Boyd Nonlinear Optics

3. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-08-048596-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 640 Seiten

Nonlinear optics is the study of the interaction of intense laser light with matter. The third edition of this textbook has been rewritten to conform to the standard SI system of units and includes comprehensively updated material on the latest developments in the field.
The book presents an introduction to the entire field of optical physics and specifically the area of nonlinear optics, covering fundamental issues and applied aspects of this exciting area.
Nonlinear Optics will have lasting appeal to a wide audience of physics, optics, and electrical engineering students, as well as to working researchers and engineers. Those in related fields, such as materials science and chemistry, will also find this book of particular interest.
* Presents an introduction to the entire field of optical physics from the perspective of nonlinear optics
* Combines first-rate pedagogy with a treatment of fundamental aspects of nonlinear optics
* Covers all the latest topics and technology in this ever-evolving industry
* Strong emphasis on the fundamentals

Robert W. Boyd was born in Buffalo, New York. He received the B.S. degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Ph.D. degree in physics in 1977 from the University of California at Berkeley. His Ph.D. thesis was supervised by Professor Charles H. Townes and involved the use of nonlinear optical techniques in infrared detection for astronomy. Professor Boyd joined the faculty of the Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester in 1977 and since 1987 has held the position of Professor of Optics. Since July 2001 he has also held the position of the M. Parker Givens Professor of Optics. His research interests include studies of nonlinear optical interactions, studies of the nonlinear optical properties of materials, the development of photonic devices including photonic biosensors, and studies of the quantum statistical properties of nonlinear optical interactions. Professor Boyd has written two books, co-edited two anthologies, published over 200 research papers, and has been awarded five patents. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and of the American Physical Society and is the past chair of the Division of Laser Science of the American Physical Society.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Boyd, Robert W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Nonlinear Optics;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;8
5;Preface to the Third Edition;14
6;Preface to the Second Edition;16
7;Preface to the First Edition;18
8;Chapter 1. The Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility;22
8.1;1.1. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics;22
8.2;1.2. Descriptions of Nonlinear Optical Processes;25
8.3;1.3. Formal Definition of the Nonlinear Susceptibility;38
8.4;1.4. Nonlinear Susceptibility of a Classical Anharmonic Oscillator;42
8.5;1.5. Properties of the Nonlinear Susceptibility;54
8.6;1.6. Time-Domain Description of Optical Nonlinearities;73
8.7;1.7. Kramers-Kronig Relations in Linear and Nonlinear Optics;79
8.8;Problems;84
8.9;References;86
9;Chapter 2. Wave-Equation Description of Nonlinear Optical Interactions;90
9.1;2.1. The Wave Equation for Nonlinear Optical Media;90
9.2;2.2. The Coupled-Wave Equations for Sum-Frequency Generation;95
9.3;2.3. Phase Matching;100
9.4;2.4. Quasi-Phase-Matching;105
9.5;2.5. The Manley-Rowe Relations;109
9.6;2.6. Sum-Frequency Generation;112
9.7;2.7. Second-Harmonic Generation;117
9.8;2.8. Difference-Frequency Generation and Parametric Amplification;126
9.9;2.9. Optical Parametric Oscillators;129
9.10;2.10. Nonlinear Optical Interactions with Focused Gaussian Beams;137
9.11;2.11. Nonlinear Optics at an Interface;143
9.12;Problems;149
9.13;References;153
10;Chapter 3. Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility;156
10.1;3.1. Introduction;156
10.2;3.2. Schrödinger Calculation of Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility;158
10.3;3.3. Density Matrix Formulation of Quantum Mechanics;171
10.4;3.4. Perturbation Solution of the Density Matrix Equation of Motion;179
10.5;3.5. Density Matrix Calculation of the Linear Susceptibility;182
10.6;3.6. Density Matrix Calculation of the Second-Order Susceptibility;191
10.7;3.7. Density Matrix Calculation of the Third-Order Susceptibility;201
10.8;3.8. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency;206
10.9;3.9. Local-Field Corrections to the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility;215
10.10;Problems;222
10.11;References;225
11;Chapter 4. The Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index;228
11.1;4.1. Descriptions of the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index;228
11.2;4.2. Tensor Nature of the Third-Order Susceptibility;232
11.3;4.3. Nonresonant Electronic Nonlinearities;242
11.4;4.4. Nonlinearities Due to Molecular Orientation;249
11.5;4.5. Thermal Nonlinear Optical Effects;256
11.6;4.6. Semiconductor Nonlinearities;261
11.7;4.7. Concluding Remarks;268
11.8;References;272
12;Chapter 5. Molecular Origin of the Nonlinear Optical Response;274
12.1;5.1. Nonlinear Susceptibilities Calculated Using Time-Independent Perturbation Theory;274
12.2;5.2. Semiempirical Models of the Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility;280
12.3;Model of Boling, Glass, and Owyoung;281
12.4;5.3. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers;283
12.5;5.4. Bond-Charge Model of Nonlinear Optical Properties;285
12.6;5.5. Nonlinear Optics of Chiral Media;289
12.7;5.6. Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals;292
12.8;Problems;294
12.9;References;295
13;Chapter 6. Nonlinear Optics in the Two-Level Approximation;298
13.1;6.1. Introduction;298
13.2;6.2. Density Matrix Equations of Motion for a Two-Level Atom;299
13.3;6.3. Steady-State Response of a Two-Level Atom to a Monochromatic Field;306
13.4;6.4. Optical Bloch Equations;314
13.5;6.5. Rabi Oscillations and Dressed Atomic States;322
13.6;6.6. Optical Wave Mixing in Two-Level Systems;334
13.7;Problems;347
13.8;References;348
14;Chapter 7. Processes Resulting from the Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index;350
14.1;7.1. Self-Focusing of Light and Other Self-Action Effects;350
14.2;7.2. Optical Phase Conjugation;363
14.3;7.3. Optical Bistability and Optical Switching;380
14.4;7.4. Two-Beam Coupling;390
14.5;7.5. Pulse Propagation and Temporal Solitons;396
14.6;Problems;404
14.7;References;409
15;Chapter 8. Spontaneous Light Scattering and Acoustooptics;412
15.1;8.1. Features of Spontaneous Light Scattering;412
15.2;8.2. Microscopic Theory of Light Scattering;417
15.3;8.3 Thermodynamic Theory of Scalar Light Scattering;423
15.4;8.4. Acoustooptics;434
15.5;Problems;448
15.6;References;449
16;Chapter 9. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering;450
16.1;9.1. Stimulated Scattering Processes;450
16.2;9.2. Electrostriction;452
16.3;9.3. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (Induced by Electrostriction);457
16.4;9.4. Phase Conjugation by Stimulated Brillouin Scattering;469
16.5;9.5. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Gases;474
16.6;9.6. Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Rayleigh Scattering;476
16.7;Problems;489
16.8;References;491
17;Chapter 10. Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering;494
17.1;10.1. The Spontaneous Raman Effect;494
17.2;10.2. Spontaneous versus Stimulated Raman Scattering;495
17.3;10.3. Stimulated Raman Scattering Described by the Nonlinear Polarization;500
17.4;10.4. Stokes-Anti-Stokes Coupling in Stimulated Raman Scattering;509
17.5;10.5. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering;520
17.6;10.6. Stimulated Rayleigh-Wing Scattering;522
17.7;Problems;529
17.8;References;529
18;Chapter 11. The Electrooptic and Photorefractive Effects;532
18.1;11.1. Introduction to the Electrooptic Effect;532
18.2;11.2. Linear Electrooptic Effect;533
18.3;11.3. Electrooptic Modulators;537
18.4;11.4. Introduction to the Photorefractive Effect;544
18.5;11.5 Photorefractive Equations of Kukhtarev et al.;547
18.6;11.6. Two-Beam Coupling in Photorefractive Materials;549
18.7;11.7. Four-Wave Mixing in Photorefractive Materials;557
18.8;Problems;561
18.9;References;561
19;Chapter 12. Optically Induced Damage and Multiphoton Absorption;564
19.1;12.1. Introduction to Optical Damage;564
19.2;12.2. Avalanche-Breakdown Model;565
19.3;12.3. Influence of Laser Pulse Duration;567
19.4;12.4. Direct Photoionization;569
19.5;12.5. Multiphoton Absorption and Multiphoton Ionization;570
19.6;Problems;580
19.7;References;580
20;Chapter 13. Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics;582
20.1;13.1. Introduction;582
20.2;13.2. Ultrashort Pulse Propagation Equation;582
20.3;13.3. Interpretation of the Ultrashort-Pulse Propagation Equation;588
20.4;13.4. Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics;592
20.5;13.5. Motion of a Free Electron in a Laser Field;593
20.6;13.6. High-Harmonic Generation;596
20.7;13.7. Nonlinear Optics of Plasmas and Relativistic Nonlinear Optics;600
20.8;13.8. Nonlinear Quantum Electrodynamics;604
20.9;Problem;607
20.10;References;607
21;Appendices;610
21.1;Appendix A. The SI System of Units;610
21.2;Further reading;617
21.3;Appendix B. The Gaussian System of Units;617
21.4;Further reading;621
21.5;Appendix C. Systems of Units in Nonlinear Optics;621
21.6;Appendix D. Relationship between Intensity and Field Strength;623
21.7;Appendix E. Physical Constants;624
22;Index;626

Leseproben

Chapter 1 The Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility 1.1. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
Nonlinear optics is the study of phenomena that occur as a consequence of the modification of the optical properties of a material system by the presence of light. Typically, only laser light is sufficiently intense to modify the optical properties of a material system. The beginning of the field of nonlinear optics is often taken to be the discovery of second-harmonic generation by Franken et al. (1961), shortly after the demonstration of the first working laser by Maiman in 1960.* Nonlinear optical phenomena are “nonlinear” in the sense that they occur when the response of a material system to an applied optical field depends in a nonlinear manner on the strength of the optical field. For example, second-harmonic generation occurs as a result of the part of the atomic response that scales quadratically with the strength of the applied optical field. Consequently, the intensity of the light generated at the second-harmonic frequency tends to increase as the square of the intensity of the applied laser light. In order to describe more precisely what we mean by an optical nonlinear-ity, let us consider how the dipole moment per unit volume, or polarization (t), of a material system depends on the strength (t) of an applied optical field.* In the case of conventional (i.e., linear) optics, the induced polarization depends linearly on the electric field strength in a manner that can often be described by the relationship where the constant of proportionality ?(1) is known as the linear susceptibility and e0 is the permittivity of free space. In nonlinear optics, the optical response can often be described by generalizing Eq. (1.1.1) by expressing the polarization (t) as a power series in the field strength (t) as The quantities ?(2) and ?(3) are known as the second- and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities, respectively. For simplicity, we have taken the fields (t) and (t) to be scalar quantities in writing Eqs. (1.1.1) and (1.1.2). In Section 1.3 we show how to treat the vector nature of the fields; in such a case ?(1) becomes a second-rank tensor, ?(2) becomes a third-rank tensor, and so on. In writing Eqs. (1.1.1) and (1.1.2) in the forms shown, we have also assumed that the polarization at time t depends only on the instantaneous value of the electric field strength. The assumption that the medium responds instantaneously also implies (through the Kramers-Kronig relations†) that the medium must be lossless and dispersionless. We shall see in Section 1.3 how to generalize these equations for the case of a medium with dispersion and loss. In general, the nonlinear susceptibilities depend on the frequencies of the applied fields, but under our present assumption of instantaneous response, we take them to be constants. We shall refer to as the second-order nonlinear polarization and to as the third-order nonlinear polarization. We shall see later in this section that physical processes that occur as a result of the second-order polarization (2) tend to be distinct from those that occur as a result of the third-order polarization (3). In addition, we shall show in Section 1.5 that second-order nonlinear optical interactions can occur only in noncentrosymmetric crystals—that is, in crystals that do not display inversion symmetry. Since liquids, gases, amorphous solids (such as glass), and even many crystals display inversion symmetry, ?(2) vanishes identically for such media, and consequently such materials cannot produce second-order nonlinear optical interactions. On the other hand, third-order nonlinear optical interactions (i.e., those described by a ?(3) susceptibility) can occur for both centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric media. We shall see in later sections of this book how to calculate the values of the nonlinear susceptibilities for various physical mechanisms that lead to optical nonlinearities. For the present, we shall make a simple order-of-magnitude estimate of the size of these quantities for the common case in which the non-linearity is electronic in origin (see, for instance, Armstrong et al., 1962). One might expect that the lowest-order correction term (2) would be comparable to the linear response (1) when the amplitude of the applied field is of the order of the characteristic atomic electric field strength , where —e is the charge of the electron and is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom (here is Planck’s constant divided by 2p, and m is the mass of the electron). Numerically, we find that Eat = 5.14 × 1011 V/m.* We thus expect that under conditions of nonresonant excitation the second-order susceptibility ?(2) will be of the order of ?(1)/Eat. For condensed matter ?(1) is of the order of unity, and we hence expect that ?(2) will be of the order of 1/Eat, or that Similarly, we expect ?(3) to be of the order of ?(1)/E2at, which for condensed matter is of the order of These predictions are in fact quite accurate, as one can see by comparing tnese values with actual measured values of ?(2) (see, for instance, Table 1.5.3) and ?(3) (see, for instance, Table 4.3.1). For certain purposes, it is useful to express the second- and third-order susceptibilities in terms of fundamental physical constants. As just noted, for condensed matter ?(1) is of the order of unity. This result can be justified either as an empirical fact or can be justified more rigorously by noting that ?(1) is the product of atomic number density and atomic polarizability. The number density N of condensed matter is of the order of (a0)-3, and the nonresonant polarizability is of the order of (a0)3. We thus deduce that ?(1) is of the order of unity. We then find that ?(2) (4p e0)34/m2e5 and ?(3) (4p e0)68/m4e10. See Boyd (1999) for further details. The most usual procedure for describing nonlinear optical phenomena is based on expressing the polarization (t) in terms of the applied electric field strength (t), as we have done inEq. (1.1.2). The reason why the polarization plays a key role in the description of nonlinear optical phenomena is that a time-varying polarization can act as the source of new components of the electromagnetic field. For example, we shall see in Section 2.1 that the wave equation in nonlinear optical media often has the form where n is the usual linear refractive index and c is the speed of light in vacuum. We can interpret this expression as an inhomogeneous wave equation in which the polarization NL associated with the nonlinear response drives the electric field . Since ?2NL/?t2 is a measure of the acceleration of the charges that constitute the medium, this equation is consistent with Larmor’s theorem of electromagnetism which states that accelerated charges generate electromagnetic radiation. It should be noted that the power series expansion expressed by Eq. (1.1.2) need not necessarily converge. In such circumstances the relationship between the material response and the applied electric field amplitude must be expressed using different procedures. One such circumstance is that of resonant excitation of an atomic system, in which case an appreciable fraction of the atoms can be removed from the ground state. Saturation effects of this sort can be described by procedures developed in Chapter 6. Even under nonreso-nant conditions, Eq. (1.1.2) loses its validity if the applied laser field strength becomes comparable to the characteristic atomic field strength Eat, because of strong photoionization that can occur under these conditions. For future reference, we note that the laser intensity associated with a peak field strength of Eat is given by We shall see later in this book (see especially Chapter 13) how nonlinear optical processes display qualitatively distinct features when excited by such super-intense fields. 1.2. Descriptions of Nonlinear Optical Processes
In the present section, we present brief qualitative descriptions of a number of nonlinear optical processes. In addition, for those processes that can occur in a lossless medium, we indicate how they can be described in terms of the nonlinear contributions to the polarization described by Eq. (1.1.2).* Our motivation is to provide an indication of the variety of nonlinear optical phenomena that can occur. These interactions are described in greater detail in later sections of this book. In this section we also introduce some notational conventions and some of the basic concepts of nonlinear optics. FIGURE 1.2.1 (a) Geometry of second-harmonic generation, (b) Energy-level diagram describing second-harmonic generation. 1.2.1 Second-Harmonic Generation
As an example of a nonlinear optical interaction, let us consider the process of second-harmonic generation, which is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.2.1. Here a laser beam whose electric field strength is represented as is incident upon a crystal for which the second-order susceptibility ?(2) is nonzero. The nonlinear...