Forsythe / Liao / Trumbo Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems

Work and Everyday Life
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4665-7058-0
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 326 Seiten

Reihe: Human Factors and Ergonomics

While there have been tremendous advances in our scientific understanding of the brain, this work has been largely academic, and often oriented toward clinical publication. Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems: Work and Everyday Life addresses the relationship between neurophysiological processes and the performance and experience of humans in everyday life. It samples the vast neuroscience literature to identify those areas of research that speak directly to the performance and experience of humans in everyday settings, highlighting the practical, everyday application of brain science.

The book explains the underlying basis for well-established principles from human factors, ergonomics, and industrial engineering and design. It also sheds new light on factors affecting human performance and behavior. This is not an academic treatment of neuroscience, but rather a translation that makes modern brain science accessible and easily applicable to systems design, education and training, and the development of policies and practices. The authors supply clear and direct guidance on the applications of principles from brain science to everyday problems.

With discussions of topics from brain science and their relevance to everyday activities, the book focuses on the science, describing the findings and the studies producing these findings. It then decodes how these findings relate to everyday life and how you can integrate them into your work to achieve more effective outcomes based on a fundamental understanding of how the operations of the human brain produce behavior and modulate performance.

Zielgruppe

Practicing professionals, researchers, and practitioners working in Psychology, Cognitive Science, Human Factors, Human-Computer Interaction, System Design, Professional Ergonomicist, Training programs and industrial/Organizational Psychologists, Computer Scientists, Industrial Engineers, Industrial Designers, Industrial and Manufacturing, Operational Systems

Autoren/Hrsg.

Forsythe, Chris

Liao, Huafei

Trumbo, Michael Christopher Stefan

Cardona-Rivera, Rogelio E.

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Neurologie, Klinische Neurowissenschaft
• Interdisziplinäres Wissenschaften Wissenschaften Interdisziplinär Neurowissenschaften, Kognitionswissenschaft

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction
Acknowledgments
References

A Few Basics
Neurons: A Basic Unit of the Brain
Neurons Live in a Protected Fluid Environment
The Brain Sustains a Homeostatic Balance
Our Brains Are Continually Being Shaped
Many Functions May Be Localized to Specific
Regions of the Brain
Everyday Activities Involve Integrated Functions Dispersed
throughout the Brain
The Brain Is a Complex System, Yet Is Only One Component
in a Larger System of Systems
No Two Brains Work Exactly the Same
Our Best Measures Do Not Tell Us Exactly How the Brain Works
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Acknowledgments
References

Conscious Awareness
Conscious versus Nonconscious Engagement
Vulnerabilities That Arise Due to the Limits of Our
Conscious Awareness
Timing of Brain Processes and Conscious Awareness
Default Network: Mind Wandering
Inattentional Blindness
Implicit Operations of the Brain
Unconscious Impact of Cognitive State on Decisions
Acknowledgments
References

Perceptual Experience
Our Minds Attend To a Small Slice of What Our Brains Sense
Our Judgment Is Shaped by Unconscious Sensory Experiences
Perception Is Multisensory
The Brain Responds More Strongly To Some Stimuli than Others
Vulnerabilities Arising from Our Perceptual Processes
Perceptual Activities the Brain Does Well
Perception Is Not a Continuous Process
Perceptual Processes May Be Flexibly Adapted To Circumstances
The External World Is Replicated within the Brain
Activity in the Brain Does Not Mean There Was a Conscious
Perceptual Experience
Our Brains Are Specially Tuned To the Actions of Others
Our Sense of the World Is a Product of Our Social Environment
Acknowledgments
References

Strengths and Weaknesses
How to Cope with the Inherent Weaknesses of the Human Brain
Designating to Our Strengths
The Google Effect and the Symbiosis between Brain and
Technology
Once a Task Has Become Automated, Conscious Control
Can Be Surprisingly Effortful
Are We Multitaskers or Merely Good Task Switchers?
Brains Reflexively Respond To Exceptions
As "Pattern-Seeking Primates," the Default Condition Is to Believe
Acknowledgments
References

Error
Error from the Brain’s Perspective
Organizational Approach to Human Error
Confusion Regarding the Term Human Error
Interactive Nature and Complexity of Human Error
Error Classifications
Summary
Acknowledgments
References

Cognitive States
Pharmacological Enhancement: Caffeine
Pharmacological Enhancement: Nicotine
Cognitive Enhancement through Physical Exercise
Cognitive Enhancement through Meditation
Concluding Thoughts and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References

Expertise
Anders Ericsson and the Notion of Deliberative Practice
What Makes an Expert Different?
Acknowledgments
References

Teams and Groups
Defining Groups
Social Psychology and Neuroscience
Cooperation and Altruism
Group Intelligence
Social Cognition, Metacognition, and Mentalization
Neural Synchronization and Correlation During Group Processes
Neuroeconomics
Acknowledgments
References

Neurotechnology
Neurotechnology to Augment, Train, Preserve, or Repair Cognitive Skills
Neurotechnology as a Tool to Design or Adapt Human–Computer Interaction
Neurotechnology as a New Modality through Which Systems Are Controlled
Neurophysiological Measurement
Desiderata for Design in Neurotechnology
Future Directions
Neurogaming
Multiplayer Neurogaming
Neurocognitive Approaches to Interactive Narratives
Acknowledgments
References

Über Autor(innen)

Chris Forsythe is a Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories, in Albuquerque, NM. He has a PhD in Experimental Psychology and MS in Biopsychology from the University of Memphis. His primary expertise lies in the application of technology to improve human performance. He has worked in diverse areas that include: human-machine transactions, high consequence systems, cyber, automotive systems, training and neurotechnology. His research interests encompass individual differences in the neurophysiology of human performance, advanced training technologies development, and human-machine systems integration. He regularly conducts seminars on the application of brain science to everyday life for audiences that extend from professional conference attendees to elementary school age children, and works extensively with youth to promote their interest in science and technology.

Huafei (Harry) Liao is a Senior Technical Staff Member in the Risk and Reliability Analysis Department of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, NM, USA. He has many years of experience with human performance modeling in the nuclear industry and his work currently focuses on human factors and human reliability in complex systems and high-risk environments. He holds a B.S. and M.S. in Control Theories and Control Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, and a Ph.D. in Human Factors and Ergonomics from Purdue University.

Michael C.S. Trumbo is a doctoral candidate in the Cognition, Brain, and Behavior program within the University of New Mexico Psychology Department, where he is further affiliated with the Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center. Additionally, Michael conducts research on human performance at Sandia National Laboratories and through The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute. Research interests center on facilitation of human performance in both clinical and healthy populations in a variety of professional and educational realms, with a particular emphasis on the use of electrical brain stimulation in order to achieve such.

Rogelio E. Cardona-Rivera is a Ph.D. student in Computer Science at North Carolina State University and is advised by Dr. R. Michael Young in the Liquid Narrative Research Group. Rogelio’s thesis work is at the intersection of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, narratology and game design and focuses on creating a cognitive model of the player’s understanding of an unfolding story in an interactive narrative through the use of narrative affordances. Rogelio completed a M.Sc. in Computer Science at North Carolina State University, and a B.Sc. in Computer Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. He has held internship positions at Sandia National Laboratories, Apple, The MIT/Lincoln Laboratory and Goldman Sachs. Rogelio is a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellow and a GEM Fellow.