Itabashi MD / Andrews MD / MD Forensic Neuropathology

A Practical Review of the Fundamentals
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-054984-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 496 Seiten

Forensic Neuropathology provides superior visual examples of the more commonly encountered conditions in forensic neuropathology and answers questions that arise regarding neuropathological findings. The work includes values for frequently-encountered clinical assessments, and contains a more comprehensive summary of aging/dating of various neuropathological processes than is available in any other single current source. General pathology residents, forensic pathology and neuropathology fellows, and general pathologists and clinicians involved in referred cases will find this book extremely useful, as will individuals in allied fields such as law enforcement officers and attorneys.
Forensic Neuropathology aims to: (1) provide a concise summary of practical information frequently needed in forensic neuropathology cases; (2) include selected material previously known but perhaps not significantly emphasized in current literature; and (3) where possible, to suggest aging/dating parameters for certain neuropathological findings relevant to forensic neuropathology testimony. As a selective reference, the volume emphasizes practical issues and focuses on the most commonly encountered issues among neuropathology and medical examiner professionals.
* Over 800 high-quality full-color photographs, gross and microscopic as well as illustrative line drawings
* Use of actual cases, briefly summarized and illustrated to emphasize key principles
* Focuses on the most-commonly encountered cases as relate to forensic incident and covers these aspects in depth and detail

Autoren/Hrsg.

Itabashi MD, Hideo H.

Andrews MD, John M.

MD,

Tomiyasu MD, Uwamie

Erlich MD, Stephanie S.

Sathyavagiswaran MD, Frcp(C)

Tomiyasu, Uwamie

Lakshmanan,

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Forensic Neuropathology;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Table of contents;8
5;Preface;10
6;Foreword;12
7;Acknowledgments;14
8;Chapter 1: The Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy, I: Selected Gross and Microscopic Examination Considerations;16
8.1;Introduction;16
8.2;Decomposed Cases;16
8.3;The Routine Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy;16
8.4;Legal Issues, Including Potential Errors in the Performance of the Forensic Neuropathology Consultation;22
8.5;Topographic Approach to Neuropathology;23
8.6;Sudden Unexpected Death in Infants and Children Due to Natural Causes, and the Suspected Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Case;23
8.7;Time Since Death;24
8.8;Craniocerebral Relationships;25
8.9;Meninges;25
8.10;Brainstem;27
8.11;Spinal Cord;28
8.12;Neck Dissection;30
8.13;Discoloration of Skull, Meninges, and Brain;30
8.14;Selected Artifacts;32
8.15;Effect of Formalin Fixation on CNS Tissue;37
8.16;Pineal Gland;37
8.17;References;38
9;Chapter 2: The Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy, II: Developmental Considerations;42
9.1;Introduction;42
9.2;Large and Small Heads; Large and Small Brains;42
9.3;Hydrocephalus;43
9.4;Fontanel Size;44
9.5;Central Nervous System Development: Selected Aspects;44
9.6;References;60
10;Chapter 3: Dating/Aging of Common Lesions in Neuropathology;64
10.1;Introduction;64
10.2;Scalp Injuries;67
10.3;Skull Fracture;69
10.4;Mineralization in Central Nervous System Lesions;73
10.5;Heterotopic Ossification Following Central Nervous System Injury;75
10.6;Epidural Hematoma;77
10.7;Subdural Hematoma;78
10.8;Subarachnoid Hemorrhage;82
10.9;Observations on Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination;85
10.10;Brain Contusions;87
10.11;Axonal Spheroids, Diffuse Axonal Injury, and b-APP;89
10.12;Traumatic Axonal Injury;92
10.13;Puncture Wounds in the Brain;94
10.14;Intracerebral Hemorrhage;96
10.15;Spinal Cord Traumatic Lesions;97
10.16;Schwannosis;99
10.17;Spinal Shock;99
10.18;Spinal Concussion;102
10.19;Adult Cerebral Infarction;103
10.20;Generalized Brain Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury;106
10.21;Spinal Cord Infarction;107
10.22;Brain Death and Respirator Brain;107
10.23;Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology in Stroke;113
10.24;Malignant Cerebral Edema;114
10.25;Wallerian Degeneration;115
10.26;Peripheral Nerve Regeneration;118
10.27;Transneuronal Degeneration;119
10.28;Astrocyte Terminology;122
10.29;Blood Cells in Central Nervous System Lesions;123
10.30;Do Reactive Cell Changes of Immature Versus Mature Brain Differ?;124
10.31;Denervation of Muscle;127
10.32;Muscle Reinnervation;129
10.33;References;129
11;Chapter 4: Neuropathology of Pregnancy and Delivery: Mother and Child;138
11.1;Introduction;138
11.2;The Pregnant Woman;139
11.3;Stillborn Infants;144
11.4;Labor and Delivery;145
11.5;The Newborn Infant;150
11.6;References;161
12;Chapter 5: Malformations and Other Congenital Central Nervous System Lesions;166
12.1;References;180
13;Chapter 6: Blunt Force Head Injury;182
13.1;Introduction;182
13.2;Scalp Abrasion, Contusion, and Laceration;182
13.3;Subcutaneous Scalp and Subgaleal Hemorrhages;183
13.4;Skull Fractures;183
13.5;Epidural Hematoma;184
13.6;Subdural Hematomas;185
13.7;Subarachnoid Hemorrhage;189
13.8;Brain Contusions, Lacerations, and Hematomas;192
13.9;Diffuse Axonal Injury;198
13.10;Brainstem Avulsion;205
13.11;Ventricular Hemorrhage;206
13.12;Traumatic Cranial Neuropathies;206
13.13;Locked-in Syndrome;207
13.14;Boxing and Other Sports;207
13.15;Consequences of Head Injury;210
13.16;References;212
14;Chapter 7: The Suspected Child Abuse Case;214
14.1;Introduction;214
14.2;Preliminary Comments;214
14.3;Information Sources;218
14.4;Tadd Syndrome;219
14.5;Tin Ear Syndrome;219
14.6;How Unique Is the Mechanism of Head Injury in Your Case?;219
14.7;Terson’s Syndrome;219
14.8;Shaken Adult Syndrome;220
14.9;Crush Injuries to the Head;220
14.10;Subdural Hemorrhage in Childhood;220
14.11;Folk Remedies and Customs;220
14.12;Spinal Injury in Child Abuse;221
14.13;Retinal Hemorrhage;221
14.14;References;223
15;Chapter 8: Injuries Due to Firearms and Other Missile-Launching Devices;226
15.1;Introduction;226
15.2;Information Resources;226
15.3;Wound Ballistic Issues;227
15.4;Head Wounds;228
15.5;Skull Wounds;228
15.6;Tangential Skull Wounds;230
15.7;Entrance and Exit Wounds of the Skull;230
15.8;Internal Ricochet;231
15.9;Brain Wound Characteristics;231
15.10;Backspatter;235
15.11;“Disappearing” Bullets;235
15.12;Intermediate Targets;237
15.13;Bullet Migration in Bodies;238
15.14;Suicidal versus Homicidal Gunshot Wounds to the Head;241
15.15;Tandem Bullets;242
15.16;Prognostic Factors in Craniocerebral Gunshot Wounds;242
15.17;Centerfire Rifle Wounds;243
15.18;Shotgun Wounds;243
15.19;Potential Complications of Craniospinal Gunshot Wounds;244
15.20;Complications of Retained Bullets and Other Missiles Related to Bullet Composition;245
15.21;Injury to Death Interval;246
15.22;Speed of Incapacitation Issues in Gunshot Wounds;247
15.23;Reaction/Response Time Issues;252
15.24;Unusual Missile-Launching Devices and Ammunition;254
15.25;Firearm Wound Imitators;258
15.26;Bullet/Shrapnel Trace Evidence;258
15.27;Radiology of Gunshot Wounds;259
15.28;Gunshot Wound Autopsy Protocols;261
15.29;References;263
16;Chapter 9: Sudden Unexpected Death;270
16.1;Introduction;270
16.2;Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage;271
16.3;Epilepsy;277
16.4;Cysticercosis;280
16.5;Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage;283
16.6;Vascular Malformation;286
16.7;Meningitis;289
16.8;Hydrocephalus;290
16.9;Tumors;292
16.10;Multiple Sclerosis;296
16.11;Reye’s Syndrome;296
16.12;Reflexes and Sudden Unexpected Death;296
16.13;References;299
17;Chapter 10: Responses of the Central Nervous System to Acute Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury and Related Conditions;304
17.1;Introduction;304
17.2;Clinical Features;304
17.3;Selective Vulnerability of the Central Nervous System to Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury: Cellular Aspects;306
17.4;Unusual Patterns of Central Nervous System Injury in Which a Component of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury Appears to Be a Major Contributory Factor;308
17.5;Heat Stroke;310
17.6;Epilepsy;312
17.7;Asphyxia;312
17.8;Hypoglycemia;312
17.9;Red Neurons, Dark Neurons, and the Category of “I’m Not Sure How to Interpret These Neurons”;313
17.10;References;319
18;Chapter 11: Vascular Diseases of the Central Nervous System;322
18.1;Introduction;322
18.2;Cerebral Thrombosis;322
18.3;Cerebral Embolism;326
18.4;Cerebral Hemorrhage;326
18.5;Secondary Changes of Cerebral Infarction;331
18.6;Dural Sinus Thrombosis;332
18.7;Cerebral Vascular Malformations;332
18.8;Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms;338
18.9;Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy;342
18.10;Drug Abuse-Related Cardiovascular Disease;346
18.11;States of Altered Consciousness and Their Anatomic Substrates;346
18.12;References;348
19;Chapter 12: Infections of the Central Nervous System;350
19.1;Introduction;350
19.2;Perinatal Infections;350
19.3;Bacterial Infections: Spread from Pericranial Primary Foci;351
19.4;Epidural Abscess;351
19.5;Subdural Empyema;351
19.6;Meningitis;352
19.7;Brain Abscess;354
19.8;Rickettsial Infections;354
19.9;Chronic Bacterial Infections;356
19.10;Fungal Infections;357
19.11;Viral Infections;360
19.12;Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Prion Diseases);366
19.13;Parasitic Infections;368
19.14;Biologic Terrorism;370
19.15;References;370
20;Chapter 13: Brain Tumors;374
20.1;Introduction;374
20.2;Astrocytic Tumors;374
20.3;Oligodendroglioma;385
20.4;Ependymoma;385
20.5;Medulloblastoma;389
20.6;Ganglioglioma;390
20.7;Mixed Gliomas;392
20.8;Meningioma;392
20.9;Schwannomas;397
20.10;Tumors of Maldevelopment;398
20.11;Chordoma;401
20.12;Arachnoid Cyst;402
20.13;Lipoma;403
20.14;Pituitary Tumors;403
20.15;Metastatic Neoplasms;405
20.16;Primary Malignant Lymphomas;406
20.17;Extramural Metastasis;408
20.18;Causes of Brain Tumor;408
20.19;References;408
21;Chapter 14: Neurodegenerative Disorders;410
21.1;Introduction;410
21.2;Alzheimer’s Disease;410
21.3;Pick’s Disease;415
21.4;Diffuse Lewy Body Disease;417
21.5;Parkinson’s Disease;417
21.6;Huntington’s Disease;419
21.7;Progressive Supranuclear Palsy;420
21.8;Multiple System Atrophy;420
21.9;Friedreich’s Ataxia;423
21.10;Motor Neuron Disease;424
21.11;References;425
22;Chapter 15: Demyelinating Disorders;428
22.1;Multiple Sclerosis;428
22.2;Leukodystrophy;433
22.3;References;436
23;Chapter 16: Periprocedural Complications;438
23.1;Introduction;438
23.2;Definitions;438
23.3;Categorization of the Problem;439
23.4;Mechanisms of Injury;439
23.5;Foreign Materials;448
23.6;Surgical Instruments, Hardware, and Ablative Procedures;448
23.7;Mechanical Forces;451
23.8;Challenges for the Forensic Pathologist;453
23.9;Determination of Mode;453
23.10;Final Comment;454
23.11;References;454
24;Chapter 17: Miscellaneous Topics;458
24.1;Introduction;458
24.2;Forensic Neuroradiology;458
24.3;Neuropathologic Consequences of Contemporary Judicial Executions;459
24.4;Sharp Force Injury;460
24.5;Forensic Anthropology;463
24.6;Toxicology;466
24.7;Neuropathologic Complications of Systemic Diseases;467
24.8;References;475
25;Appendix A: Case Sources for Neuropathology Consultation;480
26;Appendix B: The Glasgow Coma Scale;481
26.1;References;481
27;Appendix C: The Apgar Score;482
27.1;References;482
28;Appendix D: Intracranial Pressure Monitoring;483
28.1;References;483
29;Appendix E: Legal Testimony;484
29.1;Suggested Additional Readings;484
30;Index;486