Finkelstein Biotechnology of Filamentous Fungi

Technology and Products
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9221-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 536 Seiten, Web PDF

Biotechnology of Filamentous Fungi: Technology and Products provides a comprehensive discussion of the molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry of filamentous fungi. It also deals with general principles of biochemical engineering such as process design and scaleup. The book's main emphasis, however, is on the commercial significance of filamentous fungi. The book highlights the unique aspects of filamentous fungi along with those aspects common to most microorganisms studied in industries that use biotechnology. Filamentous fungi can generate a wide range of industrial products including primary metabolites such as organic acids, secondary metabolites such as ß-lactam antibiotics, nonantibiotic drugs, and enzymes for use in food production. Whole organisms such as mushrooms can be used as well as organisms used as insecticides and herbicides. Filamentous fungi also qualify as potential hosts for the secretion of certain heterogeneous proteins such as mammalian proteins. However, not all things related to fungi are beneficial. Mycotoxins products by fungi can be lethal to humans; there is also a need to develop antifungal agents to destroy fungi that can kill animals and plants. These topics are important aspects of the biotechnology of filamentous fungi and are dealt with in this text.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Finkelstein, David B.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Biotechnology of Filamentous Fungi: Technology and Products;6
3;Copyright Page;7
4;Table of Contents;10
5;CONTRIBUTORS;8
6;Acknowledgments;16
7;Chapter 1. Editorial Introduction;18
7.1;REFERENCES;20
8;PART I: PRINCIPLES OF TECHNOLOGY;22
8.1;Chapter 2. Isolation, Preservation, and Taxonomy;24
8.1.1;2.1 Taxonomy;25
8.1.2;2.2 Isolation;33
8.1.3;2.3 Preservation;42
8.1.4;References;48
8.1.5;Appendix: Literature References;51
8.2;Chapter 3. Strain Improvement and Strain Stability;58
8.2.1;3.1 Requirements for Industrial Strain Improvement;58
8.2.2;3.2 Genetic Instability in Industrial Microorganisms;60
8.2.3;3.3 Sources of Genetic Material;61
8.2.4;3.4 Re-Isolation and Purification;61
8.2.5;3.5 Generation of Novel Genotypes;63
8.2.6;3.6 Expression;68
8.2.7;3.7 Screening;69
8.2.8;3.8 Yield Improvement by Process and Medium Development;76
8.2.9;3.9 Preservation;77
8.2.10;3.10 Conclusions;79
8.2.11;References;79
8.3;Chapter 4. Growth Kinetics and Fermentation Scaleup;82
8.3.1;4.1 Fungal Growth;83
8.3.2;4.2 Scaleup of Fermentation;90
8.3.3;4.3 Economics;101
8.3.4;References;102
8.4;Chapter 5. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism;106
8.4.1;5.1 Delayed Formation of Idiolites;107
8.4.2;5.2 Effectors of Idiolite Biosynthesis;108
8.4.3;5.3 Other Factors;121
8.4.4;5.4 Cessation of Biosynthesis;122
8.4.5;5.5 Improvement of Idiolite Production;123
8.4.6;References;125
8.5;Chapter 6. Transformation;130
8.5.1;6.1 Transformation Techniques and Properties of Transformants;131
8.5.2;6.2 Vector Integration;134
8.5.3;6.3 Autonomously Replicating Vectors;139
8.5.4;6.4 Selectable Markers for Use with Wild-Type Organisms;143
8.5.5;6.5 Selectable Markers for Use with Mutant Hosts;152
8.5.6;6.6 Gene Isolation;158
8.5.7;References;166
8.6;Chapter 7. Bioconversions;174
8.6.1;7.1 The Scope of Fungal Bioconversions;174
8.6.2;7.2 Fungi as Chemical Reagents;178
8.6.3;7.3 The Products of Fungal Bioconversions;183
8.6.4;7.4 The Future of Fungal Bioconversions;199
8.6.5;References;200
8.7;Chapter 8. Screening for Antifungal Drugs;206
8.7.1;8.1 Antifungal Screens;211
8.7.2;8.2 Targets;219
8.7.3;8.3 Fungal Biology—Source of New Targets;224
8.7.4;8.4 Concluding Remarks;231
8.7.5;References;231
9;PART II: PRODUCTS;236
9.1;Chapter 9. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of the-ß Lactam Antibiotics;238
9.1.1;9.1 Historical Perspectives;238
9.1.2;9.2 Pathway for Synthesis of ß-Lactams;240
9.1.3;9.3 Enzymes of ß-Lactam Biosynthesis;242
9.1.4;9.4 Molecular Biology of Penicillin and Cephalosporin Producing Fungi;245
9.1.5;9.5 Application of Molecular Biology to ß-Lactam Production;251
9.1.6;9.6 Future Prospects;254
9.1.7;References;254
9.2;Chapter 10. Therapeutic Metabolites;258
9.2.1;10.1 Lovastatin;259
9.2.2;10.2 Cyclosporins;268
9.2.3;10.3 Ergot Alkaloids;282
9.2.4;10.4 Asperlicin;306
9.2.5;10.5 Future Products;309
9.2.6;References;310
9.3;Chapter 11. Organic Acids;320
9.3.1;11.1 Citric Acid;321
9.3.2;11.2 Itaconic Acid;334
9.3.3;11.3 Gluconic Acid;337
9.3.4;11.4 Fumaric Acid;341
9.3.5;11.5 Miscellaneous Organic Acids;343
9.3.6;References;345
9.4;Chapter 12. Insecticides and Herbicides;352
9.4.1;12.1 Fungi as Biological Control Agents;352
9.4.2;12.2 Mycoinsecticides;354
9.4.3;12.3 Mycoherbicides;360
9.4.4;12.4 Fungal Toxins as Mycopesticides;364
9.4.5;12.5 Commercialization;365
9.4.6;12.6 Genetic Manipulation;366
9.4.7;References;371
9.5;Chapter 13. Food Enzymes;378
9.5.1;13.1 Proteases;378
9.5.2;13.2 Amylases and Glucoamylases;384
9.5.3;13.3 Pectic Enzymes;394
9.5.4;13.4 Lactases;398
9.5.5;13.5 a-Galactosidases;400
9.5.6;13.6 Dextranases;401
9.5.7;13.7 Cellulases;401
9.5.8;13.8 Hemicellulases;402
9.5.9;13.9 Lipases;404
9.5.10;13.10 Oxidation–Reduction Enzymes;407
9.5.11;13.11 Other Enzymes;408
9.5.12;13.12 Application of Gene Technology;409
9.5.13;References;418
9.6;Chapter 14. Structure, Function, and Genetics of Cellulases;434
9.6.1;14.1 Production and Characterization of Fungal Cellulases;435
9.6.2;14.2 New Substrates for Cellulases;440
9.6.3;14.3 Cloning of Fungal Cellulolytic Enzyme Genes;444
9.6.4;14.4 Structure Determination of Trichoderma Cellulases;446
9.6.5;14.5 Functions of Fungal Cellulases;449
9.6.6;14.6 Expression of Cloned Cellulase Genes in Heterologous Host Systems;452
9.6.7;14.7 Genetic Engineering of the Cellulase Production Profiles of Trichoderma;454
9.6.8;14.8 Conclusions;458
9.6.9;References;458
9.7;Chapter 15. Edible Mushrooms;464
9.7.1;15.1 The Mushroom Industry;464
9.7.2;15.2 Natural Life Cycle Barriers to Breeding in A. bisporus;465
9.7.3;15.3 Biotechnology—Breaking Mushroom Breeding Barriers;467
9.7.4;15.4 Diversity Analysis, Strain Typing, and Genetic Linkage Mapping of A. bisporus;472
9.7.5;15.5 Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Breeding in A. bisporus;473
9.7.6;15.6 Transformation;476
9.7.7;15.7 Developmental Studies;477
9.7.8;15.8 Concluding Remarks;478
9.7.9;References;478
9.8;Chapter 16. Mycotoxins;480
9.8.1;16.1 Definitions and Background;480
9.8.2;16.2 Biosynthesis;483
9.8.3;16.3 Mycotoxins and Molecular Biology;490
9.8.4;16.4 Agricultural Ecology;492
9.8.5;16.5 Mycotoxin Control;496
9.8.6;16.6 Conclusions;511
9.8.7;References;512
10;index;522