Byrom Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion

Design and Application
2. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-800660-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 438 Seiten

Reihe: Gulf Drilling Guides

Once thought of as niche technology, operators today are utilizing more opportunities with casing and liners as formations and environments grow in difficulty, especially with the unconventional oil and gas boom. Casing and liners for Drilling and Completions, 2nd Edition provides the engineer and well designer with up-to-date information on critical properties, mechanics, design basics and newest applications for today's type of well. Renovated and simplified to cover operational considerations, pressure loads, and selection steps, this handbook gives you the knowledge to execute the essential and fundamental features of casing and liners. Bonus features include: - Additional glossary added to explain oil field terminology - New appendix on useful every day formulas such as axial stress, shear stress in tubes and principal stress components - Listing section of acronyms, notations, symbols and constants for quick reference - Concise step-by-step basic casing design procedure with examples - Thorough coverage and tips on important field practice for installation topics - Advanced methods for critical and horizontal well casing design including hydraulic fracturing - Exhaustive appendices on foundational topics: units & nomenclature, solid mechanics, hydrostatics, borehole environment & rock mechanics, and a summary of useful formulas

Ted Byrom is a Consulting Engineer with over 50 years of experience in the industry, primarily in drilling, completion, and well intervention. After completing his BSc degree in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M, he began his professional career with Unocal eventually becoming a district drilling superintendent. He later earned his MSc and PhD degrees in aerospace engineering, both from Texas A&M University, while teaching numerical methods and finite element methods at Texas A&M and doing research at NASA Langley Research Center, University of Virginia and the Center for Mechanics of Composites. After working with Oryx as Drilling Technology Consultant, he formed his own consulting agency in 1994, and is also currently a course designer and instructor for Petroskills developing and teaching courses on horizontal well technology, coiled tubing, cementing, and casing design. Byrom has co-authored one other textbook on finite element methods and is a licensed professional engineer in the state of Texas, a member of ASME, a Legion of Honor Member of SPE, and a recipient of an SPE Outstanding Technical Editor Award for the SPE Drilling and Completion Journal.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Byrom, Ted G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion: Design and Application;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;Acknowledgments;12
7;Preface;14
8;Preface to the First Edition;16
9;Acronyms;18
10;Chapter 1: Introduction to casing design;20
10.1;1.1 Introduction;20
10.2;1.2 Design basics;21
10.3;1.3 Conventions used here;22
10.3.1;1.3.1 Organization of book;23
10.3.2;1.3.2 Units and math;23
10.3.2.1;Roundoff;24
10.3.3;1.3.3 Casing used in examples;24
10.4;1.4 Oilfield casing;25
10.4.1;1.4.1 Setting the standards;25
10.4.2;1.4.2 Manufacture of oilfield casing;25
10.4.3;1.4.3 Casing dimensions;28
10.4.4;1.4.4 Casing grades;31
10.4.5;1.4.5 Connections;33
10.4.6;1.4.6 Strengths of casing;36
10.4.7;1.4.7 Expandable casing;36
10.5;1.5 Closure;36
11;Chapter 2: Casing depth and size determination;38
11.1;2.1 Introduction;38
11.2;2.2 Casing depth determination;39
11.2.1;2.2.1 Depth selection parameters;39
11.2.2;2.2.2 The experience parameter;40
11.2.3;2.2.3 Pore pressure;40
11.2.4;2.2.4 Fracture pressure;40
11.2.5;2.2.5 Other setting depth parameters;43
11.2.6;2.2.6 Conductor casing depth;43
11.2.7;2.2.7 Surface casing depth;44
11.2.8;2.2.8 Intermediate casing depth;45
11.2.9;2.2.9 Setting depths using pore and fracture pressure;45
11.3;2.3 Casing size selection;47
11.3.1;2.3.1 Size selection;48
11.3.2;2.3.2 Borehole size selection;48
11.3.3;2.3.3 Bit choices;51
11.4;2.4 Casing string configuration;52
11.4.1;2.4.1 Alternative approaches and contingencies;53
11.5;2.5 Closure;53
12;Chapter 3: Pressure load determination;54
12.1;3.1 Introduction;55
12.2;3.2 Pressure loads;56
12.3;3.3 Gas pressure loads;57
12.4;3.4 Collapse loading;57
12.4.1;3.4.1 Collapse load cases;58
12.5;3.5 Burst loading;60
12.5.1;3.5.1 Burst load cases;61
12.6;3.6 Specific pressure loads;65
12.6.1;3.6.1 Conductor casing;65
12.6.2;3.6.2 Surface casing;66
12.6.3;3.6.3 Intermediate casing;67
12.6.4;3.6.4 Production casing;68
12.6.5;3.6.5 Liners and tieback strings;69
12.6.6;3.6.6 Other pressure loads;70
12.7;3.7 Example well;71
12.7.1;3.7.1 Conductor casing example;71
12.7.2;3.7.2 Surface casing example;72
12.7.3;3.7.3 Intermediate casing example;79
12.7.4;3.7.4 Production casing example;85
12.8;3.8 Closure;93
13;Chapter 4: Design loads and casing selection;94
13.1;4.1 Introduction;95
13.2;4.2 Design factors;95
13.2.1;4.2.1 Design margin factor;98
13.3;4.3 Design loads for collapse and burst;99
13.4;4.4 Preliminary casing selection;101
13.4.1;4.4.1 Selection considerations;101
13.5;4.5 Axial loads and design plot;105
13.5.1;4.5.1 Axial load considerations;106
13.5.2;4.5.2 Types of axial loads;107
13.5.3;4.5.3 Axial load cases;110
13.5.4;4.5.4 Axial design loads;115
13.6;4.6 Collapse with axial loads;117
13.6.1;4.6.1 Combined loads;117
13.7;4.7 Example well;120
13.7.1;4.7.1 Conductor casing example;120
13.7.2;4.7.2 Surface casing example;121
13.7.3;4.7.3 Intermediate casing example;122
13.7.4;4.7.4 Production casing example;131
13.8;4.8 Additional considerations;142
13.9;4.9 Closure;144
14;Chapter 5: Installing casing;146
14.1;5.1 Introduction;146
14.2;5.2 Transport and handling;146
14.2.1;5.2.1 Transport to location;147
14.2.2;5.2.2 Handling on location;147
14.3;5.3 Pipe measurements;147
14.4;5.4 Wrong casing?;148
14.5;5.5 Crossover joints and subs;149
14.6;5.6 Running casing;149
14.6.1;5.6.1 Getting the casing to the rig floor;149
14.6.2;5.6.2 Stabbing process;150
14.6.3;5.6.3 Filling casing;150
14.6.4;5.6.4 Makeup torque;150
14.6.5;5.6.5 Thread locking;151
14.6.6;5.6.6 Casing handling tools;152
14.6.7;5.6.7 Running casing in the hole;153
14.6.8;5.6.8 Highly deviated wells;154
14.7;5.7 Cementing;155
14.7.1;5.7.1 Mud removal;155
14.8;5.8 Landing practices;157
14.8.1;5.8.1 Maximum hanging weight;158
14.9;5.9 Closure and commentary;160
15;Chapter 6: Casing performance;164
15.1;6.1 Introduction;165
15.2;6.2 Structural design;165
15.2.1;6.2.1 Deterministic and probabilistic design;166
15.2.2;6.2.2 Design limits;166
15.2.3;6.2.3 Design comments;167
15.3;6.3 Mechanics of tubes;167
15.3.1;6.3.1 Axial stress;168
15.3.2;6.3.2 Radial and tangential stress;169
15.3.3;6.3.3 Torsion;171
15.3.4;6.3.4 Bending stress;172
15.4;6.4 Casing performance for design;172
15.4.1;6.4.1 Tensile design strength;173
15.4.2;6.4.2 Burst design strength;174
15.4.3;6.4.3 Collapse design strength;178
15.5;6.5 Combined loading;185
15.5.1;6.5.1 A yield-based approach;185
15.5.2;6.5.2 A simplified method;187
15.5.3;6.5.3 Improved simplified method;189
15.5.4;6.5.4 Traditional API method;191
15.5.5;6.5.5 The API traditional method with tables;194
15.5.6;6.5.6 Improved API/ISO-based approach;195
15.6;6.6 Lateral buckling;196
15.6.1;6.6.1 Stability;197
15.6.2;6.6.2 Lateral buckling of casing;202
15.6.3;6.6.3 Axial buckling of casing;205
15.7;6.7 Dynamic effects in casing;206
15.7.1;6.7.1 Inertial load;206
15.7.2;6.7.2 Shock load;207
15.8;6.8 Thermal effects;208
15.8.1;6.8.1 Temperature and material properties;208
15.8.2;6.8.2 Temperature changes;209
15.9;6.9 Expandable casing;215
15.9.1;6.9.1 Expandable pipe;216
15.9.2;6.9.2 Expansion process;216
15.9.3;6.9.3 Well applications;217
15.9.4;6.9.4 Collapse considerations;219
15.10;6.10 Closure;219
16;Chapter 7: Casing in directional and horizontal wells;222
16.1;7.1 Introduction;223
16.2;7.2 Borehole path;223
16.3;7.3 Borehole friction;224
16.3.1;7.3.1 The Amontons-Coulomb friction relationship;225
16.3.2;7.3.2 Calculating borehole friction;230
16.3.3;7.3.3 Torsion;235
16.4;7.4 Casing wear;235
16.5;7.5 Borehole collapse;239
16.5.1;7.5.1 Predicting borehole collapse;239
16.5.2;7.5.2 Designing for borehole collapse;240
16.6;7.6 Borehole curvature and bending;242
16.6.1;7.6.1 Simple planar bending;243
16.6.2;7.6.2 Effect of couplings on bending stress;245
16.6.3;7.6.3 Effects of bending on coupling performance;254
16.7;7.7 Combined loading in curved boreholes;254
16.8;7.8 Casing design for inclined wells;257
16.9;7.9 Hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells;264
16.9.1;7.9.1 Casing design consideration;265
16.9.2;7.9.2 Field practices;268
16.10;7.10 Closure;269
17;Appendix A: Notation, symbols, and constants;270
17.1;A.1 Mathematical operators and symbols;271
17.2;A.2 Standard ISO and traditional solid mechanics variables and symbols;272
17.3;A.3 Casing and borehole application-specific variables;274
18;Appendix B: Units and material properties;278
18.1;B.1 Introduction;278
18.2;B.2 Units and conversions;278
18.3;B.3 Material properties;281
19;Appendix C: Basic mechanics;284
19.1;C.1 Introduction;285
19.2;C.2 Coordinates;286
19.3;C.3 Notation convention;287
19.3.1;C.3.1 Index notation;288
19.4;C.4 Scalars, vectors, and tensors;290
19.4.1;C.4.1 Scalars;291
19.4.2;C.4.2 Vectors;291
19.4.3;C.4.3 Coordinate invariance;294
19.4.4;C.4.4 Vector operations;295
19.4.5;C.4.5 2-Order tensors;301
19.4.6;C.4.6 Tensor operations;302
19.4.7;C.4.7 Coordinate transforms;304
19.5;C.5 Kinematics and kinetics—strain and stress;310
19.5.1;C.5.1 Deformation and strain—kinematics;310
19.5.2;C.5.2 Stress—kinetics;312
19.6;C.6 Constitutive relationships;320
19.6.1;C.6.1 Elasticity;322
19.6.2;C.6.2 Plasticity;323
19.6.3;C.6.3 Yield criteria;328
19.7;C.7 Natural laws;338
19.7.1;C.7.1 Conservation of mass;338
19.7.2;C.7.2 Conservation of momentum;339
19.7.3;C.7.3 Conservation of energy;340
19.7.4;C.7.4 The second law;340
19.8;C.8 Field problems;341
19.9;C.9 Solution methods;350
19.10;C.10 Closure;351
20;Appendix D: Basic hydrostatics;354
20.1;D.1 Introduction to subsurface hydrostatic loads;354
20.2;D.2 Hydrostatic principles;355
20.2.1;D.2.1 Basic concepts;355
20.2.2;D.2.2 Hydrostatic pressure;356
20.2.3;D.2.3 Compressibility;358
20.3;D.3 Formulation of hydrostatics;358
20.3.1;D.3.1 Gases;359
20.4;D.4 Buoyancy;362
20.4.1;D.4.1 Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle;362
20.4.2;D.4.2 Fluid density;363
20.4.3;D.4.3 Axial load in a vertical tube;364
20.4.4;D.4.4 Axial load in a horizontal tube;365
20.4.5;D.4.5 Axial load in an inclined tube;366
20.4.6;D.4.6 Moment in a horizontal tube;367
20.4.7;D.4.7 Moment in an inclined tube;369
20.5;D.5 Oilfield calculations;369
20.5.1;D.5.1 Hydrostatic pressures in wellbores;369
20.5.2;D.5.2 Buoyed weight of casing;373
20.5.3;D.5.3 The ubiquitous vacuum;377
20.6;D.6 Closure;378
21;Appendix E: Borehole environment;380
21.1;E.1 Introduction to the borehole environment;380
21.2;E.2 Pore pressure in rocks;380
21.3;E.3 Basic rock mechanics;383
21.4;E.4 Fracture pressure;385
21.5;E.5 Borehole stability;386
21.6;E.6 Borehole path;390
21.6.1;E.6.1 Minimum curvature method;390
21.6.2;E.6.2 Interpolations on the borehole path;392
21.7;E.7 Closed-Form friction solutions;397
21.7.1;E.7.1 Closed-Form drag solutions;398
21.7.2;E.7.2 Closed-Form torque solution;399
21.8;E.8 Closure;400
22;Appendix F: Summary of useful formulas;402
22.1;F.1 Borehole geometry;402
22.2;F.2 Directional well equations;403
22.3;F.3 Hydrostatics equations;405
22.4;F.4 Geometric equations for tubes;406
22.5;F.5 Axial stress and displacement equations;406
22.6;F.6 Tube bending equations;408
22.7;F.7 Tube pressure equations;408
22.8;F.8 Torsion equations;409
22.9;F.9 Lateral buckling equations;409
22.10;F.10 Thermal equations;410
22.11;F.11 General solid mechanics;410
22.11.1;F.11.1 Yield criteria;410
22.12;F.12 API/ISO performance equations;411
23;Glossary;416
24;References;420
25;Index;424

Leseproben

1 Introduction to casing design
Chapter outline head 1.1 Introduction   1 1.2 Design basics   2 1.3 Conventions used here   3 1.3.1 Organization of book   4 1.3.2 Units and math   4 Roundoff   5 1.3.3 Casing used in examples   5 1.4 Oilfield casing   6 1.4.1 Setting the standards   6 1.4.2 Manufacture of oilfield casing   6 Seamless casing   7 Welded casing   7 Strength treatment of casing   8 1.4.3 Casing dimensions   9 Outside diameter   9 Inside diameter and wall thickness   10 Joint length   10 Weights of casing   11 1.4.4 Casing grades   12 API grades   12 Non-API grades   13 1.4.5 Connections   14 API 8-rd connections   15 Other threaded and coupled connections   15 Integral connections   16 1.4.6 Strengths of casing   17 1.4.7 Expandable casing   17 1.5 Closure   17 1.1 Introduction
In this textbook, we will explore the fundamentals and practices of basic casing design with some introduction to more advanced ideas and techniques. We will use a simple process that involves manual calculations and graphical plots. This is the historical method of learning casing design and will instill a depth of understanding. For the vast majority of casing strings run in the world this is still the method employed. Those engineers already well founded in the process may use more advanced techniques and specific software. While there is some excellent software on the market that does casing design, one cannot really learn the process using software. This is not by any means a harangue about casing design software; some of it is excellent and quite sophisticated especially compared to the crude first attempts that hit the market. But the unwelcome fact is that many who are using it are overwhelmed by multipage, detailed printouts, half of which they do not even pretend to understand. And truth be told, many of the “support” personnel experience the same problem. Information is not knowledge if you do not understand it. Figure 1.1 Casing string design for a typical well. 1.2 Design basics
Casing design is a bit different from most structural design processes in engineering because the “structure” being designed is a single tubular monolith of given outside diameter primarily supported from the top end. There is nothing to actually “design” in the conventional sense of structural engineering. Geometrically speaking, our structure is already designed. The available tubular sizes and strengths are standardized, so the design process maybe thought of as a two-step process: 1. Calculate the anticipated loads. 2. Selecting from the available standard tubes those with adequate strength to safely sustain those loads. As simple as that may sound, casing design is still not a linear process. It is not a matter of calculating the anticipated loads and then selecting the casing. The selected casing itself is part of the load. Hence, the process must be iterated to account for that fact. Still, it is quite an easy process in the vast majority of cases. The basic design/selection sequence in its iterative form might be listed in steps: 1. Determine depths and sizes of casing. 2. Determine pressure loads. 3. Apply design factors and make preliminary selection. 4. Determine axial loads and apply design factors. 5. Adjust preliminary selection for axial design loads. 6. Adjust for combined tension/collapse loading. Some might not consider Step 1 a part of casing design, and technically that is true. That step might be done by someone other than the casing designer and not in conjunction with the actual design process. However, we are going to include it in our treatment because it is essential for us to understand how it is done and how the results affect our design process. The actual design process starts with Step 2, where we calculate the pressure loads for various scenarios using basic hydrostatics. We do this for all the strings in the well. In Step 3 we select the worst case pressure loading from the previous step and apply a design factor which gives us a margin to account for uncertainty in the loads and pipe strengths. The results of that are design pressure-load plots for each string of casing in the well. From these plots, we make preliminary selections of casing, which will safely sustain those design loads. Because the axial load (weight) of the string is a function of the casing itself, we must then calculate it from the preliminary pressure-load selection. We then apply a design factor to the axial load and check to see if our preliminary selection has sufficient axial strength. If it does, Step 4 is complete and we skip Step 5. If it does not, then in Step 5, we must modify the preliminary selection so that it also satisfies the axial design load. When we modify the preliminary selection, we must recalculate the axial load for the modified string and apply our axial design factor again. We must also check to ascertain that the modified string still meets our pressure-load design requirements. So in this step, the process becomes iterative. It is not difficult though, because in the manual process, it is easy to visually see the values and minimize the iterations. Seldom are more than two iterations required. Finally, in Step 6, we check for the effects of combined axial tension and collapse loading, often referred to as biaxial loading. This is a critical step even in basic casing design, because tension in a string reduces the collapse resistance of the casing. This step too may require several iterations because any change or adjustment in the casing selection always requires that all the loads be rechecked. For your early reference, Step 1 is covered in Chapter 2, Step 2 in Chapter 3, and Steps 3-6 in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 covers the casing installation process, and the remainder of the chapters covers more advanced topics. 1.3 Conventions used here
There is in the petroleum literature a virtual plethora of odd terminology, incoherent physical units, mathematical inconsistencies, and so forth. I have tried to adhere to several principles in this book: • A readable text • A progressive sequence for learning and self education • Sufficient background material in appendices • Adherence to ISO mathematics [1] and mechanics [2] standards • Avoidance of acronyms except for organizational names (5) and those appearing in API/ISO standards (8) that you must necessarily understand plus only one other that is too common to not know (BOP) Readability is essential for self-education, and I think, one of the most important features I have aimed for in this textbook. Perhaps I have oversimplified some concepts, but I prefer that to pedantic gibberish and superfluous acronyms that are more confusing than educational. And if the copy editor is successful at ironing out my convoluted sentence structure, you should find this book fairly readable. 1.3.1 Organization of book
The book is organized in a logical sequence that a beginner would follow to learn casing design, starting with the basics and proceeding to the more advanced topics. Chapters 2–4 illustrate basic casing design and Chapter 5 covers installation in the well. Having learned that material, the reader will have...