Davidovits Physics in Biology and Medicine

3. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-08-055593-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 336 Seiten, Web PDF

Physics in Biology and Medicine, Third Edition covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing, and other applied health fields. This concise introductory paperback surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively, and how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques. This text is designed for premed students, doctors, nurses, physiologists, or other applied health workers, and other individuals who wish to understand the nature of the mechanics of our bodies. - Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems
- Presents material in a straight forward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology
- Includes many figures, examples and illustrative problems and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics

Paul Davidovits, Professor of Chemistry at Boston College, was co-awarded the prestigious R.W. Wood prize from the Optical Society of America for his seminal work in optics. His contribution was foundational in the field of confocal microscopy, which allows engineers and biologists to produce optical sections through 3D objects such as semiconductor circuits, living tissues, or a single cell. Dr. Davidovits earned his doctorate, masters, and undergraduate degrees from Columbia University. Prior to his appointment at Boston College, he was a faculty member at Yale University. He has published more than 150 papers in physical chemistry and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for Advancement of Science. The second edition of Physics in Biology and Medicine received the Alpha Sigma Nu Book Award in the Discipline of the Natural Sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Davidovits, Paul

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Table of Contents;6
3;Preface;14
4;Abbreviations;18
5;Chapter 1. Static Forces;20
5.1;1.1 Equilibrium and Stability;21
5.2;1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body;22
5.3;1.3 Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External Force;23
5.4;1.4 Skeletal Muscles;26
5.5;1.5 Levers;28
5.6;1.6 The Elbow;30
5.7;1.7 The Hip;34
5.8;1.8 The Back;36
5.9;1.9 Standing Tip-Toe on One Foot;38
5.10;1.10 Dynamic Aspects of Posture;38
5.11;Exercises;40
6;Chapter 2. Friction;42
6.1;2.1 Standing at an Incline;44
6.2;2.2 Friction at the Hip Joint;45
6.3;2.3 Spine Fin of a Catfish;46
6.4;Exercises;48
7;Chapter 3. Translational Motion;49
7.1;3.1 Vertical Jump;51
7.2;3.2 Effect of Gravity on the Vertical Jump;54
7.3;3.3 Running High Jump;55
7.4;3.4 Range of a Projectile;56
7.5;3.5 Standing Broad Jump;56
7.6;3.6 Running Broad Jump (Long Jump);58
7.7;3.7 Motion through Air;59
7.8;3.8 Energy Consumed in Physical Activity;61
7.9;Exercises;62
8;Chapter 4. Angular Motion;64
8.1;4.1 Forces on a Curved Path;64
8.2;4.2 A Runner on a Curved Track;66
8.3;4.3 Pendulum;67
8.4;4.4 Walking;69
8.5;4.5 Physical Pendulum;70
8.6;4.6 Speed of Walking and Running;71
8.7;4.7 Energy Expended in Running;73
8.8;4.8 Alternate Perspectives on Walking and Running;75
8.9;4.9 Carrying Loads;77
8.10;Exercises;78
9;Chapter 5. Elasticity and Strength of Materials;80
9.1;5.1 Longitudinal Stretch and Compression;80
9.2;5.2 A Spring;81
9.3;5.3 Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations;83
9.4;5.4 Impulsive Forces;85
9.5;5.5 Fracture Due to a Fall: Impulsive Force Considerations;86
9.6;5.6 Airbags: Inflating Collision Protection Devices;87
9.7;5.7 Whiplash Injury;88
9.8;5.8 Falling from Great Height;89
9.9;5.9 Osteoarthritis and Exercise;89
9.10;Exercises;90
10;Chapter 6. Insect Flight;92
10.1;6.1 Hovering Flight;92
10.2;6.2 Insect Wing Muscles;94
10.3;6.3 Power Required for Hovering;95
10.4;6.4 Kinetic Energy of Wings in Flight;97
10.5;6.5 Elasticity of Wings;98
10.6;Exercises;99
11;Chapter 7. Fluids;101
11.1;7.1 Force and Pressure in a Fluid;101
11.2;7.2 Pascal’s Principle;102
11.3;7.3 Hydrostatic Skeleton;103
11.4;7.4 Archimedes’ Principle;106
11.5;7.5 Power Required to Remain Afloat;106
11.6;7.6 Buoyancy of Fish;107
11.7;7.7 Surface Tension;108
11.8;7.8 Soil Water;111
11.9;7.9 Insect Locomotion on Water;112
11.10;7.10 Contraction of Muscles;114
11.11;7.11 Surfactants;116
11.12;Exercises;118
12;Chapter 8. The Motion of Fluids;120
12.1;8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation;120
12.2;8.2 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Law;122
12.3;8.3 Turbulent Flow;123
12.4;8.4 Circulation of the Blood;124
12.5;8.5 Blood Pressure;126
12.6;8.6 Control of Blood Flow;128
12.7;8.7 Energetics of Blood Flow;129
12.8;8.8 Turbulence in the Blood;129
12.9;8.9 Arteriosclerosis and Blood Flow;130
12.10;8.10 Power Produced by the Heart;131
12.11;8.11 Measurement of Blood Pressure;132
12.12;Exercises;133
13;Chapter 9. Heat and Kinetic Theory;135
13.1;9.1 Heat and Hotness;135
13.2;9.2 Kinetic Theory of Matter;135
13.3;9.3 Definitions;138
13.4;9.4 Transfer of Heat;139
13.5;9.5 Transport of Molecules by Diffusion;145
13.6;9.6 Diffusion through Membranes;147
13.7;9.7 The Respiratory System;148
13.8;9.8 Surfactants and Breathing;151
13.9;9.9 Diffusion and Contact Lenses;152
13.10;Exercises;152
14;Chapter 10. Thermodynamics;154
14.1;10.1 First Law of Thermodynamics;154
14.2;10.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics;156
14.3;10.3 Difference between Heat and Other Forms of Energy;157
14.4;10.4 Thermodynamics of Living Systems;159
14.5;10.5 Information and the Second Law;162
14.6;Exercises;163
15;Chapter 11. Heat and Life;164
15.1;11.1 Energy Requirements of People;165
15.2;11.2 Energy from Food;166
15.3;11.3 Regulation of Body Temperature;168
15.4;11.4 Control of Skin Temperature;170
15.5;11.5 Convection;170
15.6;11.6 Radiation;172
15.7;11.7 Radiative Heating by the Sun;172
15.8;11.8 Evaporation;174
15.9;11.9 Resistance to Cold;175
15.10;11.10 Heat and Soil;177
15.11;Exercises;178
16;Chapter 12. Waves and Sound;181
16.1;12.1 Properties of Sound;181
16.2;12.2 Some Properties of Waves;184
16.3;12.3 Hearing and the Ear;187
16.4;12.4 Bats and Echoes;194
16.5;12.5 Sounds Produced by Animals;195
16.6;12.6 Acoustic Traps;195
16.7;12.7 Clinical Uses of Sound;196
16.8;12.8 Ultrasonic Waves;196
16.9;Exercises;197
17;Chapter 13. Electricity;199
17.1;13.1 The Nervous System;199
17.2;13.2 Electricity in Plants;215
17.3;13.3 Electricity in the Bone;215
17.4;13.4 Electric Fish;216
17.5;Exercises;217
18;Chapter 14. Electrical Technology;219
18.1;14.1 Electrical Technology in Biological Research;219
18.2;14.2 Diagnostic Equipment;221
18.3;14.3 Physiological Effects of Electricity;223
18.4;14.4 Control Systems;225
18.5;14.5 Feedback;227
18.6;14.6 Sensory Aids;230
18.7;Exercises;232
19;Chapter 15. Optics;233
19.1;15.1 Vision;233
19.2;15.2 Nature of Light;234
19.3;15.3 Structure of the Eye;234
19.4;15.4 Accommodation;235
19.5;15.5 Eye and the Camera;236
19.6;15.6 Lens System of the Eye;238
19.7;15.7 Reduced Eye;239
19.8;15.8 Retina;241
19.9;15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye;242
19.10;15.10 Threshold of Vision;244
19.11;15.11 Vision and the Nervous System;245
19.12;15.12 Defects in Vision;246
19.13;15.13 Lens for Myopia;248
19.14;15.14 Lens for Presbyopia and Hyperopia;248
19.15;15.15 Extension of Vision;248
19.16;Exercises;256
20;Chapter 16. Atomic Physics;258
20.1;16.1 The Atom;258
20.2;16.2 Spectroscopy;263
20.3;16.3 Quantum Mechanics;265
20.4;16.4 Electron Microscope;266
20.5;16.5 X-rays;268
20.6;16.6 X-ray Computerized Tomography;269
20.7;16.7 Lasers;271
20.8;Exercises;274
21;Chapter 17. Nuclear Physics;275
21.1;17.1 The Nucleus;275
21.2;17.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;276
21.3;17.3 Radiation Therapy;285
21.4;17.4 Food Preservation by Radiation;286
21.5;17.5 Isotopic Tracers;287
21.6;17.6 Laws of Physics and Life;288
21.7;Exercises;290
22;Appendix A. Basic Concepts in Mechanics;291
22.1;A.1 Speed and Velocity;291
22.2;A.2 Acceleration;292
22.3;A.3 Force;293
22.4;A.4 Pressure;293
22.5;A.5 Mass;293
22.6;A.6 Weight;293
22.7;A.7 Linear Momentum;293
22.8;A.8 Newton’s Laws of Motion;293
22.9;A.9 Conservation of Linear Momentum;294
22.10;A.10 Radian;295
22.11;A.11 Angular Velocity;295
22.12;A.12 Angular Acceleration;296
22.13;A.13 Relations between Angular and Linear Motion;296
22.14;A.14 Equations for Angular Momentum;296
22.15;A.15 Centripetal Acceleration;297
22.16;A.16 Moment of Inertia;298
22.17;A.17 Torque;298
22.18;A.18 Newton’s Laws of Angular Motion;299
22.19;A.19 Angular Momentum;299
22.20;A.20 Addition of Forces and Torques;300
22.21;A.21 Static Equilibrium;301
22.22;A.22 Work;301
22.23;A.23 Energy;301
22.24;A.24 Forms of Energy;302
22.25;A.25 Power;303
22.26;A.26 Units and Conversions;304
23;Appendix B. Review of Electricity;306
23.1;B.1 Electric Charge;306
23.2;B.2 Electric Field;307
23.3;B.3 Potential Difference or Voltage;308
23.4;B.4 Electric Current;308
23.5;B.5 Electric Circuits;309
23.6;B.6 Voltage and Current Sources;311
23.7;B.7 Electricity and Magnetism;311
24;Appendix C. Review of Optics;312
24.1;C.1 Geometric Optics;312
24.2;C.2 Converging Lenses;314
24.3;C.3 Images of Extended Objects;317
24.4;C.4 Diverging Lenses;319
24.5;C.5 Lens Immersed in a Material Medium;319
25;Bibliography;321
26;Answers to Numerical Exercises;329
27;Index;333