Beck / Bannink / Geschwind Positive CBT

Individual and Group Treatment Protocols for Positive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
2021
ISBN: 978-1-61676-578-1
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 144 Seiten

Positive CBT integrates positive psychology and solution-focused brief therapy within a cognitive-behavioral framework. It focuses not on reducing what is wrong, but on building what is right. This fourth wave of CBT, developed by Fredrike Bannink, is now being applied worldwide for various psychological disorders. After an introductory chapter exploring the three approaches incorporated in positive CBT, the research into the individual treatment protocol for use with clients with depression by Nicole Geschwind and her colleagues at Maastricht University is presented.
The two 8-session treatment protocols provide practitioners with a step-by-step guide on how to apply positive CBT with individual clients and groups. This approach goes beyond simply symptom reduction and instead focuses on the client’s desired future, on finding exceptions to problems and identifying competencies. Topics such as self-compassion, optimism, gratitude, and behavior maintenance are explored. In addition to the protocols, two workbooks for clients are available online for download by practitioners.

Zielgruppe

Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, counselors, coaches, and educationalists, as well as students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beck, Fredrike

Bannink, Fredrike

Geschwind, Nicole

Fachgebiete

• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Kognitionspsychologie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Verhaltenstherapie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Familientherapie, Paartherapie, Gruppentherapie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Beratungspsychologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie, Suchttherapie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface, Table of Contents;6
2;Chapter 1: Positive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy;10
2.1;Introduction;10
2.2;Three Approaches Within Positive CBT;11
2.3;Comparing Traditional and Positive CBT;15
2.4;Comparing Traditional and Positive CBT Processes;16
2.5;Role of the Positive CBT Therapist;24
3;Chapter 2: Research Into Positive CBT for Depression;26
3.1;Introduction;26
3.2;Results of the Quantitative Study;27
3.3;Results of the Qualitative Study;29
3.4;Conclusions;33
4;Chapter 3: Individual Positive CBT Protocol;34
4.1;Introduction;34
4.2;Overview of the Individual Positive CBT Protocol;40
4.3;Overview of the Sessions;41
4.4;Session 1;42
4.5;Session 2;46
4.6;Session 3;50
4.7;Session 4;52
4.8;Session 5;58
4.9;Session 6;61
4.10;Session 7;65
4.11;Session 8;69
5;Chapter 4: Positive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Protocol in a Group;72
5.1;Introduction;72
5.2;Positive CBT in a Group;72
5.3;Brief Overview of Positive CBT Protocol in a Group;73
5.4;Overview of the Sessions;77
5.5;Session 1;80
5.6;Session 2;85
5.7;Session 3;90
5.8;Session 4;94
5.9;Session 5;97
5.10;Session 6;100
5.11;Session 7;104
5.12;Session 8;107
5.13;Comparison With the Protocol for Individual Therapy;110
6;Chapter 5: Case Carin;112
6.1;Introduction;112
6.2;Carin;112
7;Chapter 6: Frequently Asked Questions;118
7.1;Introduction;118
7.2;Twelve Frequently Asked Questions and Our Answers;118
8;Epilogue;125
9;Appendix:Tools and Resources;130
9.1;Client’s Workbook for Positive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Individuals;131
9.2;Client’s Workbook for Positive CBT in a Group;139
10;Acknowledgments, About the Authors, Notes on Supplementary Materials;150

Leseproben

Chapter 2 Research Into Positive CBT for Depression

It is never too late to be who you might have been.
George Eliot, English writer

Introduction

Recent research (Craske et al., 2019; Dunn et al., 2019; Geschwind et al., 2010; Geschwind, 2011; Widnall et al., 2020) suggests that a stronger focus on positive emotions and on positive mental health may increase the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Three arguments support this assertion:

First, traditional CBT focuses primarily on reducing psychological symptoms: Treatment is deemed successful when psychopathology is in remission and residual complaints are as few as possible. However, research into clients’ perspectives shows that their definition of recovery from depression is broader. Clients find it important that they function just as well or better after treatment (compared with before the onset of the depression), and that they are optimistic and hopeful, enjoy life, and feel part of society (Demyttenaere et al., 2015; Zimmerman et al., 2006). This means that a mere decrease in symptoms is not enough for them. Reduction of psychopathology in itself does not automatically translate into higher well-being (Keyes, 2005), so a stronger focus on promoting positive emotions and positive mental health is necessary. According to the broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions contribute to both increased resilience and reduction of symptoms (Fredrickson, 2009; Garland et al., 2010).

Second, in addition, even people without psychological problems pay more attention to negative rather than positive events. This phenomenon is known as negativity bias (Baumeister et al., 2001). When people are depressed, this negativity bias soon gets the upper hand (Gotlib et al., 2004). Traditional CBT may inadvertently encourage this bias by asking clients to keep track of problem situations as part of their homework, thereby focusing their attention on negative events both during and outside the therapy sessions.

Third, for clients with a depressive disorder, the absence of positive feelings such as pleasure and interest (i.e., anhedonia) is one of the two main characteristics of a depressive episode. The other characteristic is a depressed mood. The results of several studies have suggested that increases in positive emotions contribute more to well-being and to prevention of, and recovery from, depression than decreases in negative emotions (Geschwind, 2011; Geschwind et al., 2010, 2011; Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016). This implies that promoting positive emotions should be one of the main pillars of treatments for depressive disorders (Craske et al., 2016; Dunn, 2012).

Positive CBT is ideally suited to stimulate positive feelings and positive mental health, thereby potentially making treatment for depression more efficient as well as more enjoyable for clients (and maybe also for therapists). The authors of this book set up a study to investigate whether this was indeed the case. Is treatment with positive CBT more efficient and more enjoyable, compared with traditional CBT?

Client:
In the beginning I thought: I’m feeling so low now. Am I supposed to pretend that nothing is going on and sit here talking about fun things?

A total of 49 clients diagnosed with unipolar depressive disorder participated in the study in Maastricht, The Netherlands. They had all been referred for treatment in specialist mental health care by their GPs. After clients had given permission to participate in the study, they were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments: They either started with eight individual positive CBT sessions and then continued with eight sessions of individual traditional CBT, or the other way around. So, every client participated in the same two treatment blocks and received a total of 16 sessions of treatment.

We checked whether clients experienced more improvement during positive CBT compared with traditional CBT. We asked clients to complete a number of questionnaires before the start of the treatment as well as during treatment. Clients completed these questionnaires after every fourth session. Additionally, they completed a questionnaire on depressive symptoms (the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms; Rush et al., 2003) after each session. The first 12 clients also took part in an interview about how they experienced both forms of CBT.

The results involved both a quantitative study (based on questionnaires), followed by qualitative research (based on interviews). For the quantitative research, we collaborated with colleagues Arnoud Arntz and Frenk Peeters. For the qualitative research, we collaborated with colleague Emke Bosgraaf, who conducted the interviews and carried out the qualitative analysis.