Hu Theory and Technology of Laser Imaging Based Target Detection

1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-981-10-3497-8
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 341 Seiten

This book systematically introduces readers to laser imaging target detection principles and techniques. It covers the fundamentals of laser imaging and presents an extensive, up-to-date analysis of how to best use laser imaging to detect targets. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion of laser imaging target detection principles, laser imaging generation, and target detection methods. The book offers an invaluable resource for researchers, especially those who are engaged in the fields including target detection based on a laser imaging system, target detection and identification, remote sensing imaging and image processing. Additionally, it can be used as a reference book for advanced undergraduates and postgraduates of relevant majors.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hu, Yihua

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;8
3;1 Introduction;13
3.1;1.1 Concept of Laser Imaging;13
3.1.1;1.1.1 Origin of Laser Imaging;13
3.1.2;1.1.2 Characteristics of Laser Imaging;15
3.1.3;1.1.3 Types of Laser Imaging;17
3.2;1.2 Concept of Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;19
3.2.1;1.2.1 Laser Detection and Laser Imaging;19
3.2.2;1.2.2 Definition of the Target Detection Technology Based on Laser Imaging;20
3.2.3;1.2.3 Characteristics of Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;21
3.3;1.3 Principle of the Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;23
3.3.1;1.3.1 Range Equation of Laser Detection;24
3.3.2;1.3.2 Target Sampling of Laser Imaging;27
3.3.3;1.3.3 Information Acquisition and Processing of Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;31
3.4;References;34
4;2 The Atmospheric and Target Modulations of the Lasers;36
4.1;2.1 The Concepts of the Atmospheric and Target Modulations of Lasers;36
4.2;2.2 The Atmospheric Modulation of the Lasers;39
4.2.1;2.2.1 The Absorption Characteristics of the Atmosphere for the Lasers;39
4.2.2;2.2.2 The Characteristics of Atmospheric Scattering for the Lasers;42
4.2.3;2.2.3 The Atmospheric Turbulence of Lasers;47
4.3;2.3 Target Modulation of Lasers;53
4.3.1;2.3.1 The Characteristics and Analytical Method of the Target Modulation of Lasers;53
4.3.2;2.3.2 The Modulation Characteristics of the Laser Echoes Energy;55
4.3.3;2.3.3 The Modulation Characteristics of the Waveform of the Laser Echoes;64
4.4;2.4 Typical Target and Atmospheric Modulations;67
4.4.1;2.4.1 Typical Target Modulation;67
4.4.2;2.4.2 Typical Atmospheric Modulation;72
4.5;References;74
5;3 The Target Detection System Based on Laser Imaging;75
5.1;3.1 Components of the System;75
5.1.1;3.1.1 Laser Transmitting System;76
5.1.2;3.1.2 Optical Receiving and Detection System;77
5.1.3;3.1.3 System for Delay Measurement and Echo Acquisition;77
5.1.4;3.1.4 Positioning and Orientation System;78
5.1.5;3.1.5 Data Processing and Image Generation System;79
5.1.6;3.1.6 Target Detection and Location System;79
5.1.7;3.1.7 Target Classification and Identification System;79
5.1.8;3.1.8 Units for Controlling, Monitoring and Recording;80
5.1.9;3.1.9 Photoelectric Transceiving and Calibration System;80
5.2;3.2 Laser Transmitting System;80
5.2.1;3.2.1 Lasers and Laser Trigger Circuits;81
5.2.2;3.2.2 Laser Collimators and Optical Transmitting Systems;83
5.3;3.3 Optical Receiving and Detection System;85
5.3.1;3.3.1 Optical Receiving Systems;86
5.3.2;3.3.2 Main Technical Parameters;89
5.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Receiving View Angle;90
5.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Types of Detectors;91
5.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 SNR;91
5.3.3;3.3.3 Background Light Suppression;93
5.4;3.4 Photoelectric Transceiving and Calibration System;97
5.4.1;3.4.1 Calibration for Array Transmitting and Receiving Light Path;97
5.4.1.1;3.4.1.1 Optical Path Calibration;98
5.4.1.2;3.4.1.2 Registration Test of the Transmitting and Receiving Axes;99
5.4.2;3.4.2 Calibration for Ranging Precision;99
5.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Echo Intensity Detection for Laser Echo Pulses;100
5.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Ranging Error Correction Method Based on Echo Intensity;101
5.4.3;3.4.3 Calibration of Channel Consistency;104
5.5;3.5 POS System;108
5.5.1;3.5.1 Dynamic Differential GPS Positioning System;108
5.5.2;3.5.2 INS-Based Orientation Determination System;110
5.6;3.6 Typical Target Detection Systems Based on Laser Imaging;111
5.6.1;3.6.1 Compositions and Functions of the System;111
5.6.2;3.6.2 Main Performance Parameters;113
5.7;References;113
6;4 Acquisition of Detection Information;115
6.1;4.1 The Target Sampling and Beam Scanning;115
6.1.1;4.1.1 Characteristics of Laser Spot in Emission Sampling;116
6.1.2;4.1.2 The Detection Results Based on Dynamic Beam Scanning;117
6.1.3;4.1.3 Adaptively Variable-Speed Scanning for Target Sampling with Variable Resolutions;121
6.2;4.2 The Information Acquisition for the Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;127
6.2.1;4.2.1 The Formation of Transmitting Laser Beam in Array Detections;128
6.2.2;4.2.2 Array Reception and Detection of Laser Echo;135
6.2.3;4.2.3 Amplifying and Processing Laser Echo Signals;141
6.2.4;4.2.4 Waveform Digitization of Laser Echoes;147
6.3;4.3 Data Collection for the Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;150
6.3.1;4.3.1 Discrimination of the Arrival Time of Echo Pulses;151
6.3.2;4.3.2 The High-Resolution Measurement of Time Delay of Multi-channel Echoes;156
6.3.3;4.3.3 The High-Resolution Measurement of the Gray of Multi-Channel Echoes;166
6.4;References;168
7;5 Detection Data Processing and Image Generation;170
7.1;5.1 Processing of Detection Data;170
7.1.1;5.1.1 File Processing;171
7.1.2;5.1.2 Data Processing;173
7.2;5.2 Generation of Range Images and Gray Images of Targets;179
7.2.1;5.2.1 Methods for Generating Images;179
7.2.2;5.2.2 Process of Image Generation;181
7.3;5.3 Generation of Waveform Images of Targets;185
7.3.1;5.3.1 Expression of the Waveform of Laser Echoes;185
7.3.2;5.3.2 The Data Extraction of Target Waveforms Based on LSM;187
7.3.3;5.3.3 Extraction of Waveform Data Based on EM Algorithm;190
7.4;5.4 Generation of Hierarchy Images of Targets;192
7.4.1;5.4.1 Principle of Level Imaging of Targets;193
7.4.2;5.4.2 Processing Multiple Echoes;194
7.4.3;5.4.3 Generation of Hierarchy Images of Targets;199
7.5;References;199
8;6 Feature Extraction and Processing of Detection Images;200
8.1;6.1 Feature Analysis of Laser Images;200
8.1.1;6.1.1 Width Features of Target Echoes;200
8.1.2;6.1.2 Energy Features of Echoes;201
8.1.3;6.1.3 Distribution Characteristics of Waveforms;202
8.1.4;6.1.4 Statistical Characteristics of Waveform Images;206
8.2;6.2 Feature Extraction of Laser Images;208
8.2.1;6.2.1 Extraction of Energy Characteristics Based on Multi-scale Wavelet Transform;209
8.2.2;6.2.2 The Extraction of Waveform Characteristics Through Wavelet Transform Based on WTMMs;219
8.3;6.3 Evaluating the Separability of Characteristics;225
8.3.1;6.3.1 The Measurement of Class Separability;225
8.3.2;6.3.2 Evaluation of Wavelet Characteristics;226
8.4;References;228
9;7 The Extraction of the Features of Targets Detected Using a Laser Imaging System;230
9.1;7.1 The Principle of the Extraction of Target Features;230
9.1.1;7.1.1 Extracting Structure Features of Targets Based on the Time Delay and Level of Echoes;231
9.1.2;7.1.2 Extracting Features of Physical Properties of Targets Based on the Echo Energy;233
9.1.3;7.1.3 The Extraction of Comprehensive Features of Targets Based on Echo Waveforms;235
9.2;7.2 The Feature Extraction of Ground Targets Based on Echo Waveforms;236
9.2.1;7.2.1 The Model of Laser Echoes Reflected from Ground Targets;238
9.2.2;7.2.2 Parameter Analysis of Ground Targets;240
9.3;7.3 Feature Extraction of Aerial Targets Based on Echo Waveforms;242
9.3.1;7.3.1 Expression of Laser Echoes of Aerial Targets;243
9.3.2;7.3.2 The Model of Extracting the Range Features of Aerial Targets;244
9.3.3;7.3.3 The Model of Extracting the Displacement Features of Aerial Targets;249
9.3.4;7.3.4 The Model of Extracting the Attitude Features of Aerial Targets;253
9.4;7.4 The Extraction of Target Features Based on the Reference Echo Pulses;260
9.4.1;7.4.1 Constructing Principle of the Reference Echo Pulse;261
9.4.2;7.4.2 Steps for Constructing the Reference Echo Pulses;262
9.4.3;7.4.3 Features of Reference Echo Pulses;263
9.5;References;265
10;8 Target Detection and Location Using a Laser Imaging System;266
10.1;8.1 Target Detection Based on Range Images;266
10.1.1;8.1.1 Analyzing Characteristics of Range Images;266
10.1.2;8.1.2 Range Separation and Layering of Images;268
10.1.3;8.1.3 Target Fitting and Detection;271
10.2;8.2 Covered Targets Detection Based on Waveform Images;273
10.2.1;8.2.1 Principles of Target Detection;274
10.2.2;8.2.2 Laser Echo Model for Hidden Targets;275
10.2.3;8.2.3 The Detecting Algorithm for Hidden Targets;277
10.2.4;8.2.4 Analyzing the Features of Hidden Targets;281
10.2.4.1;8.2.4.1 The Determination of Imaging Range of Hidden Targets;281
10.2.4.2;8.2.4.2 Evaluation of the Features of Hidden Targets;284
10.2.5;8.2.5 Experiments and Analysis;287
10.3;8.3 Target Location Based on a Laser Imaging System;298
10.3.1;8.3.1 The Principle of Target Location;298
10.3.2;8.3.2 The Positioning Error;300
10.3.2.1;8.3.2.1 Radial Error;300
10.3.2.2;8.3.2.2 Comprehensive Error;302
10.4;References;303
11;9 The Target Classification and Identification for the Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;305
11.1;9.1 Feature Transformation of Detection Images;305
11.2;9.2 Target Classification and Identification Based on the Radial Basis Function Neural Network;308
11.2.1;9.2.1 The RBFNN-Based Sorting Algorithm;308
11.2.2;9.2.2 Classification and Identification Methods;309
11.2.3;9.2.3 Experiments and Analysis;311
11.3;9.3 Target Classification and Identification Based on the Support Vector Machine;316
11.3.1;9.3.1 The Principle of the Classification Based on the SVM;316
11.3.2;9.3.2 The Design of Classifiers;319
11.3.3;9.3.3 Experiments and Analysis;321
11.4;References;326
12;10 Analysis of the Errors of the Target Detection Based on a Laser Imaging System;327
12.1;10.1 Classification of Error Sources;327
12.2;10.2 Data Acquisition Errors;329
12.3;10.3 System Errors;336
12.4;10.4 System Integration Errors;339