Biswas The Ozone Layer

Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts Designated by Governments, Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental Organizations on the Ozone Layer, Organized by the United Nations Environment Programme in Washington, DC, 1-9 March 1977
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-5961-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 400 Seiten, Web PDF

The Ozone Layer contains the proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on the Ozone Layer, organized by the United Nations Environment Programme and held in Washington, DC, on March 1-9, 1977. The papers review all aspects of the ozone layer, including the potential impact of stratospheric pollution and a reduction in the ozone layer on mankind, and encompass fields ranging from stratopheric physics and chemistry to biology, ecology, trade, and economics. This book is comprised of 23 papers and begins with a discussion on the environmental aspects of stratospheric ozone depletion and the effects of changing levels of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton, plants, timber production, and human health. Subsequent chapters explore some economic and social implications of a possible ban on the use of fluorocarbons; the link between atmospheric exchange processes and the ozone problem; and industry-sponsored studies on the effects of chlorofluorocarbons on the concentration of atmospheric ozone. The remaining chapters focus on stratospheric and ozone research activities in countries such as Canada, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and the United States. This monograph will be a valuable resource for environmental scientists and policymakers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Biswas, Asit K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Ozone Layer;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;List of Participants;12
7;PAPER 1: Environmental Aspects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion;20
7.1;INTRODUCTION;20
7.2;THE PROBLEM;21
7.3;THE NATURAL STRATOSPHERE AND OZONE LAYER;22
7.4;OZONE AND RELATED MEASUREMENTS;25
7.5;PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND MINOR CONSTITUENTS;26
7.6;IMPACT OF CLIMATE AND WEATHER;29
7.7;IMPACT OF INCREASED ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;30
7.8;SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ON OZONE DEPLETION AND ITS IMPACT ON MAN AND THE BIOSPHERE;35
7.9;SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS;36
8;PAPER 2: Effects of Changing Levels of Ultraviolet Radiation on Phytoplankton;40
8.1;INTRODUCTION;40
8.2;SOLAR RADIATION;40
8.3;PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY PHYTOPLANKTON;43
8.4;ACTION OF UV ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA);46
8.5;ACTION OF UV RADIATION ON PROTEINS;48
8.6;PHYTOPLANKTON MOTILITY;49
8.7;CONCLUSIONS;49
8.8;SUMMARY;51
8.9;REFERENCES;52
9;PAPER 3: Effects of Changing Levels of Ultraviolet Radiation on Plant and Timber Production;54
9.1;INTRODUCTION;54
9.2;BASIC BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF OZONE REDUCTION;56
9.3;SIGNIFICANCE FOR PLANTS OF THE UV-B PORTION OF SUNLIGHT;57
9.4;EVALUATION OF UV-B RADIATION EFFECTS SO FAR OBSERVED IN PLANTS;59
9.5;UV-EFFECTS TO BE EXPECTED WITH USEFUL PLANTS IN CONSEQUENCE OF REDUCED LEVELS OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE;60
9.6;PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS AGAINST UV DAMAGE IN PLANTS;65
9.7;ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF OZONE REDUCTION;66
9.8;SUMMARY;68
9.9;REFERENCES;69
10;PAPER 4: Aircraft Engine Emissions;72
10.1;THE NATURE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ICAO;72
10.2;LIAISON WITH WMO AND WHO;72
10.3;ICAO ACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS TO DATE;73
10.4;FUTURE ACTIVITY BY ICAO;74
11;PAPER 5: Effects of Ultra-violet Radiation on Human Health;76
11.1;INTRODUCTION;76
11.2;BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE UVR;76
11.3;BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF UVR;77
11.4;DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF UVR;78
11.5;RELATIONSHIP OF OZONE THICKNESS, UVR DOSE AND THE INCIDENCE OF SKIN CANCER;86
11.6;CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER ACTION;88
11.7;REFERENCES;89
12;PAPER 6: Atmosphere Ozone - A Survey of the Current State of Knowledge of the Ozone Layer;94
12.1;INTRODUCTION;94
12.2;REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE RELEVANT TO ATMOSPHERIC OZONE;99
12.3;SOME CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASING AMOUNTS OF MAN-MADE TRACE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE;115
12.4;MODELLING THE ATMOSPHERIC OZONE PROCESSES;123
12.5;NEED FOR CO-ORDINATED MONITORING PROGRAMMES OF OZONE AND OF RELEVANT TRACE GASES AND ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS;125
12.6;RECOMMENDATIONS;128
12.7;THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE;141
12.8;CONSIDERING;141
12.9;EXPRESSES APPRECIATION;141
12.10;WMO GLOBAL OZONE RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROJECT;142
12.11;ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN OXIDES ON OZONE;145
12.12;THE CHLOROFLUOROMETHANES AND THE OZONE DEPLETION PROBLEM;149
12.13;THE NITROGEN CYCLE;153
13;PAPER 7: Ozone Layer and Development;156
13.1;INTRODUCTION;156
13.2;ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF A REDUCTION OF THE OZONE LAYER;156
13.3;ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF POSSIBLE REGULATORY MEASURES;157
13.4;CONCLUSIONS;158
14;PAPER 8: Protection of the Ozone Layer - Some Economic and Social Implications of a Possible Ban on the Use of Fluorocarbons;160
14.1;INTRODUCTION;160
14.2;GLOBAL COMMON PROPERTY-RESOURCES;162
14.3;CFM RELEASE AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION: THE CURRENT EVIDENCE;162
14.4;THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF BANNING CFM PRODUCTION AND USE;164
14.5;THE EFFECTS OF CONTINUING CFM RELEASE;165
14.6;THE EFFECTS OF REGULATING CFM PRODUCTION AND RELEASE;168
14.7;SOME CONCLUDING COMMENTS;183
14.8;REFERENCES AND NOTES;184
15;PAPER 9: A Review of the Industry-sponsored Research into the Effect of Chlorofluorocarbons on the Concentration of Atmospheric Ozone;188
16;REFERENCES;193
17;PAPER 10: A Summary of the Research Program on the Effect of Fluorocarbons on the Atmosphere;196
17.1;THE INDUSTRY-SPONSORED PROGRAM;196
17.2;GAPS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE;198
17.3;SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS;200
17.4;REACTION RATE CONSTANT MEASUREMENTS;205
17.5;SOURCE AND, SINK STUDIES;206
17.6;LABORATORY STUDIES RELATED TO POTENTIAL ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS;208
17.7;TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS;210
17.8;CONSULTANTS;214
18;PAPER 11: Activities in the Field of Stratospheric Ozone, including Possible Geophysical and Biological Consequences of Ozone Depletion;226
18.1;INTRODUCTION;226
18.2;EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND PROCESSES;226
18.3;STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION ON CLIMATE;227
18.4;STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION ON THE BIOSPHERE;227
18.5;REVIEWS OF RELEVANT SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES;227
18.6;NATIONAL ACTIVITIES;227
18.7;CONCLUSIONS;227
18.8;LIST OF ICSU CONTACTS;228
18.9;ACRONYMS;228
18.10;ICSU ACTION PROPOSALS;228
19;PAPER 12. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion - An Environmental Impact Assessment;230
19.1;INTRODUCTION;230
19.2;THE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER: THE NATURAL STATE;232
19.3;MAN'S IMPACT ON THE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER;234
19.4;POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION ON CLIMATE;239
19.5;BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION;240
19.6;SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS;250
19.7;RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS;257
19.8;REFERENCES;261
20;PAPER 13. Atmospheric Exchange Processes and the Ozone Problem;264
20.1;TERMS OF REFERENCE;264
20.2;THE ISSUES;264
20.3;SOURCES;265
20.4;BASIC ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOUR;266
20.5;ATMOSPHERIC EXCHANGE PROCESSES;270
20.6;CLIMATOLOGY OF OZONE VARIATION;287
20.7;CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE;296
20.8;ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STRATOSPHERIC POLLUTION;308
20.9;CONCLUSION;315
20.10;UNITED STATES PUBLIC DOCUMENTS;315
20.11;UNITED KINGDOM - FRANCE DOCUMENTS;318
20.12;GENERAL REFERENCES;318
21;PAPER 14. Assessment of the Economic Impact of Restrictions on the Use of Fluorocarbons - An Outline of OECD Activities 1976-1977;320
21.1;OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY;320
21.2;SCOPE OF THE FIRST REPORT;320
21.3;CONTENT OF THE REPORT;321
22;PAPER 15. An Outline of Current Monitoring and Research being Carried out into Stratospheric Ozone and Related Subjects in Australia;324
22.1;THERMAL STRUCTURE AND CIRCULATION OF THE STRATOSPHERE - AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY;324
22.2;STRATOSPHERIC OZONE RELATED GASEOUS POLLUTANTS PARTICULATES AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION - COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION;325
22.3;AUSTRALIAN FLUOROCARBON PRODUCTION AND USAGE - DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT,HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT;327
23;PAPER 16. Stratospheric and Ozone Research Activitiesin Canada;330
23.1;BACKGROUND OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE RESEARCH IN CANADA;330
23.2;SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES;331
23.3;FUTURE PLANS IN STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER RESEARCH;339
24;PAPER 17. Sur l'Etude des Problemes de l'Ozone Atmospherique en Belgique;340
24.1;ABSTRACT;340
24.2;INTRODUCTION;340
24.3;REVUE DES TRAVAUX EFFECTUES EN BELGIQUE DANS LE CADRE DES CONNAISSANCES ACTUELLES DE L'OZONE STRATOSPHERIQUE;341
24.4;CONCLUSIONS;353
24.5;REFERENCES AUX TRAVAUX BELGES;355
25;PAPER 18. Research in the Field of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer;358
26;PAPER 19. Programme Frangaise de Recherche sur l'Ozone Stratospherique;360
26.1;ABSTRACT;360
26.2;PROGRAMME FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE;360
26.3;CONCLUSION;364
27;PAPER 20. A Report on the Atmospheric Research Activities in Italy;366
28;PAPER 21. Review of Research Activities Related to the Fluorocarbon Threat to the Ozone Layer;368
29;PAPER 22. U.K. Studies of the Stratosphere and the Possible Effects of Stratospheric Pollution;370
29.1;INTRODUCTION;370
29.2;COMMITTEE ON METEOROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF STRATOSPHERIC AIRCRAFT (COMESA);371
29.3;EFFECTS OTHER THAN AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS;371
29.4;STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE;372
29.5;U.K. STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME;372
29.6;ON-GOING U.K. CONTRIBUTIONS TO STRATOSPHERIC MONITORING;373
29.7;CONCLUSIONS;374
30;PAPER 23. U.S. Investigations to Evaluate the Potential Threat of Stratospheric Ozone Diminution;376
30.1;HISTORY OF UNITED STATES CONCERN RELATING TO THE EARTH'S OZONE CONCENTRATION;376
30.2;INVESTIGATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES;377
30.3;POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF OZONE DIMINUTION ON THE BIOSPHERE;382
31;CONCLUDING REMARKS;385
32;Report On The Meeting;386
33;Report on the Meeting;388
34;World Plan of Action;394
35;World Plan of Action;396