Garg / Cowman / Hales Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-055814-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 432 Seiten, Web PDF

The finding by Emil Fischer that glucose and fructose on treatment with phenylhydrazine gave the identical osazone led him to the elucidation of stereochemistry of carbohydrates. Since then, progress in the field of carbohydrates has been amazing with the unraveling their basic structure, biosynthesis, immunology, functions, and clinical uses, for pure carbohydrates and for protein-linked carbohydrates (glycoproteins and proteoglycans).
The chapters in this book present a logical sequence leading from the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, followed by their role in various pathological conditions, to carbohydrates as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
This book offers a detailed panoramic review of the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates for chemists, biologists and health professionals. Each chapter is authored by contributors expert in the particular area of research.
* explains how carbohydrates are important to life
* details the chemistry, biology and medical aspects of carbohydrates
* interdisciplinary and international team of authors

Autoren/Hrsg.

Garg, Hari G.

Cowman, Mary K.

Hales, Charles A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication Page;6
5;Contents;8
6;Preface;12
7;Contributors;14
8;Chapter 1: The Development of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biology;18
8.1;I. Early History;18
8.2;II. The Contribution of Emil Fischer;19
8.3;III. Cyclic Forms;22
8.4;IV. Nomenclature of Carbohydrates;25
8.5;V. General Elucidation of Carbohydrate Structure;26
8.6;VI. Monosaccharide Structure;27
8.7;VII. Oligosaccharide Structure;28
8.8;VIII. Polysaccharide Structure;29
8.9;IX. Carbohydrate Antibiotics;31
8.10;X. Structural Methodology;32
8.11;XI. Carbohydrate Biochemistry;35
8.12;XII. Carbohydrate Antigens and Vaccines;37
8.13;XIII. Conclusion;38
8.14;References;38
9;Chapter 2: Carbohydrate Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry;46
9.1;I. Glycoproteins and Other Glycoconjugates;46
9.2;II. Instrumentation for Mass Spectrometry Applied to Carbohydrate Structural Determinations;51
9.3;III. Glycan Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry;61
9.4;IV. Summary;69
9.5;References;70
10;Chapter 3: Chemical Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates;76
10.1;I. Introduction;76
10.2;II. Glycosylation Methods in Carbohydrate Synthesis;77
10.3;III. Strategies for Oligosaccharide Assembly;82
10.4;IV. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositols;87
10.5;V. Conclusion;92
10.6;Acknowledgments;93
10.7;References;93
11;Chapter 4: Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides and Conversion to Glycolipids;102
11.1;I. Introduction;102
11.2;II. Oligosaccharide Biosynthesis-Associated Enzymes;103
11.3;III. Sugar Nucleotide Regeneration Systems;105
11.4;IV. Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis Processes;111
11.5;V. Conversion of Oligosaccharides to Glycolipids;116
11.6;VI. Conclusion;119
11.7;References;119
12;Chapter 5: Proteoglycans in the Lung;130
12.1;I. Introduction;130
12.2;II. Proteoglycans and Normal Lung Structure;130
12.3;III. Contribution to Basic Lung Biology;132
12.4;IV. Contribution of Proteoglycans to Normal Lung Mechanics;132
12.5;V. Proteoglycans and Mechanical Strain;133
12.6;VI. Proteoglycans and the Developing Lung;135
12.7;VII. Role of Proteoglycans in Lung Disease;136
12.8;VIII. Conclusion;142
12.9;References;142
13;Chapter 6: Proteoglycans of the Intervertebral Disk;150
13.1;I. Introduction;150
13.2;II. Disk Proteoglycans;151
13.3;III. Aggrecan;151
13.4;IV. Versican;156
13.5;V. Link Protein;157
13.6;VI. Hyaluronan;158
13.7;VII. Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans;159
13.8;VIII. Perlecan;162
13.9;IX. Conclusion;163
13.10;Acknowledgments;163
13.11;References;163
14;Chapter 7: Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans of Skin;172
14.1;I. Introduction;172
14.2;II. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans of Skin;172
14.3;III. Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins/Proteoglycans;173
14.4;IV. Decorin: The Major Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycan of Skin;174
14.5;V. Biglycan;177
14.6;VI. Lumican and Fibromodulin;178
14.7;VII. Functions of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans;179
14.8;VIII. Involvement of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans in Skin Pathology;184
14.9;IX. Summary and Conclusions;187
14.10;References;188
15;Chapter 8: Functional Glycosaminoglycans in the Eye;198
15.1;I. Introduction;198
15.2;II. Glycosaminoglycans in Eye Diseases;198
15.3;III. Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Applications;211
15.4;IV. Conclusion;216
15.5;References;216
16;Chapter 9: Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans;226
16.1;I. Introduction;226
16.2;II. Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans;227
16.3;III. Concluding Remarks;234
16.4;References;234
17;Chapter 10: Physiological, Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate;244
17.1;I. Introduction;244
17.2;II. Structure of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate;245
17.3;III. Blood Coagulation Processes;246
17.4;IV. Cell Growth and Differentiation;248
17.5;V. Inflammation;251
17.6;VI. Host Defense and Viral Infection Mechanisms;253
17.7;VII. Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions;255
17.8;VIII. Lipid Transport and Clearance Metabolism;257
17.9;IX. Potential Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate;259
17.10;References;261
18;Chapter 11: Carbohydrates and Cutaneous Wound Healing;270
18.1;I. Introduction;270
18.2;II. Carbohydrate Polymers as Wound Dressings;271
18.3;III. Carbohydrate in Wound Healing Modulation;276
18.4;IV. Carbohydrate in Skin Tissue Engineering;281
18.5;V. Conclusions;286
18.6;References;286
19;Chapter 12: Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Infant Formulas;292
19.1;I. Introduction;292
19.2;II. Prebiotic Factors in Human Milk;293
19.3;III. Oligosaccharides of Nonhuman Milk Origin;294
19.4;IV. Prebiotic Effect of Nonmilk Oligosaccharides;296
19.5;V. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Preclinical Studies;300
19.6;VI. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Clinical Trials;301
19.7;VII. Conclusion;303
19.8;References;303
20;Chapter 13: Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Development and Disease;310
20.1;I. Introduction;310
20.2;II. The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Reproduction and Development;310
20.3;III. The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Cancer;317
20.4;IV. Perspective;319
20.5;References;319
21;Chapter 14: Therapeutic Use of Hyaluronan-Based Products;328
21.1;I. Introduction;328
21.2;II. Ophthalmic Viscosurgery;328
21.3;III. Intra-Articular Hyaluronan: Viscosupplementation;331
21.4;IV. Tissue Augmentation;335
21.5;V. Hyaluronan for Antiadhesion, Wound Healing, and Matrix Engineering;339
21.6;References;342
22;Chapter 15: Drug Delivery and Medical Applications of Chemically Modified Hyaluronan;350
22.1;I. Introduction;350
22.2;II. Conjugation of Active Agents to Hyaluronan;351
22.3;III. Conjugation of Peptides and Proteins to Hyaluronan;357
22.4;IV. Drug Formulations Using Hyaluronan;359
22.5;V. Conclusion/Summary;364
22.6;Acknowledgment;364
22.7;References;364
23;Chapter 16: Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools of Postgenomic Medicine;376
23.1;I. Introduction;376
23.2;II. Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools in the Postgenomics Era;377
23.3;III. Progress in Developing Complementary Platforms of Carbohydrate Microarrays;382
23.4;IV. Concluding Remarks;397
23.5;Acknowledgments;398
23.6;References;399
24;Chapter 17: Carbohydrate Arrays for Basic Science and as Diagnostic Tools;404
24.1;I. Introduction;404
24.2;II. Carbohydrate Microarrays;405
24.3;III. Microarrays of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides for High-Throughput Screening of Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions;406
24.4;IV. Carbohydrate Microarrrays to Detect Pathogens and Viruses;413
24.5;V. Conclusions;416
24.6;Acknowledgments;416
24.7;References;417
25;Index;422