Benthem / Ter Meulen Handbook of Logic and Language

2. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-444-53727-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1168 Seiten

The logical study of language is becoming more interdisciplinary, playing a role in fields such as computer science, artificial intelligence, cognitive science and game theory. This new edition, written by the leading experts in the field, presents an overview of the latest developments at the interface of logic and linguistics as well as a historical perspective. It is divided into three parts covering Frameworks, General Topics and Descriptive Themes. - Completely revised and updated - includes over 25% new material - Discusses the interface between logic and language - Many of the authors are creators or active developers of the theories

Autoren/Hrsg.

Benthem, Johan F. A. K. van

Ter Meulen, Alice

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover ;1
2;Handbook of Logic and Language;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;12
6;List of Contributors;16
7;Part 1: Frameworks;24
7.1;Chapter 1. Montague Grammar;26
7.1.1;1.1. Introduction;26
7.1.2;1.2. Montague Grammar in Historical Context;27
7.1.3;1.3. The Theory and the Substance;37
7.1.4;1.4. The Montagovian Revolution: Impact on Linguistics and Philosophy, Further Developments. Montague's Legacy;75
7.1.5;Acknowledgments;104
7.1.6;References;106
7.2;Chapter 2. Categorial Type Logics;118
7.2.1;Part I. Excerpts from the 1997 Chapter;118
7.2.2;2.1. Introduction: Grammatical Reasoning;118
7.2.3;2.2. Linguistic Inference: the Lambek Systems;123
7.2.4;2.3. The Syntax-Semantics Interface: Proofs and Readings;138
7.2.5;2.4. Grammatical Composition: Multimodal Systems;149
7.2.6;Part II. Update 2009;169
7.2.7;2.5. 1997–2009: A Road Map;169
7.2.8;2.6. Four Views on Compositionality;171
7.2.9;2.7. Proof Nets and Processing;185
7.2.10;2.8. Recognizing Capacity, Complexity;189
7.2.11;2.9. Related Approaches;192
7.2.12;2.10. Concluding Remarks;194
7.2.13;References;194
7.3;Chapter 3. Discourse Representation in Context;204
7.3.1;3.1. Overview;204
7.3.2;3.2. Interpretation of Text in Context;205
7.3.3;3.3. The Problem of Anaphoric Linking in Context;206
7.3.4;3.4. Basic Ideas of Discourse Representation;208
7.3.5;3.5. Discourse Representation Structures;215
7.3.6;3.6. The Static and Dynamic Meaning of Representation Structures;219
7.3.7;3.7. Sequential Composition of Representation Structures;223
7.3.8;3.8. Strategies for Merging Representation Structures;229
7.3.9;3.9. Disjoint Merge and Memory Management;236
7.3.10;3.10. Constructing DRSs for Natural Language Fragments;240
7.3.11;3.11. The Proper Treatment of Quantification in DRT;247
7.3.12;3.12. Representing Tense and Aspect in Texts;251
7.3.13;3.13. Extensions and Variations;259
7.3.14;3.14. Addendum to the Second Edition;261
7.3.15;A. Simplified Representation of Contexts;261
7.3.16;B. Pronouns and Anaphoric Reference;266
7.3.17;C. Once More: DRSs for Natural Language Fragments;267
7.3.18;D. Salience Updating as Context Manipulation;268
7.3.19;E. Further Reading;270
7.3.20;Acknowledgments;272
7.3.21;References;272
7.4;Chapter 4. Situation Theory;276
7.4.1;4.1. Introduction;276
7.4.2;4.2. The Structure of Information;277
7.4.3;4.3. A Theory of Structural Relations;294
7.4.4;4.4. Truth and Circumstance;316
7.4.5;4.5. Guide to the Literature;344
7.4.6;References;345
7.4.7;Further Reading;348
7.5;Chapter 5. Situations, Constraints and Channels (Update of Chapter 4);352
7.5.1;5.1. From Situation Semantics to Situation Theory;352
7.5.2;5.2. Early Channel Theory;353
7.5.3;5.3. Situated Inference;356
7.5.4;5.4. Modern Channel Theory;358
7.5.5;References;366
7.6;Chapter 6. GB Theory: An Introduction;368
7.6.1;6.1. Phrase Structure;369
7.6.2;6.2. Limitations of Phrase-Structure Description;374
7.6.3;6.3. D-Structure and S-Structure;380
7.6.4;6.4. Logical Form;388
7.6.5;6.5. Formal Development and Applications;391
7.6.6;6.6. Beyond GB: Checking and Copying;405
7.6.7;6.7. Minimalism and Derivational and Non-Derivational Syntax;411
7.6.8;References;416
7.7;Chapter 7. After Government and Binding Theory (Update of Chapter 6);418
7.7.1;7.1. Theoretical Developments;418
7.7.2;7.2. Algebraic Analyses;423
7.7.3;7.3. Logical and Categorial Analyses;429
7.7.4;7.4. The Future;432
7.7.5;References;432
7.8;Chapter 8. Game-Theoretical Semantics;438
7.8.1;8.1. Formal Languages;438
7.8.2;8.2. Natural Languages;456
7.8.3;8.3. A Survey of Games in Logic and in Language Theory;476
7.8.4;Note on Recent Developments;484
7.8.5;References;484
7.9;Chapter 9. Game-Theoretical Pragmatics (Update of Chapter 8);490
7.9.1;9.1. Introduction;490
7.9.2;9.2. Signaling Games;491
7.9.3;9.3. Rational Communication;494
7.9.4;9.4. Information States and Message Costs;502
7.9.5;9.5. Connection to Optimality Theory;508
7.9.6;9.6. Conclusion;511
7.9.7;Acknowledgments;512
7.9.8;References;512
8;Part 2: General Topics;516
8.1;Chapter 10. Compositionality;518
8.1.1;10.1. The Principle of Compositionality of Meaning;518
8.1.2;10.2. Illustrations of Compositionality;520
8.1.3;10.3. Towards Formalization;525
8.1.4;10.4. Examples of Non-Compositional Semantics;529
8.1.5;10.5. Logic as Auxiliary Language;533
8.1.6;10.6. Alledged Counterexamples to Compositionality;536
8.1.7;10.7. Fundamental Arguments Against Compositionality;540
8.1.8;10.8. A Mathematical Model of Compositionality;546
8.1.9;10.9. The Formal Power of Compositionality;552
8.1.10;10.10. Other Applications of Compositionality;558
8.1.11;10.11. Conclusion and Further References;560
8.1.12;Acknowledgments;561
8.1.13;A. Appendix: Related Principles;561
8.1.14;B. Appendix: Genitives – A Case Study (by B. Partee);564
8.1.15;References;571
8.2;Chapter 11. Types;578
8.2.1;11.1. Categories, Functions and Types;578
8.2.2;11.2. The Typed Lambda Calculus;580
8.2.3;11.3. Higher-Order Logic;598
8.2.4;11.4. Universal Types and Nominalization;607
8.2.5;11.5. Constructive Type Theories;617
8.2.6;11.6. Types in Semantics, Logic and Computation;625
8.2.7;References;627
8.3;Chapter 12. Dynamics;630
8.3.1;12.0. Introduction;630
8.3.2;12.1. Some Specific Dynamic Systems;633
8.3.3;12.2. Logical Observations;658
8.3.4;References;686
8.4;Chapter 13. Dynamic Epistemic Logic (Update of Chapter 12);694
8.4.1;13.1. Introduction;694
8.4.2;13.2. An Example Scenario;695
8.4.3;13.3. A History of DEL;697
8.4.4;13.4. DEL and Language;704
8.4.5;Acknowledgments;710
8.4.6;References;711
8.4.7;Further Reading;713
8.5;Chapter 14. Partiality;714
8.5.1;14.0. Introduction;714
8.5.2;14.1. Sources of Partiality;714
8.5.3;14.2. Partiality and Models for Linguistic Structure;726
8.5.4;14.3. Partiality and the Structure of Knowledge;731
8.5.5;References;745
8.6;Chapter 15. Formal Learning Theory;748
8.6.1;15.1. Introduction;748
8.6.2;15.2. Identification;750
8.6.3;15.3. Remarks About the Identification Paradigm;752
8.6.4;15.4. More Refined Paradigms;755
8.6.5;15.5. The Need for Complementary Approaches;763
8.6.6;15.6. Ontology and Basic Concepts;765
8.6.7;15.7. First Paradigm: Absolute Solvability;768
8.6.8;15.8. Second Paradigm: Probabilistic Solvability;770
8.6.9;15.9. Third Paradigm: Solvability with Specified Probability;772
8.6.10;15.10. Empirical Evaluation;774
8.6.11;15.11. Concluding Remarks;775
8.6.12;15.12. Appendix: Proofs;775
8.6.13;References;782
8.7;Chapter 16. Computational Language Learning (Update of Chapter 15);788
8.7.1;16.1. Introduction;788
8.7.2;16.2. Settings;789
8.7.3;16.3. Paradigms;798
8.7.4;16.4. Conclusion;800
8.7.5;References;800
8.8;Chapter 17. Non-monotonicity in Linguistics;804
8.8.1;17.1. Non-monotonicity and Linguistic Theory;804
8.8.2;17.2. Overview of Nonmonotonic Reasoning;807
8.8.3;17.3. Non-monotonicity and Feature Structures;827
8.8.4;17.4. Applications in Phonology;833
8.8.5;17.5. Applications in Morphology;836
8.8.6;17.6. Syntax;845
8.8.7;17.7. Applications in Semantics;845
8.8.8;17.8. Applications in Discourse;848
8.8.9;References;853
8.9;Chapter 18. Non-Monotonic Reasoning in Interpretation (Update of Chapter 17);862
8.9.1;18.1. Introduction;862
8.9.2;18.2. Implicatures as Non-Monotonic Inferences;862
8.9.3;18.3. More on Non-Monotonic Reasoning and Linguistics;871
8.9.4;18.4. Conclusions;876
8.9.5;References;877
9;Part 3: Descriptive Topics;880
9.1;Chapter 19. Generalized Quantifiers in Linguistics and Logic;882
9.1.1;19.1. Introduction;882
9.1.2;19.2. Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language: Interpretations of Noun Phrases and Determiners;884
9.1.3;19.3. Polyadic Quantification;910
9.1.4;References;929
9.2;Chapter 20. On the Learnability of Quantifiers (Update of Chapter 19);934
9.2.1;20.1. Some Computational Properties of Determiners;935
9.2.2;20.2. The Learnability of First-Order Determiners;939
9.2.3;20.3. Higher-Order Determiners;943
9.2.4;References;945
9.3;Chapter 21. Temporality;948
9.3.1;21.1. A Case-study in Knowledge Representation;948
9.3.2;21.2. Temporal Ontology;950
9.3.3;21.3. Temporal Relations;956
9.3.4;21.4. Temporal Reference;980
9.3.5;21.5. Conclusion;985
9.3.6;21.6. Further Reading;985
9.3.7;Acknowledgments;986
9.3.8;References;986
9.3.9;Further Reading;992
9.4;Chapter 22. Tense, Aspect, and Temporal Representation (Update of Chapter 21
);994
9.4.1;22.1. Introduction;994
9.4.2;22.2. Issues of Aspectuality
;994
9.4.3;22.3. Tense;1002
9.4.4;22.4. Preparing for Discourse;1007
9.4.5;22.5. Conclusion;1008
9.4.6;References;1009
9.5;Chapter 23. Plurals and Collectives;1012
9.5.1;23.1. Introduction;1012
9.5.2;23.2. Setting the Stage;1013
9.5.3;23.3. Higher-Order Approaches;1019
9.5.4;23.4. First-Order Approaches;1030
9.5.5;23.5. Reading Plural NPs;1043
9.5.6;23.6. Non-Denotational Approaches;1049
9.5.7;23.7. Further Directions;1052
9.5.8;Acknowledgment;1053
9.5.9;References;1053
9.6;Chapter 24. Plural Discourse Reference (Update of Chapter 23);1058
9.6.1;24.1. Plural Reference and Plural Discourse Reference;1058
9.6.2;24.2. Multiple Interdependent Anaphora;1059
9.6.3;24.3. Ontology and Logic;1066
9.6.4;24.4. Compositionality;1072
9.6.5;24.5. Conclusion;1078
9.6.6;References;1078
9.7;Chapter 25. Questions;1082
9.7.1;25.1. Preliminary;1082
9.7.2;25.2. Setting the Stage;1083
9.7.3;25.3. The Pragmatic Approach;1086
9.7.4;25.4. The Semantic Approach;1102
9.7.5;25.5. Logical and Computational Theories;1125
9.7.6;25.6. Linguistic Theories;1131
9.7.7;Acknowledgments;1152
9.7.8;References;1152
9.8;Chapter 26. Questions: Logic and Interactions (Update of Chapter 25);1156
9.8.1;26.1. Overview;1156
9.8.2;26.2. The Ontology and Logic of Questions;1156
9.8.3;26.3. Questions in Interaction;1161
9.8.4;26.4. Other Question-Related Work;1166
9.8.5;26.5. Conclusions;1166
9.8.6;References;1166