de With Liquid-State Physical Chemistry

Fundamentals, Modeling, and Applications
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-527-67678-1
Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 560 Seiten, E-Book

For many processes and applications in science and technology a basic knowledge of liquids and solutions is a must. Gaining a better understanding of the behavior and properties of pure liquids and solutions will help to improve many processes and to advance research in many different areas. This book provides a comprehensive, self-contained and integrated survey of this topic and is a must-have for many chemists, chemical engineers and material scientists, ranging from newcomers in the field to more experienced researchers. The author offers a clear, well-structured didactic approach and provides an overview of the most important types of liquids and solutions. Special topics include chemical reactions, surfaces and phase transitions. Suitable both for introductory as well as intermediate level as more advanced parts are clearly marked. Includes also problems and solutions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

de With, Gijsbertus

Inhaltsverzeichnis

PREFACE   INTRODUCTION The Importance of Liquids Solids, Gases, and Liquids Outline and Approach Notation   BASIC MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC CONCEPTS: THERMODYNAMICS, CLASSICAL, AND QUANTUM MECHANICS Thermodynamics Classical Mechanics Quantum Concepts Approximate Solutions   BASIC ENERGETICS: INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS Preliminaries Electrostatic Interaction Induction Interaction Dispersion Interaction The Total Interaction Model Potentials Refinements The Virial Theorem   DESCRIBING LIQUIDS: PHENOMENOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR Phase Behavior Equations of State Corresponding States   THE TRANSITION FROM MICROSCOPIC TO MACROSCOPIC: STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS Statistical Thermodynamics Perfect Gases The Semi-Classical Approximation A Few General Aspects Internal Contributions Real Gases   DESCRIBING LIQUIDS: STRUCTURE AND ENERGETICS The Structure of Solids The Meaning of Structure for Liquids The Experimental Determination of g(r) The Structure of Liquids Energetics The Potential of Mean Force   MODELING THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS: THE INTEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH The Vital Role of the Correlation Function Integral Equations Hard-Sphere Results Perturbation Theory Molecular Fluids Final Remarks   MODELING THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS: THE PHYSICAL MODEL APPROACH Preliminaries Cell Models Hole Models Significant Liquid Structures Scaled-Particle Theory MODELING THE STRUCTURE OF LIQUIDS: THE SIMULATION APPROACH Preliminaries Molecular Dynamics The Monte Carlo Method An Example: Ammonia   DESCRIBING THE BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS: POLAR LIQUIDS Basic Aspects Towards a Microscopic Interpretation Dielectric Behavior of Gases Dielectric Behavior of Liquids Water   MIXING LIQUIDS: MOLECULAR SOLUTIONS Basic Aspects Ideal and Real Solutions Colligative Properties Ideal Behavior in Statistical Terms The Regular Solution Model A Slightly Different Approach The Activity Coefficient for Other Composition Measures Empirical Improvements Theoretical Improvements   MIXING LIQUIDS: IONIC SOLUTIONS Ions in Solution The Born Model and Some Extensions Hydration Structure Strong and Weak Electrolytes Debye - Hückel Theory Structure and Thermodynamics Conductivity Conductivity Continued Final Remarks   MIXING LIQUIDS: POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS Polymer Configurations Real Chains in Solution The Florry - Huggins Model Solubility Theory EoS Theories The SAFT Approach   SOME SPECIAL TOPICS: REACTIONS IN SOLUTIONS Kinetics Basics Transition State Theory Solvent Effects Diffusion Control Reaction Control Neutral Molecules Ionic Solutions Final Remarks   SOME SPECIAL TOPICS: SURFACES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLUTIONS Thermodynamics of Surfaces One-Component Liquid Surfaces Gradient Theory Two-Component Liquid Surfaces Statistics of Adsorption Characteristic Adsorption Behavior Final Remarks   SOME SPECIAL TOPICS: PHASE TRANSITIONS Some General Considerations Discontinuous Transitions Continuous Transitions and the Critical Point Scaling Renormalization Final Remarks   APPENDIX A UNITS, PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS Basic and Derived SI Units Physical Constants Conversion Factors for Non-SI Units Prefixes Greek Alphabet Standard Values APPENDIX B SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICS Symbols and Conventions Partial Derivatives Composite, Implicit, and Homogeneous Functions Extremes and Lagrange Multipliers Legendre Transforms Matrices and Determinants Change of Variables Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors Tensor Analysis Calculus of Variations Gamma Function Dirac and Heaviside Function Laplace and Fourier Transforms Some Useful Integrals and Expansions APPENDIX C THE LATTICE GAS MODEL The Lattice Gas Model The Zeroth Approximation or Mean Field Solution The First Approximation or Quasi-Chemical Solution Final Remarks APPENDIX D ELEMENTS OF ELECTROSTATICS Coulomb, Gauss, Poisson, and Laplace A Dielectric Sphere in a Dielectric Matrix A Dipole in a Spherical Cavity APPENDIX E DATA APPEN

Über Autor(innen)

Gijsbertus de With is full professor in materials science. He graduated from Utrecht State University and received his PhD in 1977 from the University of Twente on the 'Structure and charge distribution of molecular crystals'. In the same year he joined Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven. In 1985 he was appointed part-time professor and in 1996 he became full professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology. Since 2006 he is also chairman of the Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit. His research interests cover structural and interfacial phenomena in relation to the processing and behavior of multi-phase materials. He has (co)-authored more than 250 research papers and holds about 20 patents. He is a member of the Advisory board of the J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. and is presently co-organizer of the annual Coatings Science International conferences. In 2006 his two-volume monograph Structure, Deformation, and Integrity of Materials was published.