Gasser DVSc / Gasser / Huhns Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Volume II
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9481-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 649 Seiten, Web PDF

Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Robin B. Gasser is Professor in Parasitology at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Australia

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gasser DVSc, Robin

Gasser, Robin

Huhns, Michael N.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover
;1
2;Distributed Artificial Intelligence;2
3;Copyright Page;3
4;Table of Contents;4
5;Preface;6
6;Themes in Distributed Artificial Intelligence Research;8
7;Part I: Societies of Agents;18
7.1;Chapter 1. Cooperating Agents: A Unified Theory of Communication and Social Structure;20
7.1.1;Abstract;20
7.1.2;1.1 Introduction;20
7.1.3;1.2 Problems of Cooperation;21
7.1.4;1.3 Previous Approaches to the Communication Problem;22
7.1.5;1.4 Information Required for Cooperation;25
7.1.6;1.5 Two Types of Cooperation;26
7.1.7;1.6 A Theory of Cognitive States;28
7.1.8;1.7 Communication Theory;32
7.1.9;1.8 Social Cooperation and Communication;36
7.1.10;1.9 Social Roles and Structures;37
7.1.11;1.10 Social Structures and Social Groups;41
7.1.12;1.11 The Contract Net as a Social Group;44
7.1.13;1.12 An Example Language Game;47
7.1.14;1.13 Further Applications to Distributed Systems;48
7.1.15;1.14 Conclusion;49
7.1.16;Acknowledgements;50
7.1.17;References;50
7.2;Chapter 2. The Structure of 111-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogeneous Distributed Problem Solving;54
7.2.1;Abstract;54
7.2.2;2.1 Introduction: Larger than Life and Twice as Natural;55
7.2.3;2.2 From the Turing Test to the Durkheim Test;55
7.2.4;2.3 Due Process, the Frame Problem, and Scientific Communities;59
7.2.5;2.5 Heterogeneous Problem Solving and Boundary Objects;63
7.2.6;2.6 Types of Boundary Objects;64
7.2.7;2.7 Summary and Conclusions;68
7.2.8;Acknowledgements;69
7.2.9;References;69
7.3;Chapter 3. Representing and Using Organizational Knowledge in Distributed AI Systems;72
7.3.1;Abstract;72
7.3.2;3.1 Introduction;72
7.3.3;3.2 Viewing Coordination Frameworks as Patterns of Settled and Unsettled Problems;74
7.3.4;3.3 A Multiagent Problem: ICE;77
7.3.5;3·4 Settlement and Unsettlement;84
7.3.6;3.5 Problem Shifts and Organizational Change in ICE;85
7.3.7;3.6 Conclusions;92
7.3.8;Acknowledgements;93
7.3.9;References;93
7.4;Chapter 4. Dynamics of Computational Ecosystems: Implications for DAI;96
7.4.1;Abstract;96
7.4.2;4.1 Introduction;96
7.4.3;4.2 Model of Computational Ecosystems;97
7.4.4;4·3 Dynamical Behavior of Computational Ecosystems;99
7.4.5;4.4 Conclusion;110
7.4.6;References;111
8;Part II: Cooperation by Negotiation;114
8.1;Chapter 5. Communication-Free Interactions among Rational Agents: A Probabilistic Approach;116
8.1.1;Abstract;116
8.1.2;5.1 Introduction;117
8.1.3;5.2 Notation;120
8.1.4;5.3 Dominance;122
8.1.5;5.4 Rational Moves—A Prescription for an Agent;126
8.1.6;5.5 Axioms of Rationality—Description;129
8.1.7;5.6 The Jointly Prescriptive Issues;133
8.1.8;5.7 Conclusion;133
8.1.9;References;134
8.2;Chapter 6. Multiagent Compromise via Negotiation;136
8.2.1;Abstract;136
8.2.2;6.1 Introduction;136
8.2.3;6.2 Requirements for a Negotiation Planner;139
8.2.4;6.3 Negotiation Methods;141
8.2.5;6·4 Belief Modification through Persuasive Argumentation;145
8.2.6;6.5 Narrowing the Parties' Differences;149
8.2.7;6.6 Results;150
8.2.8;6.7 Conclusion;151
8.2.9;Acknowledgements;152
8.2.10;References;152
8.3;Chapter 7. Conflict-resolution Strategies for Nonhierarchical Distributed Agents;156
8.3.1;Abstract;156
8.3.2;7.1 Introduction;156
8.3.3;7.2 The Network Management Problem;157
8.3.4;7.3 Example;160
8.3.5;7.4 Conflict-resolution Paradigms;163
8.3.6;7.5 Experimental Plan;167
8.3.7;7.6 Experience and Results;169
8.3.8;7.7 Planning Requirements and the Structure of Agent Knowledge;171
8.3.9;7.8 Future Work;174
8.3.10;References;178
8.4;Chapter 8. Constraint-Directed Negotiation of Resource Reallocations;180
8.4.1;Abstract;180
8.4.2;8.1 Introduction;181
8.4.3;8.2 Approach;184
8.4.4;8.3 Representation;185
8.4.5;8.4 Negotiation Operators;190
8.4.6;8.5 The Negotiation Process and Experimental Results;193
8.4.7;8.6 Conclusions;208
8.4.8;References;208
9;Part III: Cooperation by Planning;212
9.1;Chapter 9. Plans for Multiple Agents;214
9.1.1;Abstract;214
9.1.2;9.1 Introduction;214
9.1.3;9.2 The Underlying Domain, Its Representation, and Execution in Parallel;216
9.1.4;9.3 Plan Verification;221
9.1.5;9.4 Plan Generation;226
9.1.6;9.5 Plan Execution;239
9.1.7;9.6 Conclusion;243
9.1.8;Acknowledgements;244
9.1.9;References;244
9.2;Chapter 10. Negotiating Task Decomposition and Allocation Using Partial Global Planning;246
9.2.1;Abstract;246
9.2.2;10.1 Introduction;246
9.2.3;10.2 Partial Global Planning;248
9.2.4;10.3 Implementation;249
9.2.5;10.4 Negotiation and Task Passing;251
9.2.6;10.5 Results;255
9.2.7;10.6 Discussion;258
9.2.8;Acknowledgements;259
9.2.9;References;259
9.3;Chapter 11. Mechanisms for Assessing Nonlocal Impact of Local Decisions in Distributed Planning;262
9.3.1;Abstract;262
9.3.2;11.1 Introduction;262
9.3.3;11.2 Reasoning about Constraints and Conflicts;264
9.3.4;11.3 Reasoning about Nonlocal Conflict;269
9.3.5;11.4 Status and Concluding Remarks;274
9.3.6;Acknowledgements;274
9.3.7;References;275
9.4;Chapter 12. An Object-oriented Multiple Agent Planning System;276
9.4.1;Abstract;276
9.4.2;12.1 Introduction;277
9.4.3;12.2 Related Work;278
9.4.4;12.3 An Object-oriented Approach to Multiagent Planning;280
9.4.5;12.4 System Structure;280
9.4.6;12.5 Control Structure;293
9.4.7;12.6 Example;294
9.4.8;12.7 Conclusions;303
9.4.9;Acknowledgements;305
9.4.10;References;305
10;Part IV: Architectures for DAI;308
10.1;Chapter 13. DATMS: A Framework for Distributed Assumption Based Reasoning;310
10.1.1;Abstract;310
10.1.2;13.1 Introduction;310
10.1.3;13.2 Background;311
10.1.4;13.3 Problem Solving Model;314
10.1.5;13.4 Issues;317
10.1.6;13.5 DATMS;319
10.1.7;13.6 Implementation Experiences with DATMS;330
10.1.8;13.7 Summary;333
10.1.9;Acknowledgements;333
10.1.10;References;333
10.2;Chapter 14. Experiments on Cage and Poligon: Measuring the Performance of Parallel Blackboard Systems;336
10.2.1;Abstract;336
10.2.2;14.1 Introduction;336
10.2.3;14.2 Background;337
10.2.4;14.3 The Advanced Architectures Project;345
10.2.5;14.4 Extending the Serial System: Cage;346
10.2.6;14.5 Pursuing a Daemon-driven Blackboard System: Poligon;354
10.2.7;14.6 The CARE Simulation System and Machine Architecture;362
10.2.8;14.7 The Elint Application;364
10.2.9;14.8 Experiments and Results;367
10.2.10;14.9 Discussion;394
10.2.11;14.10 Conclusions;396
10.2.12;Acknowledgements;398
10.2.13;References;398
10.3;Chapter 15. Distributing Intelligence within an Individual;402
10.3.1;Abstract;402
10.3.2;15.1 A Metaphor for DAI: The Intelligent Individual;402
10.3.3;15.2 Guardian's Task: Monitoring SICU Patients;404
10.3.4;15.3 Architecture for an Intelligent Individual;408
10.3.5;15.4 Guardian's Performance on a Typical SICU Scenario;416
10.3.6;15.5 Conclusions;424
10.3.7;Acknowledgements;426
10.3.8;References;426
10.4;Chapter 16. Learning and Adaptation In Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems;430
10.4.1;Abstract;430
10.4.2;16.1 Introduction;430
10.4.3;16.2 Learning in AI Systems;432
10.4.4;16.3 A Framework for Incorporating Learning in DAI Systems;434
10.4.5;16.4 The Bidding Process;439
10.4.6;16.5 Adaptation through Genetic Transformation;440
10.4.7;16.6 Conclusions;443
10.4.8;References;444
11;Part V: Applications for DAI;448
11.1;Chapter 17. A Distributed Problem Solving Architecture for Knowledge Based Vision;450
11.1.1;Abstract;450
11.1.2;17.1 Introduction;451
11.1.3;17.2 Distributing the Knowledge Based Vision Pyramid;452
11.1.4;17.3 The Rational Cell;454
11.1.5;17.4 Cell Organization for Knowledge Based Vision;457
11.1.6;17.5 Application to Sonar Interpretation;467
11.1.7;17.6 Other Robotic Applications;472
11.1.8;17.7 Conclusions;472
11.1.9;17.8 Future Work;473
11.1.10;Acknowledgements;476
11.1.11;References;477
11.2;Chapter 18. The Cooperation of Experts in Engineering Design;480
11.2.1;Abstract;480
11.2.2;18.1 Introduction;481
11.2.3;18.2 Communication for Collaboration;483
11.2.4;18.3 A Model of Collaboration;486
11.2.5;18.4 Design and Operational Issues;494
11.2.6;18.5 Summary and Conclusion;497
11.2.7;Acknowledgements;498
11.2.8;References;499
11.3;Chapter 19. Evaluating Research in Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving;502
11.3.1;Abstract;502
11.3.2;19.1 Introduction;503
11.3.3;19.2 Goal: Limit Domain and Environmental Assumptions;504
11.3.4;19.3 Goal: Discover Paradigms for Building Cooperating Agents;507
11.3.5;19.4 Goal: Develop Methods for Assuring Global Coherence;509
11.3.6;19·5 Goal: Theories of Organizational Behavior and Control;511
11.3.7;19.6 Goal: Guaranteed Responsiveness and Fault Tolerance;514
11.3.8;19.7 Goal: Effective CDPS Communications Protocols;516
11.3.9;19.8 Goal: Sophisticated Agents;517
11.3.10;19.9 Goal: System and Hardware Support;519
11.3.11;19.10 Goal: Develop general and representative hard domain problems;520
11.3.12;19.11 Example CDPS Systems;522
11.3.13;19.12 Comparisons;527
11.3.14;19.13 Conclusions;535
11.3.15;Acknowledgements;535
11.3.16;References;536