Eaton / Groopman The Toxicology of Aflatoxins

Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8845-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 544 Seiten, Web PDF

Aflatoxins, natural fungal toxins found in foods and animal feeds, have great public health significance. This book presents the basic and applied toxicology of aflatoxins, including analytical identification, agricultural and veterinary implications, toxicology and carcinogenesis in humans, and economic and regulatory problems associated with aflatoxin contamination and control. - Molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin toxicity - Analytical issues in sampling and analysis - Regulatory and economic issues associated with aflatoxin contamination of food and feed - Presentation of human and animal toxicology, veterinary, and agricultural issues related to aflatoxin contamination

Autoren/Hrsg.

Eaton, David L.

Groopman, John D.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance;4
3;Copyright Page
;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Contributor;18
6;Preface;22
7;Part I: Experimental Toxicology of Aflatoxins;28
7.1;Chapter 1. Acute Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxins;30
7.1.1;HISTORY;30
7.1.2;BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY—ACUTE AFLATOXICOSIS;32
7.1.3;FACTORS AFFECTING AFB1 TOXICITY;42
7.1.4;REFERENCES;48
7.2;Chapter 2. Biochemical Mechanismsand Biological Implications of the Toxicity of Aflatoxins as Related to Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis;54
7.2.1;ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF AFLATOXINS;54
7.2.2;MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY;60
7.2.3;ROLE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY IN CARCINOGENESIS;63
7.2.4;CELL REPLICATION IN RESPONSE TO AFLATOXINS;66
7.2.5;IMPLICATIONS OF AFLATOXIN TOXICITY FOR HEPATIC CARCINOGENESIS;67
7.2.6;REFERENCES;68
7.3;Chapter 3. Biotransformation of Aflatoxins;72
7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;72
7.3.2;OXIDATION;74
7.3.3;REDUCTION;84
7.3.4;CONJUGATION;84
7.3.5;INTEGRATION OF AFLATOXIN BIOTRANSFORMATION PATHWAYS;87
7.3.6;FACTORS AFFECTING AFLATOXIN BIOTRANSFORMATION;89
7.3.7;SUMMARY;92
7.3.8;REFERENCES;92
7.4;Chapter 4. Pharmacokinetics and Excretion of Aflatoxins;100
7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;100
7.4.2;ABSORPTION;101
7.4.3;DISTRIBUTION;105
7.4.4;BIOTRANSFORMATION;108
7.4.5;EXCRETION;108
7.4.6;REFERENCES;112
7.5;Chapter 5. Nonhepatic Disposition and Effects of Aflatoxin B1;116
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;116
7.5.2;RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;116
7.5.3;RENAL SYSTEM;119
7.5.4;GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM;120
7.5.5;NERVOUS SYSTEM;121
7.5.6;REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM;122
7.5.7;IMMUNE SYSTEM;123
7.5.8;MISCELLANEOUS;124
7.5.9;SUMMARY;124
7.5.10;REFERENCES;125
7.6;Chapter 6. Carcinogenicity of Aflatoxins in Nonmammalian Organisms;130
7.6.1;INTRODUCTION;130
7.6.2;NONMAMMALIAN ANIMALS OTHER THAN SALMONID FISHES;131
7.6.3;SALMONID FISHES;136
7.6.4;SUMMARY;154
7.6.5;REFERENCES;154
7.7;Chapter 7. Role of Aflatoxin—DNA Adducts in the Cancer Process;164
7.7.1;AFLATOXIN B1 COVALENT BINDING TO DNA IN VIVO;164
7.7.2;REPAIR AND PERSISTENCE OF AFLATOXIN B1-DNA ADDUCTS:MECHANISMS OF ADDUCT LOSS;166
7.7.3;NONRANDOM GENOMIC DAMAGE BY AFLATOXINS;168
7.7.4;MOLECULAR DOSIMETRY AND PROTO-ONCOGENE ACTIVATIONIN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MORIGENESIS;169
7.7.5;SUMMARY;173
7.7.6;REFERENCES;173
7.8;Chapter 8. Mechanisms by Which Aflatoxins and Other Bulky Carcinogens Induce Mutations;176
7.8.1;INTRODUCTION;176
7.8.2;STUDIES ON INDIVIDUAL ADDUCTS OF BULKYMUTAGENS/CARCINOGENS;178
7.8.3;CAN DNA SEQUENCE CONTEXT INFLUENCE MUTATIONS INDUCED BY BULKY ADDUCTS;180
7.8.4;HOW MUTAGENIC SPECIFICITY MIGHT BE CONTROLLEDBY SEQUENCE CONTEXT;190
7.8.5;POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS BY BULKY ADDUCTS;192
7.8.6;DOES AFB1 INDUCE G . A MUTATIONS VIA ADDUCT-INDUCED BASE IONIZATION;195
7.8.7;MISINFORMATIONAL COMPARED WITH NONINFORMATIONAL MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS;196
7.8.8;CONCLUSIONS;199
7.8.9;REFERENCES;200
7.9;Chapter 9. Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis in the Context of the Multistage Nature of Cancer;206
7.9.1;HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS OF EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS;206
7.9.2;AFLATOXINS AS CARCINOGENS;210
7.9.3;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;222
7.9.4;REFERENCES;225
7.10;Chapter 10. Nutritional Modulation of Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis;234
7.10.1;INTRODUCTION;234
7.10.2;DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF METHYL DONORS;236
7.10.3;DIETARY PROTEIN DEFICIENCY;245
7.10.4;VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN THE DIET;247
7.10.5;ETHANOL;249
7.10.6;NONNUTRIENT FOOD COMPONENTS;250
7.10.7;FEED RESTRICTION;251
7.10.8;METHYL-SUPPLEMENTED DIET;251
7.10.9;CONCLUSION;252
7.10.10;REFERENCES;252
8;Part II: Human Carcinogenicity and Toxicity;258
8.1;Chapter 11. Epidemiology of Aflatoxin-Related Disease;260
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;260
8.1.2;EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT;261
8.1.3;BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE;270
8.1.4;PUTATIVE DISEASE OUTCOMES;271
8.1.5;CAUSALITY;274
8.1.6;POSSIBLE FUTURE RESEARCH STRATEGIES;276
8.1.7;REFERENCES;280
8.2;Chapter 12. Molecular Dosimetry Methods for Assessing Human Aflatoxin Exposures;286
8.2.1;INTRODUCTION;286
8.2.2;INTERNAL DOSE MEASUREMENTS IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS;289
8.2.3;MARKERS OF BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE;291
8.2.4;MOLECULAR DOSIMETRY FOR MARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY;299
8.2.5;MARKERS OF EARLY BIOLOGICAL EFFECT;300
8.2.6;EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES;301
8.2.7;FUTURE PROSPECTS;302
8.2.8;REFERENCES;303
8.3;Chapter 13. Strategies for Chemoprotection against Aflatoxin-Induced Liver Cancer;308
8.3.1;INTRODUCTION;308
8.3.2;FACTORS AFFECTING EXPERIMENTAL AFB1HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS;309
8.3.3;CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHEMOPROTECTION IN HUMANS;318
8.3.4;CONCLUSIONS;327
8.3.5;REFERENCES;328
9;Part III: Agricultural and Veterinary Problems;334
9.1;Chapter 14. Factors Affecting Aspergillus flavus Group Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops;336
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;336
9.1.2;AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI;337
9.1.3;FACTORS AFFECTING ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS GROUP INOCULUM AND INITIAL COLONIZATION;340
9.1.4;CONDITIONS AFFECTING ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS INVASION,GROWTH, AND AFLATOXIN ACCUMULATION;343
9.1.5;AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION OF STORED PRODUCTS;348
9.1.6;SUMMARY;348
9.1.7;REFERENCES;349
9.2;Chapter 15. Mycological Aspects of Aflatoxin Formation;354
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;354
9.2.2;FIELD BIOLOGY OF AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI;355
9.2.3;AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS;356
9.2.4;INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION;363
9.2.5;INTERFERENCE WITH AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS;364
9.2.6;CONCLUSION;367
9.2.7;REFERENCES;367
9.3;Chapter 16. Veterinary Diseases Related to Aflatoxins;374
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;374
9.3.2;CLINICAL SIGNS;375
9.3.3;PATHOLOGY;376
9.3.4;CLINICAL PATHOLOGY;383
9.3.5;IMMUNE SYSTEM;383
9.3.6;OTHER DISEASES;385
9.3.7;AFLATOXIN INTAKE AND DISEASE RISK;386
9.3.8;CONCLUSIONS;387
9.3.9;REFERENCES;387
9.4;Chapter 17. Aflatoxins in Milk;392
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;392
9.4.2;CONVERSION OF AFLATOXIN B1 TO AFLATOXIN M1;393
9.4.3;TOXICOLOGY;395
9.4.4;ANALYSIS;398
9.4.5;REGULATION AND OCCURRENCE;402
9.4.6;STABILITY AND DEGRADATION;404
9.4.7;REFERENCES;407
9.5;Chapter 18. Approaches to Reduction of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds;410
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;410
9.5.2;AFLATOXIN REDUCTION STRATEGIES;411
9.5.3;CONCLUSIONS;425
9.5.4;REFERENCES;426
10;Part IV: Analytical Identification of Aflatoxins;434
10.1;Chapter 19. Recent Methods of Analysis for Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds;436
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;436
10.1.2;SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION;437
10.1.3;SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION;438
10.1.4;THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY;438
10.1.5;LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;440
10.1.6;IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS;443
10.1.7;METHODS FOR AFLATOXIN M1 DETERMINATION IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS;447
10.1.8;CONFIRMATION OF IDENTITIES OF THE AFLATOXINS;448
10.1.9;AUTOMATION;451
10.1.10;SAFETY ISSUES IN HANDLING MOLDY GRAINS AND AFLATOXINS;452
10.1.11;CONCLUSIONS;453
10.1.12;REFERENCES;453
10.2;Chapter 20. Problems Associated with Accurately Measuring Aflatoxin in Food and Feeds: Errors Associated with Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Analysis;460
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;460
10.2.2;VARIATION AMONG TEST RESULTS;461
10.2.3;SAMPLING VARIABILITY;463
10.2.4;SUBSAMPLING VARIABILITY;464
10.2.5;ANALYTICAL VARIABILITY;466
10.2.6;REDUCING VARIABILITY OF TEST RESULTS;467
10.2.7;DESIGNING AFLATOXIN TESTING PROGRAMS;469
10.2.8;SELECTING SAMPLES;473
10.2.9;CONCLUSIONS;475
10.2.10;REFERENCES;475
10.3;Chapter 21. Development of Antibodies against Aflatoxins;478
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;478
10.3.2;METHODS FOR PREPARATION OF AFLATOXIN-PROTEIN CONJUGATES;479
10.3.3;PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST AFLATOXINS;484
10.3.4;CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST AFLATOXINS;486
10.3.5;USE OF AFLATOXIN ANTIBODIES IN VARIOUS INVESTIGATIONS;494
10.3.6;SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS;508
10.3.7;REFERENCES;509
11;Part V: Economic and Regulatory Aspectsof Aflatoxins;518
11.1;Chapter 22. Human Risk Assessment Based on Animal Data:Inconsistencies and Alternatives;520
11.1.1;INTRODUCTION;520
11.1.2;COMPARISON OF RODENT AND HUMAN DATA FOR RISK ASSESSMENT;520
11.1.3;USE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA AS AN ALTERNATIVE TOANIMAL DATA FOR ASSESSING HUMAN RISK;529
11.1.4;SUMMARY;534
11.1.5;REFERENCES;535
11.2;Chapter 23. Economic Issues Associated with Aflatoxins;540
11.2.1;INTRODUCTION;540
11.2.2;AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF AFLATOXINS;541
11.2.3;ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS;543
11.2.4;ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AFLATOXINgfsS IN HUMAN POPULATIONS;549
11.2.5;REFERENCES;551
12;Index;556