Fingas Oil Spill Science and Technology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-85617-944-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 1192 Seiten

The National Academy of Sciences estimate that 1.7 to 8.8 million tons of oil are released into world's water every year, of which more than 70% is directly related to human activities. The effects of these spills are all too apparent: dead wildlife, oil covered marshlands and contaminated water chief among them. This reference will provide scientists, engineers and practitioners with the latest methods use for identify and eliminating spills before they occur and develop the best available techniques, equipment and materials for dealing with oil spills in every environment. Topics covered include: spill dynamics and behaviour, spill treating agents, and cleanup techniques such as: in situ burning, mechanical containment or recovery, chemical and biological methods and physical methods are used to clean up shorelines. Also included are the fate and effects of oil spills and means to assess damage. - Covers spill dynamics and behaviour - Definitive guide to spill treating agents - Complete coverage of cleanup techniques - Includes fate and effects of oil spills and means to assess damage

Autoren/Hrsg.

Fingas, Mervin

Fingas, Merv

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover
;1
2;Oil Spill Science and Technology;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;26
6;About the Contributors;28
7;Part I -
Introduction and the Oil Spill Problem;34
7.1;Chapter 1 Introduction;36
7.1.1;1.1 Introduction;36
7.1.2;1.2 A Word on the Frequency of Spills;37
7.2;Chapter 2 Spill Occurrences: A World Overview;40
7.2.1;2.1 Introduction;40
7.2.2;2.2 Executive Summary;41
7.2.3;2.3 Overview of Spill Occurrences;41
7.2.4;References;79
8;Part II -
Types of Oils and Their Properties;82
8.1;Chapter 3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties;84
8.1.1;3.1 Introduction;84
8.1.2;3.2 The Composition of Oil;84
8.1.3;3.3 Properties of Oil;87
8.1.4;References;92
9;Part III -
Oil Analysis and Remote Sensing;94
9.1;Chapter 4 Measurement of Oil Physical Properties;96
9.1.1;4.1 Introduction;96
9.1.2;4.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products;96
9.1.3;4.3 Hydrocarbon Groups;106
9.1.4;4.4 Quality Assurance and Control;110
9.1.5;4.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties;111
9.1.6;References;116
9.1.7;Appendix 4.1;118
9.2;Chapter 5 Introduction to Oil Chemical Analysis;120
9.2.1;5.1 Introduction;120
9.2.2;5.2 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis;120
9.2.3;5.3 Chromatography;122
9.2.4;5.4 Identification and Forensic Analysis;129
9.2.5;5.5 Field Analysis;140
9.2.6;References;140
9.3;Chapter 6 Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Review;144
9.3.1;6.1 Introduction;144
9.3.2;6.2 Visible Indications of Oil;145
9.3.3;6.3 Optical Sensors;147
9.3.4;6.4 Laser Fluorosensors;156
9.3.5;6.5 Microwave Sensors;157
9.3.6;6.6 Slick Thickness Determination;168
9.3.7;6.7 Acoustic Systems;172
9.3.8;6.8 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems;172
9.3.9;6.9 Satellite Remote Sensing;173
9.3.10;6.10 Oil under Ice Detection;177
9.3.11;6.11 Underwater Detection and Tracking;178
9.3.12;6.12 Small Remote-controlled Aircraft;182
9.3.13;6.13 Real-time Displays and Printers;183
9.3.14;6.14 Routine Surveillance;183
9.3.15;6.15 Future Trends;186
9.3.16;6.16 Recommendations;187
9.3.17;References;191
9.4;Chapter 7 Laser Fluorosensors;204
9.4.1;7.1 Principles of Operation;204
9.4.2;7.2 Oil Classification;208
9.4.3;7.3 Existing Operational Units;212
9.4.4;7.4 Aircraft Requirements;213
9.4.5;7.5 Cost Estimates;215
9.4.6;7.6 Conclusions;215
9.4.7;References;215
10;Part IV -
Behaviour of Oil in the Environment and Spill Modeling;218
10.1;Chapter 8 Introduction to Spill Modeling;220
10.1.1;8.1 Introduction;220
10.1.2;8.2 An Overview of Weathering;220
10.1.3;8.3 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling;229
10.1.4;References;232
10.2;Chapter 9 Evaporation Modeling;234
10.2.1;9.1 Introduction;234
10.2.2;9.2 Review of Theoretical Concepts;238
10.2.3;9.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models;245
10.2.4;9.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model;262
10.2.5;9.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models;266
10.2.6;9.6 Comparison of Model Approaches;268
10.2.7;9.7 Summary;273
10.2.8;References;274
10.3;Chapter 10 Models for Water-in-Oil Emulsion Formation;276
10.3.1;10.1 Introduction;276
10.3.2;10.2 Early Modeling of Emulsification;282
10.3.3;10.3 First Two Model Developments;284
10.3.4;10.4 New Model Development;286
10.3.5;10.5 Development of an Emulsion Kinetics Estimator;293
10.3.6;10.6 Discussion;293
10.3.7;10.7 Conclusions;302
10.3.8;References;303
10.4;Chapter 11 Oil Spill Trajectory Forecasting Uncertainty and Emergency Response;308
10.4.1;11.1 Introduction: The Importance of Forecast Uncertainty;308
10.4.2;11.2 The Basics of Oil Spill Modeling;309
10.4.3;11.3 Trajectory Model Uncertainties;313
10.4.4;11.4 Trajectory Forecast Verification;325
10.4.5;11.5 Summary and Conclusions;328
10.4.6;References;330
11;Part V -
Physical Spill Countermeasures on Water;334
11.1;Chapter 12 Physical Spill Countermeasures;336
11.1.1;12.1 Containment on Water;336
11.1.2;12.2 Skimmers;348
11.1.3;12.3 Sorbents;358
11.1.4;12.4 Manual Recovery;362
11.1.5;12.5 Temporary Storage;363
11.1.6;12.6 Pumps;365
11.1.7;12.7 Separation;367
11.1.8;12.8 Disposal;368
11.1.9;References;370
11.2;Chapter 13 Weather Effects on Oil Spill Countermeasures;372
11.2.1;13.1 Introduction;372
11.2.2;13.2 Review of Literature on Spill Countermeasures and Weather;376
11.2.3;13.3 Development of Models for Effectiveness of Countermeasures;416
11.2.4;13.4 Overview of Weather Limitations;438
11.2.5;13.5 Summary and Conclusions;440
11.2.6;References;449
12;Part VI -
Treating Agents;460
12.1;Chapter 14 Spill-Treating Agents;462
12.1.1;14.1 Introduction;462
12.1.2;14.2 Dispersants;462
12.1.3;14.3 Surface-Washing Agents;463
12.1.4;14.4 Emulsion Breakers and Inhibitors;463
12.1.5;14.5 Recovery Enhancers;464
12.1.6;14.6 Solidifiers;464
12.1.7;14.7 Sinking Agents;464
12.1.8;14.8 Biodegradation Agents;465
12.2;Chapter 15 Oil Spill Dispersants: A Technical Summary;468
12.2.1;15.1 Introduction;468
12.2.2;15.2 The Basic Physics and Chemistry of Dispersants;470
12.2.3;15.3 The Basic Nature of Dispersions or Oil-in-Water Emulsions;473
12.2.4;15.4 Effectiveness;484
12.2.5;15.5 Monitoring;514
12.2.6;15.6 Physical Studies;533
12.2.7;15.7 Toxicity;552
12.2.8;15.8 Biodegradation;568
12.2.9;15.9 Other Information;572
12.2.10;15.10 Summary and Conclusions;595
12.2.11;References;600
12.3;Chapter 16 A Practical Guide to Chemical Dispersion for Oil Spills;616
12.3.1;16.1 Introduction and Decision Making;616
12.3.2;16.2 How Dispersants Are Used;624
12.3.3;16.3 Safety and Postdispersion Actions;631
12.3.4;Additional Information;634
12.3.5;Appendix A Specific Spill Scenarios and Dispersion Strategies;636
12.3.6;Appendix B Nomograms to Calculate Spreading and Viscosity with Time;638
12.4;Chapter 17 Procedures for the Testing and
Approval of Oil Spill Treatment
Products in the United
KingdomdWhat They Are and
Considerations for
Development
;644
12.4.1;17.1 Background and Introduction;644
12.4.2;17.2 Toxicity Testing Procedures;646
12.4.3;17.3 Test Description;648
12.4.4;17.4 Testing with Heavy Fuel Oils;652
12.4.5;17.5 The 2007 UK Scheme Review;653
12.4.6;17.6 Conclusions;659
12.4.7;References;660
12.5;Chapter 18 Formulation Changes in Oil Spill Dispersants: Are They Toxicologically Significant?;662
12.5.1;18.1 Introduction;662
12.5.2;18.2 Materials and Methods;663
12.5.3;18.3 Results;666
12.5.4;18.4 Discussion;671
12.5.5;References;675
12.6;Chapter 19 Environment Canada's Methods for Assessing Oil Spill Treating Agents;676
12.6.1;19.1 Introduction;676
12.6.2;19.2 Toxicity and Effectiveness of Treating Agents for Oil Spills;678
12.6.3;19.3 Approval for Use of Treating Agents in Canadian Waters;695
12.6.4;19.4 Challenges to Current Toxicity Test Protocols;695
12.6.5;19.5 Conclusions;699
12.6.6;References;700
12.7;Chapter 20 The United States Environmental Protection Agency: National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, Subpart J Product Schedule (40 Code of Federal Regulations 300.900)
;706
12.7.1;20.1 Introduction;706
12.7.2;20.2 Why Is There a Product Schedule?;707
12.7.3;20.3 Authorities for a Product Schedule;708
12.7.4;20.4 Information Requested from Manufacturers;708
12.7.5;20.5 Agency Activities;712
12.7.6;20.6 Practical Utility of the Data;712
12.7.7;20.7 Authorities for Use;713
12.7.8;20.8 Federal Agencies’ Role within the Regional Response Team;713
12.7.9;20.9 Does Listing Mean the Environmental Protection Agency Approves and Endorses a Product?;714
12.7.10;20.10 Conclusions;715
12.7.11;References;715
12.8;Chapter 21 Surface-Washing Agents or Beach Cleaners;716
12.8.1;21.1 Introduction to Surface-Washing Agents;716
12.8.2;21.2 Review of Major Surface-Washing Agent Issues;719
12.8.3;21.3 Other Issues;730
12.8.4;References;737
12.8.5;Appendix 21.1 Environment Canada's Test Method 33,39;740
12.8.6;EPA Draft Protocol35,36,51;742
12.9;Chapter 22 Review of Solidifiers;746
12.9.1;22.1 Introduction to Solidifiers;746
12.9.2;22.2 Review of Major Solidifier Issues;750
12.9.3;22.3 Other Issues;761
12.9.4;22.4 Summary;763
12.9.5;References;764
12.9.6;Appendix 22.1 Testing Procedures from Environment Canada;765
12.9.7;Brief Description of the Test;766
12.9.8;Equipment and Supplies;766
12.9.9;Calculation;766
13;Part VII -
In-Situ Burning;768
13.1;Chapter 23 An Overview of In-Situ Burning;770
13.1.1;23.1 Introduction;770
13.1.2;23.2 An Overview of in-situ Burning;770
13.1.3;23.3 Assessment of Feasibility of Burning;791
13.1.4;23.4 Equipment—Selection, Deployment, and Operation;844
13.1.5;23.5. Possible Spill Situations;891
13.1.6;23.6 Post-burn Actions;903
13.1.7;23.7 Health and Safety Precautions during Burning;911
13.1.8;References;927
14;Part VIII -
Shoreline Countermeasures;938
14.1;Chapter 24 Shoreline Countermeasures;940
14.1.1;24.1 Introduction;940
14.1.2;24.2 Shoreline Treatment Decision Process;943
14.1.3;24.3 Treatment Options;945
14.1.4;24.4 Treatment by Shore Type;949
14.1.5;24.5 Waste Generation;952
14.1.6;References;953
14.2;Chapter 25 Automated Assessment and Data Management;956
14.2.1;25.1 Introduction;956
14.2.2;25.2 Automated Processing and Data Management: Goals and Definition;957
14.2.3;25.3 Shoreline Observations Data Processing;962
14.2.4;25.4 Assessment Automation Methods and Tools;972
14.2.5;25.5 Shoreline Assessment Data Management Issues;981
14.2.6;References;988
15;Part IX -
Submerged Oil;990
15.1;Chapter 26 Submerged Oil;992
15.1.1;26.1 Introduction;992
15.1.2;26.2 Submerged Oil Characteristics;994
15.1.3;26.3 Review of Recent Submerged Oil Spills;998
15.1.4;26.4 Submerged Oil Spill Response Methods and Recommendations for Future Work;1008
15.1.5;References;1014
16;Part X -
Effects of Oil in the Environment;1016
16.1;Chapter 27 Effects of Oil in the Environment;1018
16.1.1;27.1 Introduction;1018
16.1.2;27.2 Some Definitions;1020
16.1.3;27.3 Size Matters: Seeps vs. Spills;1022
16.1.4;27.4 An “Equation” to Convey Toxic Impact;1024
16.1.5;27.5 Route of Exposure: The Anthrax Example;1032
16.1.6;27.6 Route of Exposure: Oil;1033
16.1.7;27.7 Oil Chemistry, Physical Behavior, and Oil Effects;1036
16.1.8;27.8 Freshwater/Saltwater Differences;1041
16.1.9;27.9 Tropical Environments;1043
16.1.10;27.10 Arctic Environments;1046
16.1.11;27.11 Ecological Effects of Oil Spills;1047
16.1.12;27.12 The Future of Oil Effects Science;1050
16.1.13;27.13 Summary and Conclusions;1052
16.1.14;References;1053
17;Part XI -
Contingency Planning and Command;1058
17.1;Chapter 28 Introduction to Oil Spill Contingency Planning and Response Initiation;1060
17.1.1;28.1 An Overview of Response to Oil Spills;1060
17.1.2;28.2 Activation of Contingency Plans;1061
17.1.3;28.3 Training;1062
17.1.4;28.4 Structure of Response Organizations;1063
17.1.5;28.5 Oil Spill Cooperatives;1063
17.1.6;28.6 Private and Government Response Organizations;1064
17.2;Chapter 29 The Role of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited;1066
17.2.1;Additional Information;1068
17.3;Chapter 30 Safety Issues at Spills;1070
17.3.1;30.1 Introduction;1070
17.3.2;30.2 Organization Structure;1070
17.3.3;30.3 Health and Safety Risk Analysis/Risk Assessment;1071
17.3.4;30.4 Air Monitoring;1071
17.3.5;30.5 Site Safety and Health Plan;1076
17.3.6;30.6 Different Types of Hazards on Site;1081
17.3.7;30.7 Recommended Safety Procedures;1082
17.3.8;30.8 Emergency Procedures During a Response;1087
17.3.9;30.9 Other Issues;1092
17.3.10;30.10 Conclusion;1095
17.3.11;References;1095
18;Part XII -
Postassessment and Restoration;1098
18.1;Chapter 31 Natural Resource Damage Assessment;1100
18.1.1;31.1 Introduction;1100
18.1.2;31.2 Regulatory Regimes;1100
18.1.3;31.3 Objectives;1102
18.1.4;31.4 Making the Public Whole;1103
18.1.5;31.5 Alternative Sites;1108
18.1.6;31.6 Use of Models;1109
18.1.7;31.7 The NRDA Process in the United States;1110
18.1.8;Acronyms;1114
18.1.9;References;1115
18.2;Chapter 32 Seafood Safety and Oil Spills;1116
18.2.1;32.1 Introduction;1116
18.2.2;32.2 Seafood Exposure to Oil;1118
18.2.3;32.3 Spill Response and Seafood Safety Management;1120
18.2.4;32.4 Seafood Safety Assessment: Reopening a Closed Fishery;1123
18.2.5;32.5 Chemical Analytical Evaluation;1123
18.2.6;32.6 Seafood Sensory Evaluation;1125
18.2.7;32.7 Trends in Lifting Fishery Bans;1129
18.2.8;32.8 Long-term Implications of Oil Spills on Seafood;1131
18.2.9;References;1132
19;Part XIII - Specific Case Studies
;1134
19.1;Chapter 33 The Torrey Canyon Oil Spill, 1967;1136
19.1.1;33.1 Case Study;1136
19.1.2;References;1138
19.2;Chapter 34 The Ekofisk Bravo Blowout, 1977;1140
19.2.1;34.1 Case Study;1140
19.2.2;References;1141
19.3;Chapter 35 The Sea Empress Oil Spill, 1996;1142
19.3.1;35.1 Introduction;1142
19.3.2;35.2 Mechanical Recovery at Sea;1143
19.3.3;35.3 Dispersant Spraying at Sea;1144
19.3.4;35.4 Shoreline Cleanup;1145
19.3.5;35.5 Dispersant Use on Beaches;1146
19.3.6;35.6 Impacts on Seabirds;1146
19.3.7;35.7 Mortalities of Fish and Shellfish;1146
19.3.8;35.8 Effects on Fish and Shellfish Stocks and Plankton;1147
19.3.9;35.9 Contamination of Fish and Shellfish;1147
19.3.10;35.10 Removal of Fishery Restrictions;1148
19.3.11;35.11 Conclusion;1149
19.3.12;References;1149
19.4;Chapter 36 The Braer Oil Spill, 1993;1152
19.4.1;36.1 Introduction;1152
19.4.2;36.2 At-Sea and Shoreline Response;1152
19.4.3;36.3 Fate of the Braer Oil;1154
19.4.4;36.4 Impacts of the Braer Oil;1154
19.4.5;36.5 Conclusion;1158
19.4.6;References;1159
19.5;Chapter 37 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill;1160
19.5.1;37.1 Review of the Spill;1160
19.5.2;References;1164
19.6;Chapter 38 Tanker SOLAR 1 Oil Spill, Guimaras, Philippines: Impacts and Response Challenges;1166
19.6.1;38.1 Incident Summary;1166
19.6.2;38.2 Impact Summary;1167
19.6.3;38.3 Shoreline Cleanup;1172
19.6.4;38.4 Mangrove Cleanup and Recovery;1176
19.6.5;38.5 Fisheries Impacts and Health Concerns;1177
19.6.6;38.6 Summary;1178
19.6.7;Disclaimer;1179
19.6.8;References;1179
20;Conversions;1180
21;Index;1182