Haddow / Bullock / Coppola Introduction to Homeland Security

Principles of All-Hazards Risk Management
5. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-802056-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 760 Seiten

Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Risk Management, Fifth Edition, provides users with a substantially updated version of previous versions, clearly delineating the bedrock principles of preparing for, mitigating, managing, and recovering from emergencies and disasters, while also offering a balanced account of all aspects of homeland security. This new edition features coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing, analysis of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework for critical infrastructure protection, and examines the DHS 'Blue Campaign to stop human trafficking. To provide added perspective, this edition features additional 'another voice sections and examines the emergence of social media as a tool for reporting on homeland security issues. - Provides users with a comprehensive understanding of the bedrock principles of preparing for, mitigating, managing, and recovering from emergencies and disasters - Features coverage of the Boston Marathon bombing and analysis of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework for critical infrastructure protection - Examines the emergence of social media as a tool for reporting on homeland security issues

George Haddow currently serves as Senior Fellow at the Disaster Resilience Leadership Academy (DRLA) at Tulane University in New Orleans, LA and previously served as an Adjunct Faculty and Research Scientist, Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, George Washington University in Washington, DC. at Prior to joining academia, Mr. Haddow worked for eight years in the Office of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as the White House Liaison and the deputy Chief of Staff. He is a founding partner of Bullock & Haddow LLC, a disaster management consulting firm.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Haddow, George

Bullock, Jane

Coppola, Damon

Leseproben

1 Homeland Security
The Concept, the Organization
Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, as search-and-rescue teams were still sifting through the debris and wreckage for survivors in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the federal government was analyzing what had just happened and what it could quickly do to begin the process of ensuring such attacks could not be repeated. It was recognized that nothing too substantial could take place without longer-term study and congressional ­review, but the circumstances mandated that real changes begin without delay. This chapter charts the statutory and organizational actions that resulted in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security and progress made since 2001 to create an effective national homeland security system. Keywords 9/11 attacks Homeland Security Enterprise (HSE) Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPD) Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR) Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Sandy Boston Marathon bombings Cyber threats Mission Goals What You Will Learn
• What the history behind the establishment of homeland security was • How events have altered the concept of homeland security • What the homeland security enterprise (HSE) is • How other agencies and entities besides DHS contribute to the homeland security enterprise Introduction
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, as search and rescue teams were still sifting through the debris and wreckage for survivors in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the federal government was analyzing what had just happened and what it could quickly do to begin the process of ensuring such attacks could not be repeated. It was recognized that nothing too substantial could take place without longer-term study and congressional review, but the circumstances mandated that real changes begin without delay. The idea of homeland security was primarily the result of the White House's, the federal government's, and the US Congress' reactions to the September 11 events. However, the movement to establish such broad-sweeping measures was initiated long before those attacks took place. Domestic and international terrorists have been striking Americans, American facilities, and American interests, both within and outside the nation's borders, for decades—though only fleeting interest was garnered in the aftermath of these events. Support for counterterrorism programs and legislation was, therefore, rather weak, and measures that did pass rarely warranted front-page status. Furthermore, the institutional cultures that characterized many of the agencies affected by this emerging threat served as a resilient barrier to the fulfillment of goals. Only the spectacular nature of the September 11 terrorist attacks was sufficient to boost the issue of terrorism to primary standing on all three social agendas: the public, the political, and the media. Out of the tragic events of September 11, an enormous opportunity for improving the social and economic sustainability of our communities from all threats, but primarily terrorism, was envisioned and identified as homeland security. Public safety officials and emergency managers championed the concept of an all-hazards approach, and despite some unique characteristics, they felt terrorism could be incorporated into that approach as well (Figure 1-1). Figure 1-1 New York City, New York, October 13, 2001—New York firefighters at the site of the World Trade Center. Photo by Andrea Booher/FEMA News Photo. However, in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the single issue of preventing a future terrorist attack was foremost in the minds of federal officials and legislators. On September 20, 2001, just 9 days after the attacks, President George W. Bush announced that an Office of Homeland Security would be established within the White House by executive order. Directing this office would be Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. Ridge was given no real staff to manage, and the funding he would have at his disposal was minimal. The actual order, cataloged as Executive Order 13228, was given on October 8, 2001. In addition to creating the Office of Homeland Security, this order created the Homeland Security Council, “to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks.” Four days later, on September 24, 2001, President Bush announced that he would be seeking passage of an act entitled “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism,” which would become better known as the PATRIOT Act of 2001. This act, which introduced a large number of controversial legislative changes in order to significantly increase the surveillance and investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States (as it states) to “…deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world,” was signed into law by the president on October 26 after very little deliberation in Congress. On October 29, 2001, President Bush issued the first of many homeland security presidential directives (HSPDs), which were specifically designed to “record and communicate presidential decisions about the homeland security policies of the United States” (HSPD-1, 2001). The sidebar “Homeland Security Presidential Directives” lists the HSPDs and their stated purposes. The legislation to establish a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was first introduced in the US House of Representatives by Texas Representative Richard K. Armey on June 24, 2002. A similar legislation was introduced into the Senate soon after. After the differences between the two bills were quickly ironed out, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296) was passed by both houses and signed into law by President Bush on November 25, 2002. Select Homeland Security Presidential Directives Homeland Security Presidential Directives are issued by the President on matters pertaining to Homeland Security. • HSPD-1: Organization and Operation of the Homeland Security Council. Ensures coordination of all homeland security-related activities among executive departments and agencies and promotes the effective development and implementation of all homeland security policies. • HSPD-2: Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies. Provides for the creation of a task force which will work aggressively to prevent aliens who engage in or support terrorist activity from entering the United States and to detain, prosecute, or deport any such aliens who are within the United States. • HSPD-3: Homeland Security Advisory System. Establishes a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people. • HSPD-4: National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Applies new technologies, increases emphasis on intelligence collection and analysis, strengthens alliance relationships, and establishes new partnerships with former adversaries to counter this threat in all of its dimensions. • HSPD-5: Management of Domestic Incidents. Enhances the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents by establishing a single, comprehensive national incident management system. • HSPD-6: Integration and Use of Screening Information. Provides for the establishment of the Terrorist Threat Integration Center. • HSPD-7: Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection. Establishes a national policy for federal departments and agencies to identify and prioritize United States critical infrastructure and key resources and to protect them from terrorist attacks. • Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-8: National Preparedness. Aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural disasters. • HSPD-8 Annex 1: National Planning. Rescinded by PPD-8: National Preparedness, except for paragraph 44. Individual plans developed under HSPD-8 and Annex 1 remain in effect until rescinded or otherwise replaced. • HSPD-9: Defense of United States Agriculture and Food. Establishes a national policy to defend the agriculture and food system against terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. • HSPD-10: Biodefense for the Twenty-First Century. Provides a comprehensive framework for our nation's...