Dick Rubber Technology

Compounding and Testing for Performance
1. aktualisierte Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-446-43973-3
Verlag: Hanser, Carl
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 568 Seiten

Rubber Technology: Compounding and Testing for Performance is a practical guide to cost-effective formulating of rubber compounds to achieve optimal processing and performance. It provides a thorough discussion of the principles of rubber compounding, rubber testing, and how various compound changes will effect different properties and test measurements. Rubber compounding is discussed as a series of interdependent systems such as the elastomer system, the filler-oil system, the cure system, etc. A holistic approach is used to show how changes in these different systems will affect specific compound properties. Much attention is given to trade-offs in properties and emphasis is placed on finding the best balance for compound cost, processing properties, and product performance.Contents:- Processing Characteristics and Testing- Compound Performance Characteristics and Testing- Rubber Compound Economics- Methodology for Compounding- Overview of Elastomer Selection- General Purpose Elastomers and Blend- Specialty Elastomers and Blends- Polyurethanes- Thermoplastic Elastomers- Recycled Rubber- Carbon Black and Oil Loadings- Non-Black Filler Loadings- Synthetic Plasticizers and Processing Aids- Sulfur Cure Systems- Cures for Specialty Elastomers- Peroxide Cure System- Resin Cures, Resin Reinforcement, and Resin Tackifiers- AO Systems- Adhesion Promoters to Brass / Bronze Coated Substrates- Blowing Agents- Flame Retardants- Mixing

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dick, John S.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributers;22
4;1 Rubber Compounding: Introduction, Definitions, and Available Resources;26
4.1;1.1 Introduction;26
4.2;1.2 The Recipe;27
4.3;1.3. Classification of Rubber Compounding Ingredients;28
4.4;1.4 Standard Abbreveiations for Compounding Ingredients;29
4.5;1.5 The Diversity of Rubber Recipes;29
4.6;1.6 Compatibility of Compounding Ingredients;30
4.7;1.7 Rubber Compounding Ingredients' Specifications;32
4.8;1.8 Raw Material Source Books;32
4.9;1.9 Key Source References for Formulations;34
4.10;1.10 Technical Organizations;35
4.11;1.11 Key Technical Journals and Trade Magazines;36
4.12;1.12 Regurarly Scheduled Technical Conferences;38
4.12.1;1.12.1 Regurarly Scheduled Courses;38
4.13;1.13 Web Sites Available;39
5;2. Compound Processing Characteristics and Testing;42
5.1;2.1 Introduction;42
5.2;2.2 Manufacturing Process;42
5.2.1;2.2.1 Two Roll Mill;42
5.2.2;2.2.2 Internal Mixers;42
5.2.3;2.2.3 Further Downstream Processing;44
5.2.4;2.2.4 Curing Process;45
5.2.5;2.2.5 Factory Problems;45
5.3;2.3 Processability Characteristics and Measurements;46
5.3.1;2.3.1 Viscosity;47
5.3.2;2.3.2 Shear Thinning;52
5.3.3;2.3.3 Elasticity;54
5.3.4;2.3.4 Time to Scorch;58
5.3.5;2.3.5 Cure Rate;61
5.3.6;2.3.6 Ultimate State of Cure;64
5.3.7;2.3.7 Reversion Resistance;65
5.3.8;2.3.8 Green Strength;66
5.3.9;2.3.9 Tackiness;67
5.3.10;2.3.10 Stickiness;67
5.3.11;2.3.11 Dispersion;67
5.3.12;2.3.12 Stock Storage Stability;68
5.3.13;2.3.13 Mis-Compounding;68
5.3.14;2.3.14 Cellular Rubber Blow Reaction;68
6;3 Vulcanizate Physical Properties, Performance Charecteristics, and Testing;71
6.1;3.1 Introduction;71
6.2;3.2 Density;71
6.3;3.3. Hardness;72
6.4;3.4 Tensile Stress-Strain;73
6.5;3.5 Stress-Strain Properties under Compression;74
6.6;3.6 Stress Strain Properties under Shear;75
6.7;3.7 Dynamic Properties;75
6.8;3.8 Low Temperature Properties;78
6.8.1;3.8.1 Brittle Point;79
6.8.2;3.8.2 Gehman Test;79
6.9;3.9 Stress Relevation, Creep, and Set;80
6.10;3.10 Permeability (Transmission);82
6.11;3.11 Cured Adhesion;82
6.12;3.12 Tear Resistance;83
6.13;3.13 Degredation Properties;85
6.13.1;3.13.1 Flex Fatigue Resistance;85
6.13.2;3.13.2 Heat Resistance;87
6.13.3;3.13.3 Ozone Resistance;89
6.13.4;3.13.4 Weathering Resistance;90
6.13.5;3.13.5 Resitance of Liquids;90
6.13.6;3.13.6 Abrasion and Wear Resistance;91
7;4 Rubber Compound Economics;94
7.1;4.1. Introduction;94
7.2;4.2. Compound Cost Calculations;94
7.2.1;4.2.1 Specific Gravity;94
7.2.2;4.2.2 Cost/lb;95
7.2.3;4.2.3 Lb-Volume Cost;95
7.2.4;4.2.4 Part Cost;95
7.2.5;4.2.5 Conversion Factors for Calculating Part Cost;95
7.3;4.3 Measuring Specific Gravity (Density);97
7.4;4.4 Cost Calculations;97
7.4.1;4.4.1 Base Compound;97
7.4.2;4.4.2 Same Ingredient Volume and Equal Cost;98
7.4.3;4.4.3 Low Cost/lb;98
7.4.4;4.4.4 High Specific Gravity;99
7.5;4.5 Compound Design and Cost;100
7.6;4.6 Reducing Compound Cost;100
7.6.1;4.6.1 High-Structure Carbon Blacks;101
7.6.2;4.6.2 White Compounds;101
7.6.3;4.6.3 Antioxidants/Antiozonants;101
7.6.4;4.6.4 Polymer Substitutions;102
8;5 The Technical Project Approach to Experimental Design and Compound Development;111
8.1;5.1 Introduction;111
8.2;5.2 Part 1: Steps in a Technical Project;113
8.2.1;5.2.1 Initial Action Required;113
8.2.2;5.2.2 Experimental Design;113
8.2.3;5.2.3 Conduct Measurements;120
8.2.4;5.2.4 Conduct Analysis and Evaluate Preliminary Modell;121
8.2.5;5.2.5 Prepare Report;121
8.3;5.3 Part 2: Using Experimental Designs;121
8.3.1;5.3.1 Screening Designs - Simple Treatment Comparisons;121
8.3.2;5.3.2 Screening Designs - Multifactor Experiments;124
8.3.3;5.3.3 Exploratory Designs - Multifactor Experiments;128
8.3.4;5.3.4 Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Effect Coefficients;129
9;6 Elastomer Selection;150
9.1;6.1 Overview;150
9.1.1;6.1.1 Commodity and General Purpose Elastomers;150
9.1.2;6.1.2 High Volume Specialty Elastomers;155
9.1.3;6.1.3 Low Volume Specialty Elastomers;160
9.1.4;6.1.4 Thermoplastic Elastomers;164
10;7 General Purpose Elastomers and Blends;166
10.1;7.1 Introduction;166
10.2;7.2 Natural Rubber and Polyisoprene;166
10.3;7.3 Polybutadiene;169
10.4;7.4 Copolymers and Terpolymers of Styrene, Butadiene, and Isoprene;172
10.5;7.5 Compounding with General Purpose Polymers;175
10.5.1;7.5.1 Polymer Characterization;176
10.5.2;7.5.2 Polymer Effect on Cure Rate;178
10.5.3;7.5.3 Polymer Effect on Stress-Strain;181
10.5.4;7.5.4 Hysteresis;182
10.5.5;7.5.5 Compability with SIR 10;190
10.5.6;7.5.6 Fatigue Properties;194
10.5.7;7.5.7 Compression Set;195
10.6;7.6 Conclusion;196
11;8 Specialty Elastomers;198
11.1;8.1 Introduction;198
11.2;8.2 Butyl Rubber;198
11.2.1;8.2.1 Introduction;198
11.2.2;8.2.2 Butyl Rubber Physical Properties;199
11.2.3;8.2.3 Butyl Rubber Properties, Vulcanization, and Applications;199
11.2.4;8.2.4 Gas Permeabiltity;200
11.2.5;8.2.5 Ozone and Weathering Resistance;201
11.2.6;8.2.6 Butyl Rubber Vulcanization;201
11.3;8.3 Halogenated Butyl Rubber;203
11.3.1;8.3.1 Introduction;203
11.3.2;8.3.2 Compounding Halobutyl and Star-Branched Halobutyl Rubbers;204
11.3.3;8.3.3 Processing Halobutyl Rubber;206
11.3.4;8.3.4 Halobutyl Rubber Vulcanization and Applications;207
11.3.5;8.3.5 Halobutyl Rubber General Applications;210
11.3.6;8.3.6 Cured Properties;211
11.3.7;8.3.7 Flex Resistance/Dynamic Properties;211
11.3.8;8.3.8 Compatibility with Other Elastomers;212
11.3.9;8.3.9. Halobutyl Rubber Compound Applications;212
11.4;8.4 EPM/EPDM;215
11.4.1;8.4.1 Introduction;215
11.4.2;8.4.2 Ethylene/Propylene Content;215
11.4.3;8.4.3 Diene Content;216
11.4.4;8.4.4 Rheology;217
11.5;8.5 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber;218
11.5.1;8.5.1 Introduction;218
11.5.2;8.5.2 Chemical and Physical Properties - Relating to Application;218
11.5.3;8.5.3 Polymer (Elastomer) Microstructure;221
11.5.4;8.5.4 Polymer (Elastomer) Macrostructure;221
11.5.5;8.5.5 Gel;221
11.5.6;8.5.6 Molecular Weight;222
11.5.7;8.5.7 Hot NBR;222
11.5.8;8.5.8 Crosslinked Hot NBR;223
11.5.9;8.5.9 Cold NBR;223
11.5.10;8.5.10 Carboxylated Nitrile (XNBR);223
11.5.11;8.5.11 Bound Antioxidant NBR;224
11.6;8.6 Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Elastomers;226
11.6.1;8.6.1 Introduction;226
11.6.2;8.6.2 Applications;227
11.6.3;8.6.3 Properties;227
11.6.4;8.6.4 Formulating;227
11.6.5;8.6.5 Processing;228
11.7;8.7 Polyacrylate Elastomers;228
11.7.1;8.7.1 Polymer Composition;228
11.7.2;8.7.2 Basic Compounding of Polyacrylate Polymers;230
11.7.3;8.7.3 Processing Guidelines;231
11.8;8.8 Polychloroprene (Neoprene);232
11.8.1;8.8.1 Introduction;232
11.8.2;8.8.2 Basic Characteristics of Polychloroprene;233
11.8.3;8.8.3 Families of Neoprene;233
11.8.4;8.8.4 Neoprene 'G' Family;233
11.8.5;8.8.5 Neoprene 'W' Family;235
11.8.6;8.8.6 Neoprene 'T' Family;236
11.9;8.9 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM);236
11.9.1;8.9.1 Introduction;236
11.9.2;8.9.2 General Characteristics;237
11.10;8.10 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM);238
11.10.1;8.10.1 Introduction;238
11.10.2;8.10.2 General Purpose Types of Hypalon;240
11.10.3;8.10.3 Speciality Types of Hypalon;240
11.10.4;8.10.4 Unvulcanized Applications;241
11.11;8.11 Polyepichlorohydrin Elastomer;241
11.11.1;8.11.1 Introduction;241
11.11.2;8.11.2 Properties;241
11.11.3;8.11.3 Formulating;242
11.11.4;8.11.4 Nonlead Cure System;243
11.11.5;8.11.5 Adjustments;243
11.11.6;8.11.6 Processing;243
11.11.7;8.11.7 Internal Mixer - Procedure;244
11.11.8;8.11.8 Extrusion;244
11.11.9;8.11.9 Molding;244
11.12;8.12 Ethylene-Acrylic Elastomers;246
11.12.1;8.12.1 Introduction;246
11.12.2;8.12.2 Polymer Composition and Effect on Properties;247
11.12.3;8.12.3 Polymer Selection;248
11.13;8.13 Polynorbornene;249
11.13.1;8.13.1 Introduction;249
11.13.2;8.13.2 Applications;249
11.13.3;8.13.3 Compounding;250
11.13.4;8.13.4 Fillers;250
11.13.5;8.13.5 Oils/Plastizers;250
11.13.6;8.13.6 Cure System;250
11.13.7;8.13.7 Rebound/Resilience;251
11.13.8;8.13.8 Vibration Damping;251
11.13.9;8.13.9 Blends;251
11.13.10;8.13.10 Mixing and Processing;251
11.13.11;8.13.11 Calendaring;252
11.13.12;8.13.12 Extrusion;252
11.13.13;8.13.13 Molding;254
11.13.14;8.13.14 Summary;254
11.14;8.14 Fluoroelastometer;254
11.14.1;8.14.1 Introduction;254
11.14.2;8.14.2 Background;254
11.14.3;8.14.3 Applications;256
11.14.4;8.14.4 Viton Types;256
11.15;8.15 Silicone Elastomers;260
11.15.1;8.15.1 Introduction;260
11.15.2;8.15.2 Selection;260
11.15.3;8.15.3 Fillers;260
11.15.4;8.15.4 Antistructuring Agents;261
11.15.5;8.15.5 Heat Stabilizers;261
11.15.6;8.15.6 Peroxide Cures;261
11.15.7;8.15.7 Platinum Cures;262
11.15.8;8.15.8 RTV Cures;262
12;9 Polyurethane Elastomers;263
12.1;9.1 Introduction;263
12.2;9.2 Polyurethane Chemistry ans Morphology;263
12.3;9.3 Polyurethane Products;266
12.4;9.4 Cast Polyurethane Processing Overview;267
12.5;9.5. Molding Methods;269
12.5.1;9.5.1 Open Casting;269
12.5.2;9.5.2 Centrifugal Molding;270
12.5.3;9.5.3 Vacuum Casting;270
12.5.4;9.5.4 Compression Molding;270
12.5.5;9.5.5 Transfer Molding;270
12.5.6;9.5.6 Liquid Injection Molding (LIM);271
12.5.7;9.5.7 Spraying;271
12.5.8;9.5.8 Moldless Rotational Casting;271
12.6;9.6. How to select a Polyurethane Elastomer;271
12.6.1;9.6.1 Types of Prepolymers;272
12.6.2;9.6.2 Types of Curatives;274
12.6.3;9.6.3 Processing Conditions;275
12.6.4;9.6.4 Additives;277
12.7;9.7 Comparison of Polyuethanes with Other Elastomers;278
12.7.1;9.7.1 Limitations of Polyuerthane Elastomers;280
12.8;9.8 Polyuerthane Selection Guidelines;282
12.8.1;9.8.1 Selecting a Polyuerthane Elastomer for a New Application;285
12.9;9.9 Millable Gums;286
12.10;9.10 Thermoplastic Polyuethanes;287
13;10 Thermoplastic Elastomers;289
13.1;10.1 Introduction;289
13.2;10.2 Position in Spectrum of Polymeric Materials;289
13.3;10.3 Classification of TPEs;290
13.3.1;10.3.1 Chemistry and Morphology;290
13.3.2;10.3.2 Styrenic Block Copolymers;293
13.3.3;10.3.3 Copolysters;295
13.3.4;10.3.4 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes;296
13.3.5;10.3.5 Polyamides;297
13.3.6;10.3.6 Thermoplastic Elastomeric Olefins;298
13.3.7;10.3.7 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates;299
13.4;10.4 TPEs and Thermoset Rubbers;301
13.5;10.5 Fabrication of TPEs;303
13.5.1;10.5.1 Economy of Thermoplastics Processing;303
13.5.2;10.5.2 Injection Molding;303
13.5.3;10.5.3 Extrusion;303
13.5.4;10.5.4 Blow Molding;305
13.5.5;10.5.5 Other Processing Methods;306
13.6;10.6 Acknowledgments;306
14;11 Recycled Rubber;309
14.1;11.1 Introduction
;309
14.1.1;11.1.1 Tire Derived Fuel
;309
14.1.2;11.1.2 Automotive Industry's Recycling Efforts
;310
14.2;11.2 Recycling Methods;311
14.2.1;11.2.1 Reclaiming;311
14.2.2;11.2.2 Ambient Ground Rubber;312
14.2.3;11.2.3 Cyrogenic Ground Rubber;313
14.2.4;11.2.4 Wet Ground Rubber;317
14.2.5;11.2.5 Surface Treatment and Additives for Producing Recycled Rubber;317
14.3;11.3 Testing, Storage, and Characterization;317
14.3.1;11.3.1 Testing STandards;317
14.3.2;11.3.2 Material Storage;318
14.3.3;11.3.3 Moisture Content;318
14.3.4;11.3.4 Bulk Density;318
14.3.5;11.3.5 Chemical Analysis and Material Specifications;318
14.3.6;11.3.6 Particle Size and Distribution;319
15;12 Compounding with Carbon Black and Oil;322
15.1;12.1 Introduction: Carbon Black Affects Everything;322
15.2;12.2 Characterization of Carbon Black;322
15.2.1;12.2.1 The Particle, the Aggregate, and the Agglomerate;323
15.2.2;12.2.2 Surface Area, Structure, and Surface Acticity;323
15.2.3;12.2.3 Continents Other than Carbon (Impurities);325
15.2.4;12.2.4 Pellets;326
15.2.5;12.2.5 ASTM Nomenclature;326
15.3;12.3 Handling Carbon Black;328
15.4;12.4 Mixing Carbon Black;328
15.4.1;12.4.1 Pellet Properties and Analyticals;328
15.4.2;12.4.2. Effect of Analytics on Dispersion;328
15.4.3;12.4.3 The Mixing Process;329
15.5;12.5 Subsequent Processability of the Company;331
15.6;12.6 Compounding Carbon Black;331
15.6.1;12.6.1 Optimum Loading;331
15.6.2;12.6.2 Importance of Dispersion;334
15.6.3;12.6.3 Carbon Black Compounding Tips;335
15.6.4;12.6.4 The Tire Industry's Tradeoffs;339
15.7;12.7 Hysteresis Reducing Tips;341
15.7.1;12.7.1 Radical Compounding;341
15.7.2;12.7.2 Lower Loadings of High Structure;342
15.7.3;12.7.3 Carbon-Silica Dual Phase Fillers;343
15.8;12.8 Practical Applications: Tire Examples;343
15.8.1;12.8.1. OE Passenger;343
15.8.2;12.8.2 Replacement Passenger-Tire;343
15.8.3;12.8.3 HP Passenger-Tire Treads;344
15.8.4;12.8.4 Medium Radial Truck Treads;344
15.8.5;12.8.5 Wire Coat or Skim Stocks;344
15.8.6;12.8.6 Innerliner Compounding;344
15.9;12.9 Major Tradcoffs for Industrial Rubber Products;345
15.9.1;12.9.1 Loading/Reinforcement/Cost;345
15.10;12.10 Compounding Tips: Industrial Rubber Products;345
15.10.1;12.10.1 Extrusion Profiles and Products;345
15.10.2;12.10.2 Molded Products;346
15.10.3;12.10.3 Hose Applications;346
15.11;12.11 Basics of Carbon Black Manufacture;347
15.11.1;12.11.1 History;347
15.11.2;12.11.2 The Oil-Furnace Process;347
16;13 Precipated Silicia and Non-Black Fillers;350
16.1;13.1 Introduction;350
16.2;13.2 Mineral Fillers;350
16.2.1;13.2.1 Calcium Carbonate;351
16.2.2;13.2.2 Baryte;351
16.2.3;13.2.3 Ground Crystalline SIlica;351
16.2.4;13.2.4 Biogenic Silica;352
16.2.5;13.2.5 Kaolin Clay;352
16.2.6;13.2.6 Talc
;353
16.2.7;13.2.7 Alumina Trihydrate;353
16.3;13.3 Synthetic Fillers;353
16.3.1;13.3.1 Precipated Calcium Carbonate;354
16.3.2;13.3.2 Metal Oxides;354
16.3.3;13.3.3. Precipated Silica;354
16.3.4;13.3.4 Silicates;356
16.4;13.4 Surface Treatment;356
16.5;13.5 Compound Applications;357
16.5.1;13.5.1 General Compounding Principles;358
16.5.2;13.5.2 White Sidewall;359
16.5.3;13.5.3 Black Sidewall;361
16.5.4;13.5.4 Wire Coat;361
16.5.5;13.5.5 Innerliner;364
16.5.6;13.5.6 Tread;365
16.5.7;13.5.7 Specialty Applications;366
17;14 Ester Plasticizers and Processing Additives;369
17.1;14.1 Ester Plasticizers for Elastomers;369
17.1.1;14.1.1 Derivation;369
17.1.2;14.1.2 Philosophical ;372
17.1.3;14.1.3 Applications;373
17.1.4;14.1.4 Applicatum Trends;385
17.2;14.2 Process Additives;388
17.2.1;14.2.1 Control of Viscosity;389
17.2.2;14.2.2 Mode of Action of Process Additives;394
17.2.3;14.2.3 Application of Process Additives;398
18;15 Sulfur Cure System;405
18.1;15.1 Introduction and Historical Background;405
18.2;15.2 Vulcanizing Agents;406
18.3;15.3. Activators;407
18.4;15.4. Accelerators;408
18.5;15.5 Conventional, Semi-Efficient;411
18.6;15.6 Retarders and Inhibitors;412
18.7;15.7 Recent Developments;414
19;16 Cures for Specialty Elastomers;420
19.1;16.1 Introduction;420
19.2;16.2 Cure System for EPDM;420
19.3;16.3 Cure Systems for Nitrile;422
19.4;16.4 Cure Systems for Polychloroprene;425
19.5;16.5 Cure Systems for Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber;427
20;17 Peroxide Cure Systems ;436
20.1;17.1 Introduction;436
20.1.1;17.1.1 What is an Organic Peroxide?
;436
20.1.2;17.1.2 Classes of Organic Peroxides
;436
20.1.3;17.1.3 General Peroxide Selection Guidelines
;437
20.2;17.2 Peroxide Used in Crosslinking;445
20.2.1;17.2.1 Diacyl Peroxides
;446
20.2.2;17.2.2 Peroxyester and Monoperoxycarbonate Peroxides
;447
20.2.3;17.2.3 Peroxyketal and Dialkyl Type Peroxides
;447
20.2.4;17.2.4 Performance Characteristics of Type Peroxides
;451
20.2.5;17.2.5 t-Amyl and t-Butyl Type Peroxides
;453
20.2.6;17.2.6 Effect of Additives When Crosslinking with Peroxides
;455
20.3;17.3 Role of Monomeric Coagnets in Peroxide Crosslinking;455
20.3.1;17.3.1 Crosslinking PE with Coagentsand Peroxides;457
20.3.2;17.3.2 Crosslinking EPDM with Coagents and Peroxides
;458
20.3.3;17.3.3 Crosslinking HNBR with Coagents and Peroxides
;459
20.4;17.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Peroxide Crosslinking versus Sulfur Vulcanization;459
21;18 Tackifiying, Curing, and Reinforcing Resins;463
21.1;18.1 Introduction;463
21.2;18.2 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins;463
21.2.1;18.2.1 Types of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
;464
21.3;18.3 Methylene Donor Resins;470
21.4;18.4 Resorcinol-Based Resins;471
21.5;18.5 High Styrene Resins;471
21.6;18.6 Petroleum-Derived Resins;471
21.7;18.7 Wood-Derived Resins;471
22;19 Antidegredants;473
22.1;19.1 Introduction;473
22.2;19.2 Properties of Antidegredants;474
22.2.1;19.2.1 Discoloration and Staining;474
22.2.2;19.2.2 Volatility;474
22.2.3;19.2.3 Solubility and Migration;474
22.2.4;19.2.4 Chemical Stability;475
22.2.5;19.2.5 Physical Form;476
22.2.6;19.2.6 Antidegradant Concentration;476
22.3;19.3 Antidegradant Types;476
22.3.1;19.3.1 Non Staining, Non Discoloring Antioxidants;477
22.3.2;19.3.2 STaining/DIscoloring Antioxidants;479
22.3.3;19.3.3 Antioxidants;481
22.4;19.4 Examples of Antidegradant Activity;483
22.4.1;19.4.1 Oxidation Resistance;483
22.4.2;19.4.2 Effect of Antidegradants on Fatigue Life;483
22.4.3;19.4.3 Combinations of Antiozonants and Antioxidants;485
22.4.4;19.4.4 Resistance to Metal Poisoning;486
23;20 Compounding for Brass WIre Adhesion;489
23.1;20.1 Introduction;489
23.2;20.2 WIre Bonding Sytems;489
23.2.1;20.2.1 Cobalt;490
23.2.2;20.2.2 RF Resin Cobalt;490
23.3;20.3 The Adhesion Mechanism;491
23.4;20.4 Compound Ingredient Effects;491
23.4.1;20.4.1 Mixing;492
23.4.2;20.4.2 Testing;492
23.4.3;20.4.3 Regression Plots;493
23.5;20.5 Model NR Ply Compounds;498
23.5.1;20.5.1 Black Control Compound;498
23.5.2;20.5.2 Black/Cobalt Compund;498
23.5.3;20.5.3 Black/Cobalt/RF Resin;499
23.5.4;20.5.4 Black/Silica/Cobalt/RF Resin;499
23.6;20.6 Summary;499
24;21 Chemical Blowing Agents;501
24.1;21.1 Introduction;501
24.2;21.2 Terminology;501
24.2.1;21.2.1 Open Cell Structure;502
24.2.2;21.2.2 Closed Cell Structure;502
24.3;21.3 Inorganic Blowing Agents;503
24.4;21.4 Organic Blowing Agents;503
24.4.1;21.4.1 Azodicarbonamide;504
24.4.2;21.4.2 Sulfonyl Hydrazides;509
24.4.3;21.4.3 Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine;509
24.5;21.5 Methods of Expansion;511
24.5.1;21.5.1 Low Pressure Molding Process;511
24.5.2;21.5.2 High Pressure Molding Process;511
24.5.3;21.5.3 Continuous Vulcanization;512
25;22 Flame Retardants;514
25.1;22.1 Introduction;514
25.2;22.2 Fire Standards, Testing, and Application;514
25.3;22.3 Commonly Used Flame Retardants in Elastomers;516
25.3.1;22.3.1 Aliphatic and Alicyclic Halogen Sources;516
25.3.2;22.3.2 Aromatic Halogen Sources;516
25.3.3;22.3.3 Synergists of Halogen Sources;516
25.4;22.4 Compounding and Dispersion Considerations;518
25.4.1;22.4.1 Polychloroprene;519
25.4.2;22.4.2 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM);520
25.4.3;22.4.3 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM);521
25.4.4;22.4.4 Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM);521
25.4.5;22.4.5 Styrene-Butadiene (SBR);524
25.4.6;22.4.6 Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated-Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (HNBR);524
25.4.7;22.4.7 Silicone Elastomer;525
25.4.8;22.4.8 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVM);526
25.4.9;22.4.9 Ethylene-Propylene Elastomer (EPR);527
25.4.10;22.4.10 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE);527
26;23 Rubber Mixing;529
26.1;23.1 Introduction;529
26.2;23.2 History;529
26.3;23.3 Equipment;530
26.3.1;23.3.1 Mills;530
26.3.2;23.3.2 Internal Mixers;530
26.4;23.4 Mixing;535
26.4.1;23.4.1 Mill Mixing;535
26.4.2;23.4.2 Internal Mixer;536
26.5;23.5 Mixing Methods;539
26.5.1;23.5.1 Natural Rubber Mastication;539
26.5.2;23.5.2 Masterbatch;540
26.5.3;23.5.3 Phase Mixing;540
26.5.4;23.5.4 Single-Stage Mix;542
26.5.5;23.5.5 Single-Cycle Mix;542
26.5.6;23.5.6 Two-Stage Mix;542
26.5.7;23.5.7 Tandem Mix;542
26.5.8;23.5.8 Three-Stage Mix;543
26.5.9;23.5.9 Upside Down Mix;543
26.5.10;23.5.10 Variable Speed Mixing;543
26.5.11;23.5.11 Final Mix;544
26.5.12;23.5.12 Conntinous Mixing;545
26.5.13;23.5.13 E-SBR Carbon Black Masterbatch;545
26.5.14;23.5.14 Energy Mixing;546
27;Index;548