Babson / Feldner Sleep and Affect

Assessment, Theory, and Clinical Implications
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-417200-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 532 Seiten

Sleep and Affect: Assessment, Theory, and Clinical Implications synthesizes affective neuroscience research as it relates to sleep psychology and medicine. Evidence is provided that normal sleep plays an emotional regulatory role in healthy humans. The book investigates interactions of sleep with both negative and positive emotions, along with their clinical implications. Sleep research is discussed from a neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral approach. Sleep and emotions are explored across the spectrum of mental health from normal mood and sleep to the pathological extremes. The book, additionally, offers researchers a guide to methods and research design for studying sleep and affect. This book will be of use to sleep researchers, affective neuroscientists, and clinical psychologists in order to better understand the impact of emotion on sleep as well as the effect of sleep on physical and mental well-being. - Contains neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral approaches - Explains methods for examining sleep and affect - Summarizes research on sleep and specific affect states - Translates research for clinical use in treating disorders

Autoren/Hrsg.

Babson, Kimberly

Feldner, Matthew

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Sleep and Affect: Assessment, Theory, and Clinical Implications;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Foreword: Interrelationships between Sleep and Affect;14
5.1;References;22
6;Preface;28
7;Acknowledgements;30
8;Contributors;32
9;Part 1: Definitions ;36
9.1;Chapter 1: Neurophysiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms;38
9.1.1;Overview;39
9.1.2;Wakefulness;40
9.1.3; NREM Sleep;44
9.1.4; REM Sleep;46
9.1.5;Circadian Rhythms;48
9.1.6;Sleep Deprivation;50
9.1.7;References;53
9.2;Chapter 2: Human Emotions: A Conceptual Overview;58
9.2.1;Foundations of Affect and Emotion;58
9.2.1.1;A Consensus Definition of “Emotions,” as Seen Through the Lens of the Animal Model;59
9.2.1.2;Emotion Science: Selected Milestones;60
9.2.1.2.1;Views Based on Introspection and Observation;60
9.2.1.2.2;The Emergence of Cognitive Approaches and Animal Models of Emotion;61
9.2.1.2.3;The Contributions of Psychophysiology and Human Neuroscience;63
9.2.2;Current Definitions and Theoretical Approaches;64
9.2.3;The Data of Emotion: Empirical Approaches;68
9.2.3.1;Challenge with Affective Stimuli;69
9.2.3.2;Emotional Imagery;70
9.2.3.3;Classical Conditioning;71
9.2.4;The Role of “Regulation” in Emotion Research;72
9.2.5;Conclusions and Elements of a Comprehensive Approach for the Study of Emotion;74
9.2.6;References;75
9.3;Chapter 3: Sleep, Emotions, and Emotion Regulation: An Overview;80
9.3.1;Sleep, Emotions, and Emotion Regulation: An Overview;80
9.3.2;Emotions and Emotion Regulation;81
9.3.3;Sleep and its Impact on Affect and Affect Regulation;82
9.3.4;Affect and its Impact on Sleep;85
9.3.5;Affect Regulation and its Impact on Sleep;88
9.3.6;Sleep and Affect: Bidirectional Relations;89
9.3.7;Discussion;91
9.3.8;References;94
10;Part 2 : Methods ;98
10.1;Chapter 4: Methodology for the Assessment of Sleep;100
10.1.1;Part 1: Objective Diagnostic Measures of Sleep;104
10.1.2;Part 2: Subjective Diagnostic Measures of Sleep;111
10.1.3;Part 3: Research-Focused Measures of Sleep;115
10.1.4;Summary;119
10.1.5;Acknowledgments;119
10.1.6;References;119
10.2;Chapter 5: The Elicitation and Assessment of Emotional Responding;126
10.2.1;Primary Perspectives;127
10.2.2;Emotion Elicitation: Laboratory Methods;127
10.2.2.1;Visual Stimuli;127
10.2.2.1.1;International Affective Picture System;127
10.2.2.1.2;Word Stimuli Timuli: Affective Norms for English Words;128
10.2.2.1.3;Word Stimuli: The “Emotional” Stroop Task;128
10.2.2.2;Olfactory Stimuli;129
10.2.2.3;Auditory Stimuli;129
10.2.2.3.1;Script-Driven Imagery;129
10.2.2.3.2;International Affective Digital Sounds;130
10.2.2.3.3;Musical Scores;130
10.2.2.4;Biological Stimuli;131
10.2.2.4.1;Hyperventilation;131
10.2.2.4.2;Carbon Dioxide-Enriched Biological Challenge;132
10.2.2.4.3;Pharmacological Agents;133
10.2.2.5;Blended Stimuli;133
10.2.2.5.1;Stressful Film Paradigm;133
10.2.2.5.2;Virtual Reality;134
10.2.2.6;Laboratory Methods: Developmental Considerations;134
10.2.2.7;Laboratory Methods: Additional Considerations;137
10.2.3;Trajectories of Emotional Experience;138
10.2.3.1;Selection of Assessment Time Point;138
10.2.3.2;Selection of Assessment Strategy;139
10.2.3.2.1;Physiological Assessment;139
10.2.3.2.2;Self-Report Assessment;140
10.2.3.2.3; fMRI Assessment;141
10.2.3.2.4;Behavioral Assessment;142
10.2.3.2.5;Developmental Considerations in Assessment;142
10.2.4;Elicitation Method and Assessment Strategy Considerations;143
10.2.4.1;Matching Method to Emotion;143
10.2.5;The Impact of Sleep on Both Emotion Elicitation and Assessment;144
10.2.6;Conclusions;145
10.2.7;References;146
10.3;Chapter 6: Methodological Considerations When Integrating Experimental Manipulations of Sleep and Emotion;154
10.3.1;Emotion Elicitation;155
10.3.1.1;Visual Stimuli;155
10.3.1.1.1;Photographs;155
10.3.1.1.2;Film Clips;156
10.3.1.2;Behavioral Tasks;157
10.3.1.2.1;Directed Emotional Expressions;157
10.3.1.2.2;Anger Inductions;158
10.3.1.2.3;Stressors;158
10.3.2;Measurement of Emotional Responses;160
10.3.2.1;Subjective/Self-Report Measures;160
10.3.2.1.1;Visual Stimuli;161
10.3.2.1.2;Mood States;161
10.3.2.1.3;Behavioral Tasks;162
10.3.2.2;Psychophysiological Measurement;162
10.3.2.2.1;Pupillometry;162
10.3.2.2.2;Saliva Assays;163
10.3.2.2.3;Cardiovascular Measures;164
10.3.2.2.4;Facial Displays;164
10.3.2.2.5;Electromyography;165
10.3.2.2.6;Human Scoring;165
10.3.2.2.7;Automated Computer Scoring;166
10.3.2.3;Neural Responses to Emotional Stimuli;166
10.3.3;Special Considerations when Designing Experimental Studies of Sleep and Affect;167
10.3.3.1;Environment;167
10.3.3.2;Types of Sleep Manipulations;168
10.3.3.3;Research Designs;169
10.3.4;Conclusion;170
10.3.5;References;171
11;Part 3: Evidence Regarding Sleep and Specific Types of Affect;174
11.1;Section 1: Sleep and Negative Affect;176
11.1.1;Chapter 7: The Interrelations Between Sleep and Fear/Anxiety: Implications for Behavioral Treatment ;178
11.1.1.1;Background and Definition of Key Concepts;178
11.1.1.2;Fear/Anxiety Is Associated with Sleep Disturbances;180
11.1.1.2.1;Summary;181
11.1.1.3;Sleep Disturbance Is Associated with Elevations in Fear/Anxiety;182
11.1.1.3.1;Summary;183
11.1.1.4;Fear/Anxiety Is Associated with Sleep Disturbance;184
11.1.1.4.1;Summary;184
11.1.1.5;Theoretical Models;185
11.1.1.5.1;Diathesis-Stress Model;185
11.1.1.5.2;Stimulus Control Model;185
11.1.1.5.3;Cognitive Model;186
11.1.1.5.4;Neurocognitive Model;186
11.1.1.5.5;Neurobiological Model;187
11.1.1.5.6;Summary;187
11.1.1.6;Proposed Mechanisms of Action;187
11.1.1.6.1;Neurobiological;187
11.1.1.6.2;Cognitive-Behavioral;188
11.1.1.6.2.1;Bedtime Arousal;188
11.1.1.6.2.2;Appraisal of the Stressor;188
11.1.1.6.2.3;Coping Style;189
11.1.1.6.3;Summary;189
11.1.1.7;Implications for Intervention;189
11.1.1.7.1;Animal Models;189
11.1.1.7.2;Clinical Interventions;190
11.1.1.8;Conclusions and Future Directions;192
11.1.1.9;References;192
11.1.2;Chapter 8: Nightmares and the Mood Regulatory Functions of Sleep;198
11.1.2.1;Nightmares and the Mood Regulatory Functions of Sleep;198
11.1.2.2;REM Properties;199
11.1.2.2.1;The NREM-REM Cycle;199
11.1.2.2.2;The Tonic Component of REM;199
11.1.2.2.3;The Phasic Component of REM Sleep;199
11.1.2.2.4;Brain Activation and REM;200
11.1.2.3;REM and Nightmares;200
11.1.2.3.1;Phenomenology of Nightmares;201
11.1.2.3.2;Syndrome of Recurring Nightmares;201
11.1.2.4;Sleep Disorders with Nightmares;201
11.1.2.4.1;REM Behavior Disorder;201
11.1.2.4.2;N2 NREM Nightmares;203
11.1.2.4.3;Nightmares Associated with Narcolepsy;203
11.1.2.5;Mood Disturbances, Depression, and Nightmares;203
11.1.2.5.1;Nightmares and PTSD;205
11.1.2.6;Theories of the Nightmare;205
11.1.2.6.1;Freud on Nightmares;205
11.1.2.6.2;Fisher on Nightmares;206
11.1.2.6.3;Hartmann on Nightmares;206
11.1.2.6.4;Nielsen and Levin on Nightmares;206
11.1.2.6.5;A Diathesis-Stress Model of Nightmares;207
11.1.2.7;Theory and Treatment Strategies;207
11.1.2.7.1;Recent Findings/Current Research;209
11.1.2.8;Future Directions;210
11.1.2.9;References;210
11.1.3;Chapter 9: Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Affect;216
11.1.3.1;Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Affect;216
11.1.3.2;Vignette;217
11.1.3.3;Diagnostic Criteria;219
11.1.3.4;Prevalence Rates;220
11.1.3.5;Associated Comorbidities;220
11.1.3.6;Sleep Paralysis and Affect;221
11.1.3.6.1;Cultural and Historical Contexts;221
11.1.3.6.2;Phenomenology and Specific Features of ISP and Their Relations to Fear;223
11.1.3.6.3;The Clear Sensorium in ISP and Appraisal of Episodes;227
11.1.3.6.4;Nonfearful Affect and Sleep Paralysis;229
11.1.3.7;Clinical Impairment as a Result of Sleep Paralysis;229
11.1.3.8;Conclusions;230
11.1.3.9;References;230
11.1.4;Chapter 10: Sleep and Repetitive Thought: The Role of Rumination and Worry in Sleep Disturbance;236
11.1.4.1;Sleep and Repetitive Thought: The Role of Rumination and Worry in Sleep Disturbance;236
11.1.4.2;Worry: Phenomenology and Assessment;237
11.1.4.3;Worry and Sleep;238
11.1.4.4;Rumination: Phenomenology and Assessment;241
11.1.4.5;Rumination and Sleep;243
11.1.4.6;Rumination and Worry: Common and Distinguishing Features;245
11.1.4.7;Rumination, Worry, and Sleep: Theoretical Models;247
11.1.4.8;Rumination, Worry, and Sleep: Treatment Implications;250
11.1.4.9;Rumination, Worry, and Sleep: Other Clinical Implications;251
11.1.4.10;Conclusion;253
11.1.4.11;References;253
11.1.5;Chapter 11: Sleep, Sadness, and Depression;262
11.1.5.1;Sleep, Sadness, and Depression;262
11.1.5.2;How Sleep Impacts Sadness or Depression;263
11.1.5.3;How Poor and Insufficient Sleep Impact a Future Depressive Episode;264
11.1.5.4;The Impact of Poor Sleep on Next-Day Depressed Mood in Nondepressed Samples;265
11.1.5.5;The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Mood During a Depressive Episode;266
11.1.5.6;The Impact of Poor Sleep on the Severity of Depression;267
11.1.5.7;The Impact of Poor Sleep on the Course of Depression Treatment;268
11.1.5.8;The Impact of Sadness or Depression on Sleep;269
11.1.5.9;Subjective Sleep Symptoms in Depression;269
11.1.5.10;Objective Sleep Abnormalities in Depression;269
11.1.5.11;How Sadness and Depression Impact Future Sleep Disorders;271
11.1.5.12;How Mood Impacts Next-Day Sleep;273
11.1.5.13;Summary and Implications for Future Research;274
11.1.5.14;References;276
11.1.6;Chapter 12: The Interrelations Between Sleep, Anger, and Loss of Aggression Control;282
11.1.6.1;Introduction;282
11.1.6.2;Aspects of Sleep, Anger, and Aggression;283
11.1.6.3;Correlational Studies Showing the Relationship Between Sleep and Anger;284
11.1.6.3.1;Nonaggressive Populations;284
11.1.6.3.2;Aggressive Populations;286
11.1.6.4;What is the Causal Direction?;287
11.1.6.4.1;Is Sleep Loss a Potential Risk Factor for Anger and Aggressive Behavior?;287
11.1.6.4.2;Human Studies;289
11.1.6.4.3;Animal Studies;290
11.1.6.4.4;Summary;292
11.1.6.4.5;Do Aggressive Tendencies and Actions Cause Poor Sleep?;292
11.1.6.4.6;Human Studies;292
11.1.6.4.7;Animal Studies;293
11.1.6.4.8;Summary;294
11.1.6.5;Possible Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship Between Sleep and Aggression;294
11.1.6.5.1;A Central Role for The Prefrontal Cortex (PFC);294
11.1.6.5.2;Involvement of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis System;296
11.1.6.5.3;Serotonin;298
11.1.6.6;Groups at Risk;298
11.1.6.7;Clinical Implications;299
11.1.6.8;Conclusions and Future Directions;300
11.1.6.9;References;301
11.2;Section 2: Sleep and Positive Affect;308
11.2.1;Chapter 13: Positive Affect as Resilience and Vulnerability in Sleep;310
11.2.1.1;Positive Affect as Promotive Influence and Resilience;311
11.2.1.2;Promotive Effects;311
11.2.1.2.1;Trait Positive Affect;311
11.2.1.2.2;Daily Positive Affect;313
11.2.1.2.3;Discrete Emotions;313
11.2.1.3;Protective Effects;316
11.2.1.4;Mechanisms;316
11.2.1.5;Summary;317
11.2.1.6;Positive Affect as Risk and Vulnerability;317
11.2.1.7;Mood Disorders and Sleep;317
11.2.1.7.1;Anxiety and Depression;317
11.2.1.7.2;Bipolar Disorder;319
11.2.1.8;Mechanisms;319
11.2.1.9;Summary;320
11.2.1.10;Conclusions;320
11.2.1.11;References;322
11.2.2;Chapter 14: Sleep and Biological Rhythms in Mania;328
11.2.2.1;Mania as an Activation Switch Dysfunction;328
11.2.2.1.1;Motor Activation, Deregulation of Energy Levels, and the Experience of a Decreased Need for Sleep;328
11.2.2.1.2;The Typical Cyclic Nature of Mania Symptoms;330
11.2.2.2;Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Mania-Related Illnesses;333
11.2.2.2.1;Bipolar Disorder;333
11.2.2.2.2;Adolescence and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder;335
11.2.2.2.3;Cyclothymia;336
11.2.2.2.4;Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms;336
11.2.2.2.5;Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder;337
11.2.2.3;The Impact of Sleep Disturbances on Affective Regulation, Executive Functions, and Risk-Taking Behavior;338
11.2.2.3.1;Affective Regulation;338
11.2.2.3.2;Cognition;339
11.2.2.4;Therapeutic Implications;340
11.2.2.4.1;Sleep and Circadian Disturbances as Predictors of Manic Episodes;340
11.2.2.4.2;Sleep- and Circadian-Based Interventions for the Management of Mania Symptoms;341
11.2.2.5;Conclusion;344
11.2.2.6;References;344
11.2.3;Chapter 15: Physical Activity, Sleep, and Biobehavioral Synergies for Health;356
11.2.3.1;Exercise and Sleep: Overview of Primary Findings;357
11.2.3.2;Temporal Exercise-Sleep Relationships;358
11.2.3.3;Exercise Modalities and Sleep;359
11.2.3.4;Putative Biological Mechanisms of Exercise Effects on Sleep;360
11.2.3.5;Exercise and Obstructive Sleep Apnea;362
11.2.3.6;Exercise and Restless Leg Syndrome;363
11.2.3.7;Sedentary Behavior and Sleep;363
11.2.3.8;Synergies Among Sleep, Sedentary Behavior, and Exercise;364
11.2.3.9;A 24-h Approach to Chronic Disease Prevention;365
11.2.3.10;Summary;367
11.2.3.11;References;367
11.2.4;Chapter 16: Mindfulness, Affect, and Sleep: Current Perspectives and Future Directions;374
11.2.4.1;Mindfulness, Affect, and Sleep: Current Perspectives and Future Directions;374
11.2.4.2;Mindfulness-Based Interventions;375
11.2.4.3;Evidence for the Efficacy of MBIs on Sleep;377
11.2.4.4;Study Characteristics;377
11.2.4.5;Outcome Measures for Sleep;389
11.2.4.6;Comparison Conditions;391
11.2.4.7;Theoretical Models Of The Relationship Of Mindfulness To Sleep And Affect?;393
11.2.4.8;Cognitive Models;394
11.2.4.9;Neurobiological Models;395
11.2.4.10;Future Directions and Implications;397
11.2.4.11;References;399
11.3;Section 3: Evidence Regarding Sleep and Affect Among Special Populations;410
11.3.1;Chapter 17: Pain and Sleep;412
11.3.1.1;Pain and Sleep;412
11.3.1.2;Methodological Issues;413
11.3.1.3;Association of Disturbed Sleep and Pain;414
11.3.1.3.1;Acute Pain Conditions;414
11.3.1.3.2;Chronic Pain Conditions;415
11.3.1.3.2.1;Headache;415
11.3.1.3.3;Musculoskeletal Pain;416
11.3.1.3.3.1;Rheumatoid Arthritis;416
11.3.1.3.3.2;Fibromyalgia;417
11.3.1.3.3.3;Neuropathic Pain;418
11.3.1.4;Experimental Sleep Manipulations and Pain Sensitivity;419
11.3.1.4.1;Nonspecific Sleep Deprivation;419
11.3.1.4.1.1;Total Deprivation;419
11.3.1.4.1.2;Reduced Nighttime Sleep Period;419
11.3.1.4.1.3;Sleep Fragmentation;420
11.3.1.4.2;Sleep-Stage Deprivation;420
11.3.1.4.2.1;Slow-Wave-Sleep Deprivation;420
11.3.1.4.2.2;REM-Sleep Deprivation;421
11.3.1.5;Mechanisms Underlying the Sleep-Pain Nexus;421
11.3.1.5.1;Sleep Loss or Sleepiness and Cytokines;421
11.3.1.5.2;Cytokine Activation and Pain;422
11.3.1.6;Modulators of the Sleep-Pain Nexus: Mood and Cognitive Processes;422
11.3.1.7;Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatment of Sleep and Pain;424
11.3.1.7.1;Behavioral;424
11.3.1.7.2;Pharmacologic;425
11.3.1.7.2.1;Chronic Pain of Various Etiologies;425
11.3.1.8;Summary;427
11.3.1.9;References;427
11.3.2;Chapter 18: The Impact of Sleep on Emotion in Typically Developing Children;434
11.3.2.1;Associations Among Key Aspects of Sleep Regulation, Emotion, and Mood;435
11.3.2.1.1;Sleep Regulation;435
11.3.2.1.2;Homeostatic Sleep Process and Emotional Processes;436
11.3.2.1.3;Homeostatic Sleep Process and Emotional Reactivity;436
11.3.2.1.4;Homeostatic Sleep Process and Emotional Regulation;439
11.3.2.1.5;Circadian Sleep Process and Mood;441
11.3.2.2;Circadian Tendencies and Socioemotional Adjustment;442
11.3.2.3;Neural Sleep Regulation and its Associations with Affect;443
11.3.2.4;Developmental Considerations Related to the Interplay Between Sleep and Affect;443
11.3.2.4.1;Developmental Changes Related to Sleep and Affect;443
11.3.2.4.2;Overlapping Brain Mechanisms;445
11.3.2.4.3;Implications for Abnormal Development;445
11.3.2.5;Directionality and the Contributions of Additional Factors;447
11.3.2.6;Summary;448
11.3.2.7;References;449
11.3.3;Chapter 19: Sleep and Adolescents;456
11.3.3.1;Sleep and Adolescents;456
11.3.3.2;Changes in Normal Sleep;457
11.3.3.3;Conceptual Models;459
11.3.3.3.1;Sleep for Restoration;459
11.3.3.3.2;Link Between Arousal and Sleep;460
11.3.3.3.3;Sleep Difficulties—The Three-P Model;461
11.3.3.4;Current State of the Research;461
11.3.3.4.1;Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep and Mood or Emotion;461
11.3.3.4.2;Bidirectional Associations Among Sleep, Affect, and Behavior;462
11.3.3.4.3;Bidirectional Associations Among Sleep, Affect, and Cognition (Including Learning and Memory Consolidation);463
11.3.3.4.4;Bidirectional Associations Among Sleep, Affect, and Health;464
11.3.3.4.5;Technology Use;464
11.3.3.4.6;Clinical Studies of Disordered Sleep in Adolescents;465
11.3.3.5;Discussion of the Impact of Sleep on Adolescent Well-Being and Prevention;467
11.3.3.5.1;Clinical Implications;467
11.3.3.5.2;Public Health Implications;468
11.3.3.5.3;Future Directions for Research;469
11.3.3.6;References;469
11.3.4;Chapter 20: The Relationship Between Sleep and Emotion Among the Elderly;476
11.3.4.1;Emotion Regulation in Aging: The “Paradox of Well-Being”;477
11.3.4.2;Decline in Emotional Processing with Aging;479
11.3.4.3;Age-Related Sleep Modifications;481
11.3.4.4;Are Age-Related Sleep Modifications Linked to Emotion Regulation in Aging?;483
11.3.4.5;References;486
12;Part 4: Future Directions ;496
12.1;Chapter 21: Sleep and Affect: An Integrative Synthesis and Future Directions;498
12.1.1;The Complex Interplay of Sleep and Affect;499
12.1.1.1;Sleep Problems Influence Affect;499
12.1.1.1.1;Negative Affect;499
12.1.1.1.2;Positive Affect;500
12.1.1.1.3;Summary;500
12.1.1.2;Affect Influences Sleep;500
12.1.1.2.1;Negative Affect;501
12.1.1.2.2;Positive Affect;501
12.1.1.2.3;Summary;501
12.1.1.3;Conclusions and Future Directions;502
12.1.2;Factors Implicated in Links Between Sleep and Affect;502
12.1.3;Predisposing Factors;502
12.1.4;Causal Links;505
12.1.4.1;Factors that Influence Links Between Sleep and Affect;506
12.1.4.1.1;Developmental Stage;506
12.1.4.1.2;Diagnostic Status;506
12.1.4.2;Conclusions and Future Directions;507
12.1.5;Clinical Implications;508
12.1.5.1;Assessment of Sleep and Affect;508
12.1.5.1.1;Objective Versus Self-report;508
12.1.5.2;Interventions Targeting Sleep to Improve Affect;509
12.1.5.3;Interventions Targeting Affect to Improve Sleep;510
12.1.5.4;Combined Interventions for Sleep and Affect;511
12.1.5.5;Conclusions and Future Directions;512
12.1.6;General Conclusions;512
12.1.7;References;513
13;Index;520

Leseproben

Foreword: Interrelationships between Sleep and Affect
Edward Pace-Schott, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Sleep and Affect: Assessment, Theory, and Clinical Implications provides the first comprehensive review of the emerging synthesis between the affective neurosciences and sleep psychology and medicine. Researchers frequently hypothesize that normal sleep helps regulate emotions in healthy humans (e.g., Cartwright, Luten, Young, Mercer, & Bears, 1998; Dahl & Lewin, 2002; Deliens, Gilson, & Peigneux, 2014; Germain, Buysse, & Nofzinger, 2008; Goldstein & Walker, 2014; Kramer, 1993; Levin & Nielsen, 2007; Soffer-Dudek, Sadeh, Dahl, & Rosenblat-Stein, 2011; Walker, 2009; Walker & van der Helm, 2009). The bulk of the empirical evidence supporting this assertion has emerged only recently, however, and it represents a dynamic and expanding field of inquiry brought together in this volume. After introducing key concepts and methodologies in each field, the book discusses the interactions between sleep and the full complement of negative and positive emotions, while explaining the clinical implications of those interactions. Some relationships between sleep and emotion have been widely studied, especially in the context of mood and anxiety disorders, whereas researchers are only beginning to examine others, such as the possible link between sleep quality and anger. Once we have considered the more general interactions between sleep and emotion, we explore how these interactions manifest in special populations such as children and adolescents, among whom sleep problems may presage and even contribute to later psychiatric disorders. Importantly, this volume deals with sleep and emotion across the spectrum of mental health from the normal covariance of mood and sleep to the pathological extremes. People often take for granted the fact that sleep profoundly affects one’s emotional state. In most cases, a good night of sleep improves mood, along with other subjective experiences of mind-body health such as restedness and stamina. In fact, the absence of such benefits can be associated with symptoms of sleep or psychiatric disorders, referred to as nonrestorative sleep or anxious awakenings. As a tried and true adage of folk psychology, the individual expects to be a different person after a good night’s sleep. So, what takes place across sleep in healthy individuals to produce such a reliable change? In part, improved mood is expected to result from sleep based on Borbely’s two-process model (Borbely, 1982) in which sleep propensity results from an interaction between circadian and sleep-homeostatic factors. For example, circadian rhythms, such as the preawakening rise in cortisol (Kalsbeek et al., 2012) and the cortisol awakening response (Federenko et al., 2004), are believed to prepare us for the challenges of the new day, and these processes could promote a sense of vigor upon awakening. Similarly, having slept away homeostatic sleep pressure and reduced levels of endogenous somnogens, such as adenosine (Porkka-Heiskanen & Kalinchuk, 2011), in the central nervous system (CNS), one might expect to experience improved mood, which can be further boosted by the adenosine-receptor antagonist, caffeine (Fisone, Borgkvist, & Usiello, 2004). An abrupt change in the forebrain’s neuromodulatory milieu also coincides with abundant REM sleep late in the sleep period, during which monoamines, such as serotonin, are at their nadir, ending when the individual wakes, at which time they return to high levels (Pace-Schott & Hobson, 2002). Such state-dependent changes are undoubtedly important for producing a mild morning euphoria (with notable exceptions being many adolescents and evening chronotypes!). Other nightly changes promote enduring aspects of emotional health regardless of waking mood, however. Such changes have now become long-overdue subjects of many scientific investigations, such as those addressing the sleep-dependent consolidation of emotional memories, and this volume provides the first systematic compendium of their findings. These new investigations into sleep and emotion are increasingly necessary, given the well-documented trend toward voluntary curtailment of sleep in Western societies, a trend that may be broadly problematic for physical, mental, and, especially, emotional health. From the 1950s to the first decade of this century, average sleep duration in adults has decreased from over 8 to under 7 h per night (Van Cauter, Knutson, Leproult, & Spiegel, 2005). Recent research has shown that many physiological systems are negatively influenced by insufficient sleep (Van Cauter et al., 2007). For example, sleep deprivation is associated with endocrine abnormalities such as elevated evening cortisol (Leproult, Copinschi, Buxton, & Van Cauter, 1997), immunological abnormalities such as increased inflammatory markers (Mullington, Haack, Toth, Serrador, & Meier-Ewert, 2009; Pejovic et al., 2013), and heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (Solarz, Mullington, & Meier-Ewert, 2012). Similarly, sleep deprivation is associated with metabolic abnormalities contributing to obesity, insulin resistance, and, ultimately, type II diabetes (Knutson, Spiegel, Penev, & Van Cauter, 2007). Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea and insomnia are linked to hypertension (Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2012; Palagini et al., 2013) and elevated sympathetic nervous system activity (Zhong et al., 2005). Notably, many of these physiological abnormalities can be reversed by naps or recovery sleep (Pejovic et al., 2013; Vgontzas et al., 2007). Although emotional state is intimately linked to physiological homeostasis in both the peripheral nervous system and CNS (Craig, 2002; Damasio, 2003), the effect of insufficient sleep on physiological aspects of normal emotional regulation has only begun to attract inquiry. CNS function and cognition are similarly impacted by insufficient sleep. Loss of vigilance, especially at unfavorable circadian periods for maintenance of wakefulness, leads to a large number of automobile, public transportation, and industrial accidents (Garbarino, Nobili, Beelke, De Carli, & Ferrillo, 2001). In the elderly, sleep disturbances may be a risk factor for incident cognitive impairment (Blackwell et al., 2011). Cognitive skills such as working memory, short-term memory, and logical reasoning are especially disrupted by sleep deprivation (Chee & Chuah, 2008). Such functions rely on the prefrontal regions of the brain and include executive processes such as decision-making and behavioral inhibition (Chee & Chuah, 2008; Drummond, Paulus, & Tapert, 2006; Killgore, Balkin, & Wesensten, 2006). These prefrontal areas include the major loci of emotion regulation (Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Schiller & Delgado, 2010). Thus, sleep loss also impacts cognitive processes for which emotional information is essential, such as moral reasoning (Killgore et al., 2007), emotional intelligence (Killgore et al., 2008), and affect-guided decision-making (Killgore et al., 2006). The following brief overview of some recent findings on sleep and emotion will whet the reader’s appetite for the extensive treatment provided later in the book. Many of these studies have used total sleep deprivation (TSD) and sleep restriction protocols. TSD can reportedly impair recognition of facial emotion (van der Helm, Gujar, & Walker, 2010), and sleep restriction slows the expression of facial emotions (Schwarz et al., 2013). Similarly, even mild sleep restriction can impair emotional regulation in children (Gruber, Cassoff, Frenette, Wiebe, & Carrier, 2012), and normal variation in sleep quality can affect an individual’s high-level ability to reappraise negative stimuli in normal adults (Mauss, Troy, & Lebourgeois, 2013). Functional neuroimaging studies have shown distinct effects of TSD on the neural circuits involved in emotion regulation (Gujar, Yoo, Hu, & Walker, 2011; Yoo, Gujar, Hu, Jolesz, & Walker, 2007). Following TSD, activation is reduced in regions, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), that inhibit expression of negative emotion (Thomas et al., 2000; Yoo et al., 2007) but increased in the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli (Yoo et al., 2007). Moreover, sleep deprivation disrupts the functional connectivity between the vmPFC and the amygdala (Yoo et al., 2007). A recent fMRI study has further shown that the sleep debt accrued by prolonged sleep restriction can produce a similar hyperresponsivity of the amygdala, while reducing its functional connectivity with the vmPFC (Motomura et al., 2013). Unlike normal emotion regulation, psychopathology appears to be strongly linked to the sleep disturbances that are ubiquitous in affective and anxiety disorders (Ford & Cooper-Patrick, 2001; Harvey, 2008, 2011; Kobayashi, Boarts, & Delahanty, 2007; Mellman, 2006, 2008; Peterson & Benca, 2006; Riemann, Berger, & Voderholzer, 2001). Among the anxiety disorders, poor sleep quality (e.g., low efficiency, prolonged onset latency) is common in posttraumatic...