Donohoue Energy Metabolism and Obesity

Research and Clinical Applications
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-60327-139-4
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 302 Seiten

Reihe: Contemporary Endocrinology

This unique and authoritative book presents an up-to-date overview of the many aspects of energy balance and its relationships to disease processes resulting from excess energy consumption and storage. It provides a comprehensive treatment of important research and clinical aspects of energy metabolism and obesity. It will be a valuable resource for endocrinologists, diabetes specialists, internists and family practitioners.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Donohoue, Patricia A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;Molecular Physiology of Monogenic and Syndromic Obesities in Humans;12
4.1;Wendy K. Chung and Rudolph L. Leibel;12
4.1.1;Introduction;12
4.1.2;Molecular Elements in the Control of Body Weight;13
4.1.3;Nonsyndromic Monogenic Obesity;15
4.1.3.1;Leptin Deficiency;15
4.1.3.2;Leptin Receptor Deficiency;17
4.1.3.3;Pro-opiomelanocortin Deficiency;18
4.1.3.4;Mahogany and Mahoganoid;19
4.1.3.5;Prohormone Convertase 1 Deficiency;20
4.1.3.6;Melanocortin 4 Receptor Deficiency;20
4.1.3.7;TUB;21
4.1.3.8;Lessons to Be Learned from Nonsyndromic Obesity;21
4.1.4;Syndromic Obesity;22
4.1.4.1;Prader-Willi Syndrome;22
4.1.4.2;SIM1;24
4.1.4.3;Bardet-Biedl Syndrome;25
4.1.4.4;Alstrom Syndrome;26
4.1.4.5;Cohen Syndrome;27
4.1.4.6;Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann Syndrome;27
4.1.4.7;Lessons to Be Learned from Syndromic Obesity;28
4.1.5;Conclusion;28
4.1.6;Acknowledgments;28
4.1.7;References;29
5;Leptin Signaling In the Brain;34
5.1;Ofer Reizes, Stephen C. Benoit, and Deborah J. Clegg;34
5.1.1;Introduction;35
5.1.2;The Dual-Centers Hypothesis;35
5.1.3;Challenges to the Hypothesis;35
5.1.4;Beyond the Hypothesis;36
5.1.5;CNS Control of Food Intake;37
5.1.6;The Termination of Meals: Satiety;38
5.1.7;Leptin: Molecular Signaling Pathways;39
5.1.8;Leptin Receptor Neurophysiology;41
5.1.9;Integration of Adiposity Signals;42
5.1.10;Central Signals Related to Energy Homeostasis;43
5.1.11;Catabolic Systems;44
5.1.12;Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Axokine;44
5.1.13;Melanocortins;45
5.1.14;Plasticity in the System;46
5.1.15;Conclusion;47
5.1.16;References;47
6;Inactivating Melanocortin 4 Receptor Mutations and Human Obesity;55
6.1;Ya-Xiong Tao;55
6.1.1;Introduction;55
6.1.2;MC4R and Rodent Energy Homeostasis;56
6.1.3;Naturally Occurring Mutations in the MC4R Gene and Human Obesity;57
6.1.3.1;Functional Characterizations of the MC4R Mutations Identified from Obese Patients;58
6.1.3.2;Molecular Classification of Inactivating MC4R Mutations;59
6.1.4;Therapeutic Implications;62
6.1.5;Conclusion;64
6.1.6;References;64
7;The Role of Central Melanocortins in Cachexia;69
7.1;Daniel L. Marks;69
7.1.1;Introduction;70
7.1.2;Cytokine Action in the Central Nervous System;71
7.1.3;The Arcuate Nucleus;71
7.1.4;The Role of the Central Melanocortin Systemin the Regulation of Feeding and Metabolic Rate;71
7.1.4.1;Agouti-Related Peptide;72
7.1.5;The Role of the Central Melanocortin System in Cachexia;73
7.1.5.1;Small-Molecule Synthetic Melanocortin Antagonists;73
7.1.6;Conclusion;74
7.1.7;References;75
8;The Efferent Arm of the Energy Balance Regulatory Pathway: Neuroendocrinology and Pathology;83
8.1;Robert H. Lustig;83
8.1.1;Introduction;84
8.1.2;The Afferent Arm of the Energy Balance Pathway;84
8.1.2.1;Neuroendocrinology;84
8.1.2.2;Pathology;85
8.1.3;The Efferent Arm of the Energy Balance Pathway;86
8.1.3.1;Neuroendocrinology;86
8.1.3.2;The SNS;86
8.1.3.3;The Vagus;88
8.1.3.4;Measurement of Autonomic Function in Humans;90
8.1.3.5;Pathology;91
8.1.4;Conclusion;94
8.1.5;Acknowledgments;95
8.1.6;References;95
9;Adiponectin: A Multifunctional Adipokine;100
9.1;Kristen Clarke and Robert L. Judd;100
9.1.1;Introduction;100
9.1.2;Discovery of Adiponectin;101
9.1.3;Adiponectin Protein Structure;102
9.1.4;Adiponectin Gene Expression;104
9.1.5;Adiponectin Receptors;105
9.1.6;Physiologic Functions of Adiponectin;106
9.1.7;Regulation of Adiponectin Gene Expression and Secretion;110
9.1.8;Role of Adiponectin in Human Disease;112
9.1.9;Conclusion;113
9.1.10;References;113
10;The Role of the Gastrointestinal Hormones Ghrelin, Peptide YY, and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in the Regulation of Energy Balance;119
10.1;Ruben Nogueiras, Hilary Wilson, Diego Perez-Tilve, and Matthias H. Tschöp;119
10.1.1;Introduction;119
10.1.2;Ghrelin;119
10.1.2.1;Ghrelin and Energy Balance;120
10.1.2.2;Ghrelin and Glucose Homeostasis;121
10.1.2.3;Ghrelin and Ghrelin Receptor Knockout Mice;122
10.1.2.4;Obestatin;123
10.1.3;Peptide YY;124
10.1.3.1;Central Effects Versus Peripheral Effects;125
10.1.3.2;Mechanism of Action;126
10.1.4;Glucagon-like Peptides;127
10.1.4.1;Biological Effects on Food Intake and Mechanisms of Action;127
10.1.4.2;Oxyntomodulin;128
10.1.5;Conclusion;129
10.1.6;References;129
11;The Role of Growth Hormone Secretagogues and Ghrelin in Feeding and Body Composition;136
11.1;Cyril Y. Bowers, Blandine Laferrère, David L. Hurley, and Johannes D. Veldhuis;136
11.1.1;Introduction;137
11.1.2;Chemistry and Function;139
11.1.3;Receptor;142
11.1.4;GHRP-2 Clinical Studies;145
11.1.5;Children;147
11.1.6;Nitrogen Retention;148
11.1.7;Food Intake;152
11.1.8;GHRP-2 Long-term Continuous Delivery Approach;154
11.1.9;Additional Actions of GHRP-2 Continuous Delivery;155
11.1.10;Twenty-four Hour Ghrelin Continuous Delivery;156
11.1.11;Future Outlook;159
11.1.12;Conclusion;161
11.1.13;Acknowledgments;162
11.1.14;Addendum;162
11.1.15;References;162
12;Interaction Between Physical Activity and Genetic Factors in Complex Metabolic Disease;166
12.1;Paul W. Franks and Stephen M. Roth;166
12.1.1;Introduction;167
12.1.2;Pre-Existing Evidence for Gene 1X Physical Activity Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes;169
12.1.2.1;Functional Evidence for Interaction BetweenGenetic Factors and Physical Activity in MetabolicDysregulation;171
12.1.3;Methodological Issues in the Study of GEI in Human Populations;174
12.1.3.1;Preserving Statistical Power in Studies of Interaction;174
12.1.3.2;Characterizing the Architecture of ``Interaction'' Genes;175
12.1.3.3;Functional Studies;177
12.1.4;Conclusion;178
12.1.5;Acknowledgments;178
12.1.6;References;179
13;11-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and Obesity;185
13.1;Roland H. Stimson and Brian R. Walker;185
13.1.1;Introduction;186
13.1.2;Primary Glucocorticoid Excess;186
13.1.3;Glucocorticoids in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome;187
13.1.4;The 11-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases;188
13.1.5;Transgenic Manipulation of 11-HSD1 in Mice;189
13.1.6;11-HSD1 in Human Idiopathic Obesity;189
13.1.6.1;11-HSD1 in Liver;190
13.1.6.2;11-HSD1 in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue;191
13.1.6.3;11-HSD1 in Visceral Adipose Tissue;192
13.1.6.4;11-HSD1 in Skeletal Muscle;192
13.1.7;11-HSD1 in Other Forms of Obesity;193
13.1.7.1;Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome;193
13.1.7.2;HIV Treatment--Associated Lipodystrophy;193
13.1.7.3;Growth Hormone Deficiency and Hypothalamic Obesity;193
13.1.8;Plasticity of 11-HSD1;194
13.1.8.1;Effects of Diet and Weight Loss;194
13.1.8.2;Hormonal Regulation;195
13.1.9;11-HSD1 Polymorphisms and Obesity;195
13.1.9.1;Cortisone Reductase Deficiency;196
13.1.10;Inhibition of 11-HSD1;196
13.1.11;Conclusion;199
13.1.12;Acknowledgments;199
13.1.13;References;199
14;Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Model of Disordered Energy Homeostasis;207
14.1;Andrea Haqq;207
14.1.1;Introduction;207
14.1.2;Etiology: Genetics of Prader-Willi Syndrome;208
14.1.3;Clinical Management;210
14.1.3.1;Diagnosis;210
14.1.3.2;Medical;213
14.1.4;Long-term Prognosis;222
14.1.5;Future Studies and Therapies;222
14.1.6;Conclusion;223
14.1.7;Acknowledgments;223
14.1.8;References;223
15;Antipsychotic Medication--Induced Weight Gain and Risk for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease;233
15.1;John W. Newcomer;233
15.1.1;Introduction;234
15.1.2;Metabolic Contributions to Medical Risk;234
15.1.3;Metabolic Risk in a Major Mental Disorder;236
15.1.4;Antipsychotic Medication Overview;237
15.1.5;Evidence of Antipsychotic Effects on Metabolic Risk;238
15.1.6;Evidence of Antipsychotic Effects on Weight and Adiposity;238
15.1.7;Evidence of Antipsychotic Effects on Metabolic Risk;241
15.1.8;Clinical Significance of Medication-Related Metabolic Effects;246
15.1.9;Pathophysiology;247
15.1.10;Prevention and Management of Antipsychotic-Induced CVD Risk;248
15.1.11;Conclusion;249
15.1.12;Acknowledgments;249
15.1.13;References;249
16;Treatment of Insulin Resistance in Youth: The Role of Metformin;256
16.1;Molly Emott and Michael Freemark;256
16.1.1;Introduction;257
16.1.2;Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Complications;257
16.1.3;Risk Factors for Insulin Resistance;259
16.1.4;Diagnosing Insulin Resistance;260
16.1.5;Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance in Obesity;261
16.1.6;Insulin Resistance and PCOS;262
16.1.7;Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes;263
16.1.8;Metformin: Mechanisms of Action;264
16.1.9;Metformin Use in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance;266
16.1.10;Metformin Use in PCOS;268
16.1.11;Metformin and Antipsychotic Therapy;268
16.1.12;Adverse Effects of Metformin;269
16.1.13;Other Medications That May Prove Useful in Children with Insulin Resistance (Reviewed in Refs. 3, 21, and 66);269
16.1.14;Balancing Pharmacotherapy and Lifestyle Interventions (Figs. 13.5, 13.6, and 13.7);270
16.1.15;References;272
17;The Surgical Approach to Morbid Obesity;277
17.1;Edward E. Mason, Mohammad K. Jamal, and Thomas M. O'Dorisio;277
17.1.1;Introduction;278
17.1.2;Mechanisms of Weight Reduction;280
17.1.2.1;Digestive Tract Hormones Contribute to Weight Control;281
17.1.3;Operation-Related Risks;283
17.1.3.1;Thirty-Day Complications and Operative Mortality;284
17.1.3.2;Lifelong Mortality;284
17.1.3.3;Lifelong Complications Related to Operation;285
17.1.4;Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and High Insulin Levels;287
17.1.4.1;Surgical Treatment Through Endogenous GLP-1;288
17.1.4.2;Ileal Transposition;289
17.1.4.3;An Endocrinologist's Approach to Nesidioblastosis;290
17.1.4.4;Incretin-Mimetics and Restriction Operations;291
17.1.5;Restriction Operations;291
17.1.5.1;Vertical Banded Gastroplasty;292
17.1.5.2;Michael Long Gastroplasty;292
17.1.5.3;Gastric Banding;292
17.1.6;Need for Lifelong Follow-up;295
17.1.7;Weight Loss and Diabetes Control;296
17.1.7.1;Biliopancreatic Diversion;297
17.1.8;Recommendations;299
17.1.9;References;301
18;Index;305