Greydanus / Kaplan / Patel | Substance Abuse in Adolescents and Young Adults | E-Book | sack.de
E-Book

E-Book, Englisch, 429 Seiten

Reihe: Health, Medicine and Human Development

Greydanus / Kaplan / Patel Substance Abuse in Adolescents and Young Adults

A Manual for Pediatric and Primary Care Clinicians
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-11-031138-9
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
 Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

A Manual for Pediatric and Primary Care Clinicians

E-Book, Englisch, 429 Seiten

Reihe: Health, Medicine and Human Development

ISBN: 978-3-11-031138-9
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
 Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

The abuse of drugs and chemicals has become a problematic public health dilemma for the world's population and one that must be dealt with by parents, societies, clinicians, researchers, and even countries in the world. This book discusses the complex neurobiology that underlies drug addiction and reveals how these illicit chemicals disrupt central nervous system neurotransmission involving such neurotransmitters as serotonin, dopamine, and others. This manual reviews current understanding in drug interactions with neurotransmitter systems, neuroimmune signaling, current research on reward circuitry, and current medications used to treat drug addiction. It also discusses related topics such as drug addiction in females, co-morbid conditions, drug addiction in minority populations, prenatal drug exposure and others. The book covers new drugs of the 21st century and discusses such controversial topics as legalization of drug use. It also provides internet resources, treatment facilities by state, and parent support organizations. The importance of prevention of drug abuse is a key theme of the book.
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Zielgruppe

Pediatric and Primary Care Clinicans

Autoren/Hrsg.

Greydanus, Donald E.
Kaplan, Gabriel
Patel, Dilip R.
Merrick, Joav

Fachgebiete

Weitere Infos & Material

1;Author Index;17
2;Foreword;23
3;Abbreviations;25
4;1 Introduction: Substance abuse in adolescents and young adults;29
5;Section I: Etiology and diagnosis;39
5.1;2 Neurobiology of substance use disorders;41
5.1.1;2.1 Introduction;41
5.1.2;2.2 General concepts;41
5.1.2.1;2.2.1 Dopamine;43
5.1.2.2;2.2.2 Serotonin and norepinephrine;45
5.1.2.3;2.2.3 GABA;45
5.1.3;2.3 Neuropharmacology of specific drugs;46
5.1.3.1;2.3.1 Stimulants;46
5.1.3.2;2.3.2 Alcohol;47
5.1.3.3;2.3.3 Opioids;48
5.1.3.4;2.3.4 Nicotine/tobacco;48
5.1.3.5;2.3.5 Cannabinoids;50
5.1.4;2.4 Summary;51
5.2;3 Genetic influences on substance abuse disorders;55
5.2.1;3.1 Introduction;55
5.2.2;3.2 Limitations;56
5.2.3;3.3 Gene classes;57
5.2.4;3.4 Specific addictions;58
5.2.4.1;3.4.1 Alcohol;58
5.2.4.2;3.4.2 Cannabis;59
5.2.4.3;3.4.3 Tobacco;60
5.2.4.4;3.4.4 Others;60
5.2.5;3.5 Epigenetic effects;61
5.2.6;3.6 Complex diseases;62
5.2.7;3.7 Conclusion;62
5.3;4 Essential diagnostic considerations;67
5.3.1;4.1 Introduction;67
5.3.2;4.2 Review of the literature;69
5.3.3;4.3 Epidemiology;69
5.3.4;4.4 Empirical studies of assessment instruments;70
5.3.5;4.5 Comorbidity;71
5.3.6;4.6 Assessment;71
5.3.7;4.7 Screening;73
5.3.8;4.8 Diagnosis;83
5.3.9;4.9 Biochemical testing;85
5.3.10;4.10 Discussion;86
6;Section II: Treatment;89
6.1;5 Psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders;91
6.1.1;5.1 Introduction;91
6.1.2;5.2 Motivational treatments;92
6.1.2.1;5.2.1 Precontemplation stage;92
6.1.2.2;5.2.2 Contemplation stage;93
6.1.2.3;5.2.3 Preparation stage;94
6.1.2.4;5.2.4 Action stage;95
6.1.2.5;5.2.5 Maintenance stage;96
6.1.2.6;5.2.6 Contemplation of relapse;97
6.1.3;5.3 CM and community reinforcement approaches (CRAs);97
6.1.3.1;5.3.1 CM;97
6.1.3.2;5.3.2 CRA;98
6.1.4;5.4 Cognitive behavioral approaches;99
6.1.4.1;5.4.1 Functional analysis;100
6.1.4.2;5.4.2 Drug refusal skills;101
6.1.4.3;5.4.3 RP;101
6.1.5;5.5 Family interventions;102
6.1.5.1;5.5.1 Multidimensional family therapy (MDFT);103
6.1.6;5.6 Conclusion;104
6.2;6 General pharmacotherapy principles;107
6.2.1;6.1 Introduction;107
6.2.2;6.2 Evaluation for pharmacotherapy;107
6.2.3;6.3 When is pharmacotherapy appropriate?;109
6.2.4;6.4 Conclusion;110
6.3;7 Use of pharmacological agents for smoking cessation;113
6.3.1;7.1 Introduction;113
6.3.2;7.2 Epidemiology;113
6.3.3;7.3 Chemistry and pharmacology;115
6.3.4;7.4 Effects on health;117
6.3.5;7.5 Behavioral approaches to smoking cessation;121
6.3.6;7.6 Pharmacological agents;121
6.3.6.1;7.6.1 Varenicline;123
6.3.6.2;7.6.2 Bupropion SR;124
6.3.6.3;7.6.3 Nicotine replacement therapies;125
6.3.6.4;7.6.4 Second-line medications;130
6.3.6.5;7.6.5 Vaccine;131
6.3.6.6;7.6.6 E-cigarettes;131
6.3.7;7.7 Conclusion;132
6.4;8 Marijuana: Current concepts and conundrums;137
6.4.1;8.1 Introduction;137
6.4.1.1;8.1.1 Cannabis sativa plant;137
6.4.1.2;8.1.2 Prevalence;138
6.4.1.3;8.1.3 Cannabis lab testing;145
6.4.2;8.2 Medical adverse effects;146
6.4.2.1;8.2.1 Cannabis hyperemesis;147
6.4.2.2;8.2.2 Dental effects of cannabis;147
6.4.2.3;8.2.3 Pulmonary effects;148
6.4.2.4;8.2.4 Cannabis and cancer;149
6.4.2.5;8.2.5 Cardiovascular effects;149
6.4.2.6;8.2.6 Motor vehicle accidents;150
6.4.2.7;8.2.7 Sports doping;150
6.4.2.8;8.2.8 Adverse effects: Psychiatric;150
6.4.2.9;8.2.9 Management;155
6.4.2.10;8.2.10 Pharmacological therapies;157
6.4.2.11;8.2.11 Cannabis intoxication;158
6.4.2.12;8.2.12 Cannabis withdrawal;158
6.4.3;8.3 Cannabis-associated psychosis;158
6.4.3.1;8.3.1 Cannabis dependence;158
6.4.4;8.4 Summary;160
6.5;9 Primary care management of alcohol use disorders of adolescents and young adults;173
6.5.1;9.1 Introduction;173
6.5.2;9.2 Epidemiology: Drinking patterns and beverage preferences;174
6.5.2.1;9.2.1 Drinking patterns;174
6.5.2.2;9.2.2 Drinking preferences;174
6.5.3;9.3 Confidentiality in primary care;175
6.5.4;9.4 Screening in primary care;176
6.5.4.1;9.4.1 Screening;176
6.5.4.2;9.4.2 Screening tools;177
6.5.5;9.5 Assessment of risk;178
6.5.5.1;9.5.1 Screening the college student;180
6.5.6;9.6 BIs for the primary care office;180
6.5.7;9.7 MI;181
6.5.8;9.8 A clinical vignette;182
6.5.9;9.9 Specific BIs for college students;184
6.5.10;9.10 Sedative/hypnotics;185
6.5.10.1;9.10.1 Epidemiology;185
6.5.10.2;9.10.2 Associated problems;185
6.5.11;9.11 Conclusions;186
6.6;10 Opioids and prescription drugs;191
6.6.1;10.1 Introduction;191
6.6.2;10.2 Prescription drugs;191
6.6.3;10.3 Analgesics;192
6.6.4;10.4 Tranquilizers;194
6.6.5;10.5 Stimulants;195
6.6.6;10.6 Others;196
6.6.7;10.7 OTC drugs;196
6.6.8;10.8 DXM;197
6.6.9;10.9 Antihistamines;197
6.6.10;10.10 Illicit opioids;197
6.6.11;10.11 Conclusion;198
6.7;11 Illicit stimulant abuse in adolescents and young adults;201
6.7.1;11.1 Introduction;201
6.7.2;11.2 History of cocaine and methamphetamine;202
6.7.3;11.3 Epidemiology;203
6.7.4;11.4 Risk factors and comorbidity;205
6.7.5;11.5 Pharmacology and pathophysiology;206
6.7.6;11.6 Clinical manifestations of intoxication, overdose, and withdrawal;207
6.7.7;11.7 Identification of warning signs;212
6.7.8;11.8 Problem use (abuse and dependence);214
6.7.9;11.9 Treatment of illicit stimulant abuse and dependence;215
6.7.10;11.10 Biological treatments;215
6.7.11;11.11 Behavioral treatments;216
6.7.12;11.12 Clinical management of co-occurring ADHD and stimulant use disorders;218
6.7.13;11.13 Summary;219
6.8;12 Date rape drugs and hallucinogens;223
6.8.1;12.1 Introduction;223
6.8.2;12.2 Hallucinogens;224
6.8.2.1;12.2.1 LSD;224
6.8.2.2;12.2.2 Mescaline (2,3,4-trimethoxy-phenethylamine);225
6.8.2.3;12.2.3 Psilocybin (and closely related psilocyn);226
6.8.2.4;12.2.4 Salvia divinorum;227
6.8.2.5;12.2.5 PCP;228
6.8.2.6;12.2.6 Ketamine;229
6.8.2.7;12.2.7 MDMA;230
6.8.2.8;12.2.8 Methamphetamine;231
6.8.3;12.3 Date rape drugs;233
6.8.3.1;12.3.1 GHB;233
6.8.3.2;12.3.2 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol);234
6.8.4;12.4 Epidemiology;235
6.8.5;12.5 Diagnosis;236
6.8.6;12.6 Management principles;237
6.8.7;12.7 Conclusions;238
6.9;13 The role of the pediatrician and primary care clinician;243
6.9.1;13.1 Introduction;243
6.9.2;13.2 Screening and assessment;244
6.9.3;13.3 Confidentiality and consent;246
6.9.4;13.4 Safety;248
6.9.5;13.5 Screening tools and algorithm in adolescents;251
6.9.6;13.6 Screening tools in young adults;254
6.9.7;13.7 Summary;255
6.9.8;13.8 Brief intervention;256
6.9.9;13.9 Referral to treatment and the primary care clinician’s role intreatment;258
6.9.10;13.10 Conclusions;259
7;Section III: Special populations;265
7.1;14 Substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults: Comorbidity and treatment;267
7.1.1;14.1 Introduction;267
7.1.2;14.2 Common comorbid psychiatric conditions;267
7.1.2.1;14.2.1 Clinical samples;268
7.1.3;14.3 General principles of assessment and diagnosis;268
7.1.4;14.4 General principles of treatment;269
7.1.4.1;14.4.1 ADHD;270
7.1.4.2;14.4.2 Depressive disorders;274
7.1.4.3;14.4.3 BPD;278
7.1.4.4;14.4.4 Psychotic disorders;278
7.1.4.5;14.4.5 Anxiety disorders;279
7.1.4.6;14.4.6 Treatment recommendations and prognosis;280
7.2;15 Adolescent girls and substance abuse: Recent trends, risk factors, and consequences;285
7.2.1;15.1 Introduction;285
7.2.2;15.2 Gender differences in substance abuse;285
7.2.3;15.3 Risk factors for substance abuse in female adolescents;286
7.2.3.1;15.3.1 Puberty status and timing;287
7.2.4;15.4 Hormonal changes and emotional reactivity;288
7.2.5;15.5 Childhood sexual abuse;289
7.2.6;15.6 Consequences of substance abuse in female adolescents;290
7.2.7;15.7 Substance abuse and sexual activity;290
7.2.8;15.8 Substance abuse and unwanted pregnancy;291
7.2.9;15.9 Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders;292
7.2.10;15.10 Perinatal mood disorders;293
7.2.11;15.11 Spectrum of perinatal mood disorders;295
7.2.11.1;15.11.1 Postpartum blues;295
7.2.11.2;15.11.2 Postpartum psychosis;296
7.2.11.3;15.11.3 Postpartum depression (PPD);296
7.2.12;15.12 Substance abuse and suicide risk in young girls;297
7.2.13;15.13 Impact of substance abuse on adolescent mother and offspring;297
7.2.14;15.14 Substance abuse and unintentional injuries;298
7.2.15;15.15 Prevention and treatment strategies specific for adolescent girls;299
7.2.15.1;15.15.1 Self-in-relation theory of women development;299
7.2.15.2;15.15.2 Social-structural model;300
7.2.15.3;15.15.3 Theory of gender and power;300
7.2.16;15.16 Treatment of comorbid psychiatric illness;301
7.2.17;15.17 Treatment of substance abuse in pregnant adolescents;303
7.2.18;15.18 Future of substance abuse treatment;305
7.2.19;15.19 Conclusions;305
7.3;16 Prescription stimulant and other substance abuse in college students;309
7.3.1;16.1 Introduction;309
7.3.2;16.2 Alcohol;310
7.3.2.1;16.2.1 Prevalence and demographic features;310
7.3.2.2;16.2.2 Consequences;311
7.3.2.3;16.2.3 New methods of ingestion;311
7.3.2.4;16.2.4 Prevention and treatment;312
7.3.3;16.3 Nicotine;313
7.3.3.1;16.3.1 Treatment;314
7.3.4;16.4 Marijuana;315
7.3.4.1;16.4.1 Consequences;315
7.3.4.2;16.4.2 Association with other conditions and implications for prevention and treatment;316
7.3.5;16.5 Cocaine;316
7.3.6;16.6 Prescribed stimulants;317
7.3.6.1;16.6.1 Associations/risk factors for misuse and diversion;319
7.3.6.2;16.6.2 Prevention and treatment;319
7.3.7;16.7 Conclusions;320
7.4;17 Sports doping by adolescent athletes;325
7.4.1;17.1 Introduction;325
7.4.2;17.2 Protection for consumers;327
7.4.3;17.3 Definitions;328
7.4.4;17.4 Anabolic agents;328
7.4.4.1;17.4.1 Epidemiology;329
7.4.4.2;17.4.2 Effects;330
7.4.4.3;17.4.3 Adverse effects;330
7.4.4.4;17.4.4 Use of additional or concomitant doping agents with AAS;331
7.4.4.5;17.4.5 Prevention;332
7.4.5;17.5 Dihydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA);332
7.4.6;17.6 Androstenedione;333
7.4.7;17.7 hGH;333
7.4.8;17.8 Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB);334
7.4.9;17.9 Clenbuterol;334
7.4.10;17.10 Creatine;335
7.4.11;17.11 Stimulants;337
7.4.11.1;17.11.1 Ephedrine;337
7.4.11.2;17.11.2 Caffeine;338
7.4.12;17.12 Blood doping and erythropoietin (EPO);338
7.4.13;17.13 Miscellaneous sports-doping agents;339
7.4.14;17.14 Conclusions;340
7.5;18 Prenatal drug exposure: Maternal and fetal issues;347
7.5.1;18.1 Introduction;347
7.5.2;18.2 Screening and diagnosis;349
7.5.3;18.3 Alcohol;350
7.5.4;18.4 Tobacco;352
7.5.5;18.5 Marijuana;353
7.5.6;18.6 Opioids;354
7.5.7;18.7 Cocaine;357
7.5.8;18.8 Methamphetamine/amphetamines;358
7.5.9;18.9 Benzodiazepines;359
7.5.10;18.10 Inhalants;360
7.5.11;18.11 Conclusions;360
8;Section IV: New challenges and policy;363
8.1;19 New drugs of abuse in the 21st century;365
8.1.1;19.1 Introduction;365
8.1.2;19.2 Cannabinoids;365
8.1.3;19.3 Stimulants;367
8.1.4;19.4 Dissociative anesthetics;369
8.1.5;19.5 Hallucinogens;370
8.1.6;19.6 Conclusions;371
8.2;20 Estimating the societal burden of substance abuse: Advantages and limitations of current methodologies;373
8.2.1;20.1 Introduction;373
8.2.2;20.2 The cost-of-illness (COI) approach;374
8.2.3;20.3 What components drive the costs of abuse for each substance?;376
8.2.3.1;20.3.1 Cigarette smoking;376
8.2.3.2;20.3.2 Alcohol;378
8.2.3.3;20.3.3 Illegal drugs;379
8.2.4;20.4 Variations and controversies;382
8.2.4.1;20.4.1 Revisiting costs of crime;383
8.2.4.2;20.4.2 Including domestic violence, child abuse, and neglect;384
8.2.4.3;20.4.3 Including intangible costs of dependence and death;385
8.2.4.4;20.4.4 Cost offsets;386
8.2.4.5;20.4.5 Imperfect rationality;387
8.2.5;20.5 Conclusions;387
8.3;21 The pros and cons of legalization;393
8.3.1;21.1 Introduction;393
8.3.1.1;21.1.1 Difficult policy choices;395
8.3.2;21.2 Current policy: Prohibition;396
8.3.3;21.3 The effects of drug legalization;399
8.3.3.1;21.3.1 Product regulation;399
8.3.3.2;21.3.2 Availability to youth;400
8.3.3.3;21.3.3 The monetary and human costs of enforcement;402
8.3.3.4;21.3.4 State-level versus nationwide legalization;403
8.3.4;21.4 Middle paths and alternative approaches;403
8.3.4.1;21.4.1 Decriminalization;404
8.3.4.2;21.4.2 A kinder, gentler prohibition;404
8.3.4.3;21.4.3 Embracing harm reduction;405
8.3.5;21.5 Conclusions;406
8.4;22 Internet resources and treatment facilities;409
8.4.1;22.1 Informational websites;409
8.4.2;22.2 Treatment center websites;410
9;Section V: Acknowledgments;415
9.1;23 About the editors;417
9.2;24 About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University School of Medicine;419
9.2.1;24.1 Mission and service;419
9.2.2;24.2 Research activities;419
9.2.3;24.3 Contact;420
9.3;25 About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel;421
9.3.1;25.1 Mission;421
9.3.2;25.2 Service and academic activities;421
9.3.3;25.3 Research activities;421
9.3.4;25.4 National collaborations;422
9.3.5;25.5 International collaborations;422
9.3.6;25.6 Targets;422
9.4;26 About the book series Health, Medicine and Human Development;425
10;Index;427

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