.20;T;449
23.21;U;450
23.22;V;451
23.23;W;451
23.24;Y;452
23.25;Z;452
