Dick Raw Materials Supply Chain for Rubber Products

Overview of the Global Use of Raw Materials, Polymers, Compounding Ingredients, and Chemical Intermediates
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-56990-538-8
Verlag: Hanser Publications
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 600 Seiten

This book provides a current overview of the chemical supply chain for the global rubber industry. It also reviews the present and future international changes and their effects on this chemical supply chain for rubber producers, compounding ingredient manufacturers, custom mixers, rubber fabricators, molders, extruders and others.
The reader will be enabled to understand the chemical connectivity of rubber compounding materials to their chemical feedstocks. The reader should also be able to directly link new commercial changes in 175 commonly used chemical feedstocks to hundreds of different rubber compounding ingredients and polymers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dick, John S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Acknowledgments;7
4;1 Introduction;18
4.1;1.1 Rubber Industry’s Place in the World Economy;19
4.2;1.2 The Structure of the Tire Industry;19
4.3;1.3 The Structure of the Nontire Industry;22
4.4;1.4 Sectors of the Nontire Rubber Industry;24
4.5;1.5 Market Forces;27
5;2 Basic Raw Materials from Earth Extractions and Agriculture;30
5.1;2.1 Vital Basic Raw Materials for Rubber;31
5.1.1;2.1.1 Crude Petroleum Oil;31
5.1.2;2.1.2 Natural Gas;37
5.1.3;2.1.3 Natural Rubber;40
5.1.4;2.1.4 Sulfur;42
5.1.5;2.1.5 Zinc Ore;43
5.1.6;2.1.6 Copper Ore;44
5.1.7;2.1.7 Iron Ore;45
5.1.8;2.1.8 Silica;46
5.1.9;2.1.9 Brine and Sea Salt;47
5.1.10;2.1.10 Fluorspar;47
5.2;2.2 Important Basic Raw Materials for Rubber;48
5.2.1;2.2.1 Antimony Ore;48
5.2.2;2.2.2 Aluminum Ore;48
5.2.3;2.2.3 Clay;49
5.2.4;2.2.4 Coal;50
5.2.5;2.2.5 Cobalt Ore;51
5.2.6;2.2.6 Limestone;52
5.2.7;2.2.7 Phosphate Rock;52
5.2.8;2.2.8 Pine Trees;53
5.2.9;2.2.9 Tallow (from Cattle);54
5.2.10;2.2.10 Titanium Ore;55
5.2.11;2.2.11 Vegetable Oils;55
5.3;2.3 Summary;57
6;3 General-Purpose Elastomers;58
6.1;3.1 Natural Rubber;58
6.2;3.2 Synthetic Natural Rubber;60
6.3;3.3 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR);62
6.4;3.4 Butadiene Rubber (BR);70
6.5;3.5 Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM);75
6.6;3.6 Summary;79
7;4 Specialty Elastomers;82
7.1;4.1 Butyl Rubber;83
7.2;4.2 Halobutyl Rubber;86
7.3;4.3 Brominated Copolymer of Isobutylene and para-Methylstyrene (BIMSM);90
7.4;4.4 Nitrile Rubber;92
7.5;4.5 Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR);96
7.6;4.6 Curable PVC/NBR Polyblends;99
7.7;4.7 Acrylic Rubber;103
7.8;4.8 Polychloroprene (CR);105
7.9;4.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber;109
7.10;4.10 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM);111
7.11;4.11 Epichlorohydrin Rubber;113
7.12;4.12 Ethylene Acrylic Elastomer (AEM);116
7.13;4.13 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA);118
7.14;4.14 Fluoroelastomers;121
7.15;4.15 Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM);126
7.16;4.16 Silicone Rubber;127
7.17;4.17 Summary;130
8;5 Textile Reinforcing Materials and Their Adhesive Systems Used in Rubber;132
8.1;5.1 Textile Reinforcing Materials;132
8.1.1;5.1.1 Aramid;132
8.1.2;5.1.2 Carbon Fibers;135
8.1.3;5.1.3 Glass Fibers;137
8.1.4;5.1.4 Nylon;139
8.1.5;5.1.5 Polyester Fiber;144
8.1.6;5.1.6 Rayon;147
8.1.7;5.1.7 Steel Cord and Cable;151
8.2;5.2 Adhesive Systems Used in Rubber;153
8.2.1;5.2.1 Dips for Rubber-to-Cord Adhesion;153
8.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Liquid);154
8.2.1.1.1;5.2.1.2 Styrene Butadiene Vinylpyridine Latex;156
8.2.1.1.2;5.2.1.3 Isocyanate and/or Epoxy Treatment;159
8.2.2;5.2.2 Rubber Compounding Additives for Cord Adhesion;160
8.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 Hydrated Precipitated Silica;161
8.2.2.1.1;5.2.2.2 Resorcinol Formaldehyde Resin (Solid);163
8.2.2.1.2;5.2.2.3 Hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM);165
8.2.2.1.3;5.2.2.4 Hexamethylene Tetramine (HMT);168
8.2.2.1.4;5.2.2.5 Cobalt Stearate;169
8.3;5.3 Summary;171
9;6 Thermoplastic Elastomers;172
9.1;6.1 Styrenic Block Copolymers (SBC);173
9.2;6.2 Thermoplastic Olefins (TPO);177
9.3;6.3 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on PP/EPDM;180
9.4;6.4 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on NBR/PP;184
9.5;6.5 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on IIR/PP;186
9.6;6.6 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on ACM/Nylon;189
9.7;6.7 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV) Based on BIMS/Nylon;191
9.8;6.8 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs);192
9.9;6.9 Copolyester and Polyamide Block Copolymers;194
9.10;6.10 Summary;195
10;7 Polyurethane;196
10.1;7.1 Polyols;198
10.2;7.2 Adipic Acid-Ethylene Glycol Polyester Polyol;198
10.3;7.3 Polypropylene Glycol Polyol;200
10.4;7.4 Isocyanates;201
10.4.1;7.4.1 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI);202
10.4.2;7.4.2 Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI);205
10.5;7.5 Chain Extenders;206
10.5.1;7.5.1 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD);207
10.5.2;7.5.2 Bis(beta-hydroxyethyl) Ether of Resorcinol (HER);209
10.5.3;7.5.3 Hydroquinone Di-(2-hydroxyethyl) Ether (HQEE);211
10.5.4;7.5.4 Trimethylolpropane (TMP);213
10.6;7.6 Methylene-Bis-o-chloroaniline (MBCA);214
10.7;7.7 Summary;216
11;8 Carbon Black, Fillers, Reinforcing Agents, and Coupling Agents;218
11.1;8.1 Furnace Carbon Blacks;218
11.2;8.2 Thermal Carbon Black;223
11.3;8.3 Acetylene Carbon Black;225
11.4;8.4 Hydrated Precipitated Silica;227
11.5;8.5 Fumed Silica;230
11.6;8.6 TESPT Organosilane Coupling Agent;232
11.7;8.7 Kaolin Clay;234
11.8;8.8 Calcium Carbonate;237
11.9;8.9 Talc;239
11.10;8.10 Titanium Dioxide;241
11.11;8.11 Ground Coal;243
11.12;8.12 Iron Oxide;244
11.13;8.13 Summary;246
12;9 Process Oils, Synthetic Ester Plasticizers, and Processing Aids;248
12.1;9.1 Aromatic Process Oil;248
12.2;9.2 Naphthenic Process Oil;251
12.3;9.3 Paraffinic Oil;253
12.4;9.4 Rosin Oil;256
12.5;9.5 Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP);257
12.6;9.6 Diisodecyl Phthalate (DIDP) ;261
12.7;9.7 Dioctyl Adipate (DOA);263
12.8;9.8 Dioctyl Sebacate (DOS);265
12.9;9.9 Butyl Oleate;267
12.10;9.10 Dibutoxyethoxyethyl Adipate (DBEEA);270
12.11;9.11 Vulcanized Vegetable Oil (VVO);272
12.12;9.12 Summary;273
13;10 Curatives;274
13.1;10.1 Activators;275
13.1.1;10.1.1 Zinc Oxide;275
13.1.2;10.1.2 Stearic Acid;278
13.2;10.2 Vulcanizing Agents (Sulfur Based);280
13.2.1;10.2.1 Rubber Maker’s Sulfur;280
13.2.2;10.2.2 Insoluble Sulfur;283
13.2.3;10.2.3 Dithiodimorpholine (DTDM);285
13.2.4;10.2.4 Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide (TMTD);288
13.3;10.3 Primary Accelerators;291
13.3.1;10.3.1 N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (TBBS);291
13.3.2;10.3.2 N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (CBS);294
13.3.3;10.3.3 2-(4-Morpholinothio)-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (MBS);297
13.3.4;10.3.4 N,N'-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole Sulfenamide (DCBS);300
13.3.5;10.3.5 4-Morpholinyl-2-benzothiazole Disulfide (MBSS);302
13.3.6;10.3.6 Alkyl Phenol Disulfide;305
13.3.7;10.3.7 Ethylene Thiourea (ETU);306
13.4;10.4 Secondary Accelerators;308
13.4.1;10.4.1 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT);308
13.4.2;10.4.2 Benzothiazole Disulfide (MBTS);311
13.4.3;10.4.3 Tetramethyl Thiuram Monosulfide (TMTM);314
13.4.4;10.4.4 Zinc Dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC);317
13.4.5;10.4.5 Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDMC);319
13.4.6;10.4.6 Tellurium Diethyldithiocarbamate (TeDEC);321
13.4.7;10.4.7 Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG);323
13.4.8;10.4.8 Di-o-Tolylguanidine (DOTG);326
13.5;10.5 Inhibitors and Retarders;328
13.5.1;10.5.1 Cyclohexylthiophthalimide (CTP);328
13.5.2;10.5.2 Benzoic Acid;331
13.5.3;10.5.3 Phthalic Anhydride;333
13.5.4;10.5.4 Salicylic Acid;334
13.5.5;10.5.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO);336
13.6;10.6 Nonsulfur Vulcanizing Agents;337
13.6.1;10.6.1 Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP);338
13.6.2;10.6.2 Di(2-t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene (BBPIB);340
13.6.3;10.6.3 Methylol-Terminated p-Alkyl-Substituted Phenol Formaldehyde Curing Resin;341
13.6.4;10.6.4 Zinc Oxide;343
13.7;10.7 Summary;344
14;11 Antioxidants, Antiozonants, Tackifiers, Flame Retardants, and Blowing Agents;346
14.1;11.1 Antioxidants;346
14.1.1;11.1.1 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ);346
14.1.2;11.1.2 Acetone Diphenylamine Condensation Product (ADPA);349
14.1.3;11.1.3 Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PAN);351
14.1.4;11.1.4 Octylated Diphenylamine (8DPA);354
14.1.5;11.1.5 Methylene-bis-methylbutyl phenol (o-MBp14);356
14.1.6;11.1.6 N,N'-Di-beta-naphthyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DNPD);358
14.2;11.2 Antiozonants;360
14.2.1;11.2.1 N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (6PPD);360
14.2.2;11.2.2 N-N'-bis (1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylene Diamine (i88PD);365
14.2.3;11.2.3 N,N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylene Diamine (DPPD);367
14.2.4;11.2.4 Protective Waxes;369
14.3;11.3 Tackifiers;371
14.3.1;11.3.1 Phenol Formaldehyde Resins;371
14.3.2;11.3.2 Phenol Acetylene Tackifying Resin;373
14.3.3;11.3.3 Petroleum Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resins;375
14.3.4;11.3.4 Polyterpene Resins;376
14.4;11.4 Blowing Agents (for Sponge Rubber);378
14.4.1;11.4.1 Azodicarbonamide (ADC);378
14.4.2;11.4.2 p,p'-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl) Hydrazide (OBSH);379
14.5;11.5 Flame Retardants;382
14.5.1;11.5.1 Antimony Oxide (Antimony Trioxide);382
14.5.2;11.5.2 Chlorinated Paraffin (CP);384
14.5.3;11.5.3 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH);386
14.5.4;11.5.4 Zinc Borate Hydrate;387
14.5.5;11.5.5 Triaryl Phosphate (TAP);389
14.6;11.6 Summary;390
15;12 Intermediate Feedstocks;392
15.1;12.1 Acetaldehyde;394
15.2;12.2 Acetic Acid;395
15.3;12.3 Acetone;396
15.4;12.4 Acetylene;397
15.5;12.5 Acrylonitrile (ACN);398
15.6;12.6 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR);399
15.7;12.7 Adipic Acid;400
15.8;12.8 p-Alkylphenol (para-Alkylphenol);401
15.9;12.9 4-Aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA);401
15.10;12.10 Ammonia;402
15.11;12.11 Ammonium Thiocyanate;404
15.12;12.12 t-Amylene;405
15.13;12.13 Aniline;405
15.14;12.14 Aniline Hydrochloride;407
15.15;12.15 Antimony;408
15.16;12.16 Antimony Trichloride;408
15.17;12.17 Benzene;409
15.18;12.18 Benzothiazyl Disulfide (MBTS);411
15.19;12.19 Borates (Borax);411
15.20;12.20 Boric Acid;412
15.21;12.21 Bromine;413
15.22;12.22 Butadiene (BD);414
15.23;12.23 Butane;416
15.24;12.24 1,4-Butanediol (BDO);417
15.25;12.25 Butanol (Butyl Alcohol);418
15.26;12.26 n-Butyl Acrylate;419
15.27;12.27 t-Butylamine;420
15.28;12.28 n-Butyl Chloride;421
15.29;12.29 t-Butylphenol;421
15.30;12.30 n-Butyraldehyde;422
15.31;12.31 Calcium Carbide;423
15.32;12.32 Calcium Hydroxide;424
15.33;12.33 Calcium Oxide;425
15.34;12.34 Caprolactam;425
15.35;12.35 Carbon Disulfide;427
15.36;12.36 Chlorine;428
15.37;12.37 Chlorobenzene (Monochlorobenzene);429
15.38;12.38 Chlorodifluoromethane;430
15.39;12.39 Chlorohydrin;430
15.40;12.40 Coal Tar;431
15.41;12.41 Crotonaldehyde;431
15.42;12.42 Cumene;432
15.43;12.43 Cyclohexane;433
15.44;12.44 Cyclohexanone;435
15.45;12.45 Cyclohexylamine;436
15.46;12.46 Cyclohexyl Mercaptan;436
15.47;12.47 Cyclopentadiene;437
15.48;12.48 p,p'-Diaminodiphenylmethane;438
15.49;12.49 Diaminotoluene;438
15.50;12.50 Dibutylamine;439
15.51;12.51 Dichlorodimethylsilane;440
15.52;12.52 Dicyclohexylamine;441
15.53;12.53 Dicyclopentadiene;441
15.54;12.54 Diethylamine;442
15.55;12.55 Diisobutylene;443
15.56;12.56 Dimethylamine;443
15.57;12.57 Dimethyl Terephthalate;444
15.58;12.58 p-Dinitrobenzene (para-Dinitrobenzene);445
15.59;12.59 2,4-Dinitrotoluene;446
15.60;12.60 Diphenylamine;446
15.61;12.61 Diphenylmethane-4,4'-Diisocyanate (MDI);447
15.62;12.62 Epichlorohydrin;449
15.63;12.63 Ethane;450
15.64;12.64 Ethyl Acrylate;450
15.65;12.65 Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol);451
15.66;12.66 Ethylbenzene;452
15.67;12.67 Ethylene;453
15.68;12.68 Ethylene Carbonate;455
15.69;12.69 Ethylene Chlorohydrin;455
15.70;12.70 Ethylenediamine;456
15.71;12.71 Ethylene Dichloride;457
15.72;12.72 Ethylene Glycol (EG);458
15.73;12.73 Ethylene Oxide (EO);458
15.74;12.74 2-Ethylhexanol (2EH);460
15.75;12.75 5-Ethylidenenorbornene (ENB);461
15.76;12.76 Formaldehyde;462
15.77;12.77 1,4-Hexadiene;464
15.78;12.78 Hexamethylenediamine;464
15.79;12.79 Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT);465
15.80;12.80 Hydrazine;466
15.81;12.81 Hydrochloric Acid;467
15.82;12.82 Hypochlorous Acid;468
15.83;12.83 Hydrogen;468
15.84;12.84 Hydrogen Fluoride;469
15.85;12.85 Hydrogen Peroxide;470
15.86;12.86 Hydroquinone;471
15.87;12.87 Iron;472
15.88;12.88 Isobutylene;472
15.89;12.89 Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber (IIR, Butyl Rubber);474
15.90;12.90 Isocyanate-Terminated Prepolymer;475
15.91;12.91 Isoprene;475
15.92;12.92 Isopropyl Alcohol;476
15.93;12.93 p-Isopropylphenol;477
15.94;12.94 Melamine;478
15.95;12.95 Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT);479
15.96;12.96 Mesityl Oxide;479
15.97;12.97 Methane;480
15.98;12.98 Methanol;481
15.99;12.99 Methyl Acrylate;482
15.100;12.100 Methyl Chloride;483
15.101;12.101 Methylethyl Ketone (MEK);484
15.102;12.102 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK);485
15.103;12.103 p-Methylphenol;486
15.104;12.104 p-Methylstyrene;486
15.105;12.105 Morpholine;487
15.106;12.106 Naphthalene;488
15.107;12.107 ß.-Naphthol;489
15.108;12.108 a-Naphthylamine;489
15.109;12.109 Nitric Acid;490
15.110;12.110 p-Nitroaniline;491
15.111;12.111 Nitrobenzene;492
15.112;12.112 a-Nitronaphthalene;492
15.113;12.113 n-Octanol (octyl alcohol);493
15.114;12.114 p-t-Octylphenol (p-tert-Octylphenol);494
15.115;12.115 Oleic Acid;495
15.116;12.116 Phenol;496
15.117;12.117 p-Phenylenediamine (PPDA);498
15.118;12.118 Phosgene;499
15.119;12.119 Phosphorus;500
15.120;12.120 Phosphorus Oxychloride;500
15.121;12.121 Phosphorus Pentoxide;501
15.122;12.122 Phosphorus Trichloride;502
15.123;12.123 Phthalic Anhydride;503
15.124;12.124 Phthalimide;504
15.125;12.125 a-Picoline;505
15.126;12.126 Polyacrylonitrile;506
15.127;12.127 Polypropylene (PP);506
15.128;12.128 Polypropylene Glycol;507
15.129;12.129 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC);508
15.130;12.130 Potassium Bromide;509
15.131;12.131 Propane;510
15.132;12.132 Propylene;511
15.133;12.133 Propylene Glycol (PG);512
15.134;12.134 Propylene Oxide;513
15.135;12.135 Quinone (1,4-Benzoquinone);514
15.136;12.136 Resorcinol;515
15.137;12.137 Sebacic Acid;516
15.138;12.138 Silicon Metal;517
15.139;12.139 Silicon Tetrachloride;518
15.140;12.140 Sodium Bromide;519
15.141;12.141 Sodium Carbonate;519
15.142;12.142 Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate (NaDMC);520
15.143;12.143 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda);521
15.144;12.144 Sodium Hypochlorite;522
15.145;12.145 Sodium Mercaptobenzothiazole (NaMBT or Sodium MBT);523
15.146;12.146 Sodium Nitrate;524
15.147;12.147 Sodium Phenate;524
15.148;12.148 Sodium Silicate;525
15.149;12.149 Sodium Sulfate;525
15.150;12.150 Sodium Sulfite;526
15.151;12.151 Stannous Chloride;527
15.152;12.152 Stearic Acid;528
15.153;12.153 Styrene;529
15.154;12.154 Sulfur;530
15.155;12.155 Sulfur Dioxide;531
15.156;12.156 Sulfuric Acid;532
15.157;12.157 Sulfur Monochloride;533
15.158;12.158 Terephthalic Acid;534
15.159;12.159 Tetrafluoroethylene;535
15.160;12.160 Tin;536
15.161;12.161 Titanium Tetrachloride;536
15.162;12.162 Toluene;537
15.163;12.163 Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI);538
15.164;12.164 o-Toluidine (ortho-Toluidine);539
15.165;12.165 1,1,1-Trichloroethane;540
15.166;12.166 Trichlorosilane;541
15.167;12.167 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane (TMP);541
15.168;12.168 Urea;542
15.169;12.169 Vinyl Acetate;543
15.170;12.170 Vinyl Chloride Monomer;544
15.171;12.171 Vinyl Fluoride;545
15.172;12.172 Vinyl Pyridine;546
15.173;12.173 Wax;547
15.174;12.174 Xylene;547
15.175;12.175 Zinc Metal;548
15.176;12.176 Zinc Carbonate;549
15.177;12.177 Zinc Stearate;550
15.178;12.178 Zinc Sulfate;550
16;Glossary of Acronyms;552
17;Index;560
18;About the Authors;600

Über Autor(innen)

Dick, John S.
John Dick is a consultant with over 45 years of experience in the rubber industry and over 80 publications to his name. For 25 years, he worked for Alpha Technologies, where he continues as Brand Ambassador. He teaches 12 different rubber technology courses, writes, and remains active in the ACS Rubber Division, ASTM, and ISO.