Buch, Englisch, 346 Seiten, Format (B × H): 161 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 613 g
Buch, Englisch, 346 Seiten, Format (B × H): 161 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 613 g
Reihe: Princeton Economic History of the Western World
ISBN: 978-0-691-14487-0
Verlag: Princeton University Press
In 70 CE, the Jews were an agrarian and illiterate people living mostly in the Land of Israel and Mesopotamia. By 1492 the Jewish people had become a small group of literate urbanites specializing in crafts, trade, moneylending, and medicine in hundreds of places across the Old World, from Seville to Mangalore. What caused this radical change? The Chosen Few presents a new answer to this question by applying the lens of economic analysis to the key facts of fifteen formative centuries of Jewish history. Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein show that, contrary to previous explanations, this transformation was driven not by anti-Jewish persecution and legal restrictions, but rather by changes within Judaism itself after 70 CE--most importantly, the rise of a new norm that required every Jewish male to read and study the Torah and to send his sons to school. Over the next six centuries, those Jews who found the norms of Judaism too costly to obey converted to other religions, making world Jewry shrink. Later, when urbanization and commercial expansion in the newly established Muslim Caliphates increased the demand for occupations in which literacy was an advantage, the Jews found themselves literate in a world of almost universal illiteracy. From then forward, almost all Jews entered crafts and trade, and many of them began moving in search of business opportunities, creating a worldwide Diaspora in the process. The Chosen Few offers a powerful new explanation of one of the most significant transformations in Jewish history while also providing fresh insights to the growing debate about the social and economic impact of religion.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftsgeschichte
- Geisteswissenschaften Geschichtswissenschaft Geschichtliche Themen Kultur- und Ideengeschichte
- Geisteswissenschaften Jüdische Studien Jüdische Studien Jüdische Identität & Biographien
- Geisteswissenschaften Geschichtswissenschaft Geschichtliche Themen Wirtschaftsgeschichte
- Geisteswissenschaften Jüdische Studien Jüdische Studien Jüdische Studien: Philosophie, Aufklärung, Wissenschaften
- Geisteswissenschaften Jüdische Studien Jüdische Studien Jüdische Studien: Literatur & Kunst
- Geisteswissenschaften Geschichtswissenschaft Weltgeschichte & Geschichte einzelner Länder und Gebietsräume Geschichte des Judentums (Diaspora)
- Geisteswissenschaften Jüdische Studien Geschichte des Judentums Geschichte des Judentums außerhalb Israels/Palästinas
Weitere Infos & Material
List of Illustrations xi
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
Introduction 1
Chapter 1
70 CE?1492: How Many Jews Were There, and Where and How Did They Live? 11
From Jesus to Muhammad (1 CE?622): A World of Farmers 15
From Muhammad to Hulagu Khan (622?1258): Farmers to Merchants 31
From Hulagu Khan to Tom?s de Torquemada (1258?1492):
The End of the Golden Age 44
Jewish History, 70 CE?1492: Puzzles 51
Chapter 2
Were the Jews a Persecuted Minority? 52
Restrictions on Jewish Economic Activities 52
Taxation Discrimination 58
Physical versus Portable Human Capital 59
Self-Segregated
Religious Minority 61
The Economics of Small Minorities 62
Summary 65
Chapter 3
The People of the Book, 200 BCE?200 CE 66
The Two Pillars of Judaism from Ezra to Hillel (500?50 BCE): The Temple and
the Torah 66
The Lever of Judaism: Education as a Religious Norm 69
The Destruction of the Second Temple: From Ritual Sacrifices to Torah Reading
and Study 73
The Legacy of Rabbinic Judaism: The Mishna and Universal Primary Education,
10 CE?200 74
Judaism and Education: The Unique Link in the World of the Mishna 78
Chapter 4
The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Farmers 80
Heterogeneity and the Choices Facing Jewish Farmers circa 200 82
The Economic Theory: Basic Setup 84
The Economic Theory: Predictions 87
Life in a Village in the Galilee circa 200 through the Lens of the Theory 88
Annex 4.A: Formal Model of Education and Conversion of Farmers 89
Chapter 5
Jews in the Talmud Era, 200?650:
The Chosen Few 95
An Increasingly Literate Farming Society 96
Conversions of Jewish Farmers 111
Summary 122
Chapter 6
From Farmers to Merchants, 750?1150 124
The Economics of Hebrew Literacy in a World of Merchants 125
The Golden Age of Literate Jews in the Muslim Caliphates 130
Summary 150
Annex 6.A: Formal Model of Education and Conversion of Merchants 150
Chapter 7
Educated Wandering Jews, 800?1250 153
Wandering Jews before Marco Polo 154
Jewish Migration within the Muslim Caliphates 163
Migration of Byzantine Jewry 172
Jewish Migration to and within Christian Europe 173
Migration of the Jewish Religious Center 195
Summary 200
Chapter 8
Segregation or Choice? From Merchants to Moneylenders, 1000?1500
201
The Economics of Money and Credit in Medieval Europe 202
Jewish Prominence in Moneylending: Hypotheses 209
The Dynamics of Jewish Moneylending in Medieval Europe 212
Jewish Moneylending in Medieval Italy: A Detailed Analysis 219
Attitudes toward Moneylending 232
Facts and Competing Hypotheses 237
From Merchants to Moneylenders: Comparative Advantage in Complex
Intermediation 241
Annex 8.A: The Charter to the Jews of Vienna 244
Chapter 9
The Mongol Shock: Can Judaism Survive When Trade and Urban Economies Collapse? 248
The Mongol Conquest of the Muslim Middle East 249
Socioeconomic Conditions in the Middle East under the Mongols 252
Jewish Demography under Mongol and Mamluk Rule: An Experiment 254
Why Judaism Cannot Survive When Trade and Urban Economies Collapse 258
Summary 259
Chapter 10
1492 to Today: Open Questions 261
Portrait of World Jewry circa 1492 261
Jewish History, 70 CE?1492: Epilogue 264
Trajectory of the Jewish People over the Past 500 Years 266
Persistence of Jewish Occupational Structure 268
Appendix 274
Bibliography 287
Index 317
