Jäger / Kümmel Private Military and Security Companies

Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-531-90313-2
Verlag: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 494 Seiten, eBook

Private Sicherheits- und Militärunternehmen erleben seit den 1990er Jahren einen außerordentlichen Boom und sind derzeit eines der spannendsten Phänomene in den internationalen Beziehungen. Die Palette der von ihnen angebotenen Dienstleistungen ist groß. Sie reichen von logistischer Unterstützung über Aufklärung bis hin zu Kampfeinsätzen. Zu ihren Kunden zählen Regierungen, Wirtschaftsunternehmen, internationale Organisationen, NGOs, humanitäre Organisationen sowie Privatpersonen. Gegenwärtig lässt sich an den Auseinandersetzungen im Irak sowohl die Aktualität wie auch die Brisanz ihres Einsatzes illustrieren, gibt es doch Anzeichen dafür, dass Beschäftigte solcher Unternehmen u.a. in die Folterung von Gefangenen verwickelt sind. Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes aus der Feder nationaler wie internationaler Expertinnen und Experten beschreiben und analysieren verschiedene Typen von privaten Sicherheits- und Militärunternehmens, ihre Dienstleistungen und die Umstände, die ihren Boom befördert haben. Sie diskutieren die Vor- wie auch die Nachteile ihres Einsatzes und beschreiben Instrumente, die die Tätigkeit dieser Unternehmen stärker reglementieren und kontrollieren könnten.

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jäger teaches Political Science, especially International Relations and Foreign Policy, at the University of Cologne (Germany).

Dr. Gerhard Kümmel is Senior Researcher at the Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences (SOWI) in Strausberg/Berlin (Germany), Vice-President of the Research Committee 01: Armed Forces & Conflict Resolution within the International Sociological Association, Associate Editor of 'Armed Forces & Society' and teaches Military Sociology at the University of Potsdam (Germany).

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jäger, Thomas

Kümmel, Gerhard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Table of Contents;5
2;Preface of the Editors;9
3;I History and Development;10
3.1;Overseas Trade in Early Modernity and the Emergence of Embryonic Private Military Companies;10
3.1.1;1 Introduction;10
3.1.2;2 Long- Distance Trade in Early Modernity;11
3.1.3;3 Monopoly Rights and the Private Use of Force;14
3.1.4;4 The Trading Companies as Early Multinationals and Their Forces as Embryonic PMCs;16
3.1.5;5 Conclusion;21
3.2;Does History Repeat Itself? A Comparative Analysis of Private Military Entities;22
3.2.1;1 Introduction;22
3.2.2;2 Historical Context;23
3.2.3;3 The English East India Company;24
3.2.4;4 Dutch East India Company;25
3.2.5;5 The Mozambique Company;27
3.2.6;6 Current Context;28
3.2.7;7 DynCorp;29
3.2.8;8 L-3 Communications/ MPRI/ Titan;30
3.2.9;9 ArmorGroup;31
3.2.10;10 Assumption: Differences and Continuities;32
3.3;The Privatization of Military Affairs: A Historical Look into the Evolution of the Private Military Industry;35
3.3.1;1 Introduction;35
3.3.2;2 The Rise of the State and Military Organization -A Review of Theoretical Concepts;35
3.3.3;3 What is a Private Military Firm?;39
3.3.4;4 The Post- Cold War Rise of PMFs and Their Expanding Role;41
3.3.5;5 Post- 9/11, the Revolution in Military Affairs, and the Promise of PMFs;44
3.3.6;6 Can PMFs Benefit the United States?;46
3.3.7;7 Conclusion;50
3.4;The Private Military Company: An Entity at the Center of Overlapping Spheres of Commercial Activity and Responsibility;52
3.4.1;1 Introduction;52
3.4.2;2 The PMC Service Spectrum;53
3.4.3;3 Defining the Private Military Company;57
3.4.4;4 The PMC and the Security Sector;59
3.4.5;5 The PMC and the Outsourcing Business;61
3.4.6;6 Conclusion;65
3.5;Soldiers of Misfortune: Is the Demise of National Armed Forces a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of Private Security Companies?;66
3.5.1;1 Introduction;66
3.5.2;2 Receding State Power;66
3.5.3;3 The Changing Status and Role of the Military;69
3.5.4;4 Civilianization;73
3.5.5;5 The Rules of Engagement Trap;78
3.5.6;6 Operational Realities;80
3.5.7;7 Discussion and Conclusion;82
3.6;Private Security Companies: Agents of Democracy or Simply Mercenaries?;83
3.6.1;1 Introduction;83
3.6.2;2 How the Civil War in Yemen Sowed the Seed for Watchguard International, the First Modern PSC;84
3.6.3;3 The Period of Transition Begins: PSCs Emerge as Actors in International Security;87
3.6.4;4 A Resurgence in Mercenary Activity or Supporting Democratic Change after the Cold War?;90
3.6.5;5 Renewed Interest in PSCs after the Sandline Affair;94
3.6.6;6 PSCs as Actors in Strategic Complexes;96
3.6.7;7 Conclusion;99
4;II Case Studies;101
4.1;Searching for Resources, Offering Security ... Private Military Companies in Sierra Leone;101
4.1.1;1 Introduction;101
4.1.2;2 The Conflict;102
4.1.3;3 Gurkha Security Guards;103
4.1.4;4 Executive Outcomes;104
4.1.5;5 Struggle for Power;105
4.1.6;6 Sandline International;107
4.1.7;7 The Sandline Affair;108
4.1.8;8 The Return of President Kabbah;109
4.1.9;9 The Conglomerate of PMCs and Mining Companies;110
4.1.10;10 Conclusion: Security for Resources?;114
4.2;Contracting in the Fog of War ... Private Security Providers in Iraq: A Principal- Agent Analysis;117
4.2.1;1 Introduction;117
4.2.2;2 Theoretical Framework;117
4.2.3;3 Iraq;120
4.2.4;4 Application of the Theory;125
4.2.5;5 Conclusion;130
4.3;Privatization of Maritime Security in Southeast Asia;131
4.3.1;1 Introduction;131
4.3.2;2 Risks and Threats: The Maritime Environment;131
4.3.3;3 Companies and Services;135
4.3.4;4 Why Private Security?;138
4.3.5;5 Impact;139
4.3.6;6 Problems and Controversies;141
4.3.7;7 Conclusion;143
4.4;No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military's Reluctance to Outsource;145
4.4.1;1 Introduction;145
4.4.2;2 Private Military Forces in Dutch History;146
4.4.3;3 Present Day Outsourcing Policy in the Netherlands;149
4.4.4;4 Criteria to Employ Private Military Companies;153
4.4.5;5 The Present Political Willingness to Outsource;155
4.4.6;6 Possible Employments of Private Military Companies;156
4.4.7;7 Conclusion: Reluctance to Outsource;159
4.5;Privatization in the German Armed Forces;161
4.5.1;1 Introduction;161
4.5.2;2 New Public Management and Privatization in the Public Sector;163
4.5.3;3 The Legal Framework of Privatization in the Bundeswehr;165
4.5.4;4 Public- Private Partnership in the Bundeswehr;166
4.5.5;5 Conditions for Privatization Success;168
4.5.6;6 Summary;171
4.6;The Private Security Industry in Kenya: Issues and Challenges;173
4.6.1;1 Introduction;173
4.6.2;2 Socio- Economic and Political Context;173
4.6.3;3 Problems of State Security;177
4.6.4;4 The Emergence of PSCs in Kenya;180
4.6.5;5 Methodology;182
4.6.6;6 An Overview of the Private Security Sector in Kenya;183
4.6.7;7 Categories;185
4.6.8;8 Issues and Challenges in Private Security in Kenya;186
4.6.9;9 Emerging Issues;190
4.6.10;10 Conclusion;195
4.7;Private Security Guards as a Socio- Professional Group in Bulgaria;198
4.7.1;1 Introduction;198
4.7.2;2 Background;198
4.7.3;3 The Legal Framework for Private Security Sector Activities;200
4.7.4;4 The Emergence of a New Socio- Professional Group;204
4.7.5;5 Conclusions;207
4.8;The Civilianization of the US Military: Army and Navy Case Studies of the Effects of Civilian Integration on Military Personnel;208
4.8.1;1 Introduction;208
4.8.2;2 Civilianization of the Military;209
4.8.3;3 Model Variables;214
4.8.4;4 Path Analyses;222
4.8.5;5 Implications;231
5;III Problems and Prospects;235
5.1;Human Rights and Private Military Companies: A Double- Edged Sword too Dangerous to Use?;235
5.1.1;1 Introduction;235
5.1.2;2 Human Rights;236
5.1.3;3 The Private Military Business;238
5.1.4;4 Advantages of Hiring Private Military Companies, Options of Use and the Impact on Human Rights;239
5.1.5;5 Problems of Private Military Companies' Involvement;241
5.1.6;6 Possible Remedies;247
5.1.7;7 Conclusion;251
5.2;Liaisons Dangereuses: The Cooperation between Private Security Companies and Humanitarian Aid Agencies;253
5.2.1;1 Introduction;253
5.2.2;2 Background;253
5.2.3;3 Approaches to Humanitarian Security Management: The Security Triangle;256
5.2.4;4 Typology of Security Services to Relief Actors;258
5.2.5;5 Dangers of Humanitarian Cooperation with Private Security Companies;260
5.2.6;6 Conclusion;265
5.3;Private Security Companies and Civil- Military Cooperation;267
5.3.1;1 Introduction;267
5.3.2;2 Heuristics;267
5.3.3;3 Literature and State of Research;269
5.3.4;4 Private Security Companies in Situations of Military Occupation;270
5.3.5;5 Specification on PSCs;271
5.3.6;6 Range of Services Provided by PSCs on the International Level;274
5.3.7;7 The Debate on the International Engagement of PSCs8;275
5.3.8;8 Regulation of PSCs in Foreign Countries;278
5.3.9;9 The CIMIC Concept;280
5.3.10;10 The Role ofPSCs in CIMIC;282
5.3.11;11 Summary;284
5.4;Effective Peacekeeping and the Privatization of Security;286
5.4.1;1 Introduction;286
5.4.2;2 Peace and War: Who Gets What When and Where?;287
5.4.3;3 From Interstate Conflict to Intrastate Intervention;289
5.4.4;4 Olympic Peacekeeping: Participating is More Important than Winning;291
5.4.5;5 The Costs of Peacekeeping in a Competitive System of Sovereign Nation- States;293
5.4.6;6 Legitimate or Effective Peacekeeping?;295
5.4.7;7 Effective Peacekeeping and the Privatization of Security;297
5.5;Norms versus Rationality: Why Democracies Use Private Military Companies in Civil Wars;300
5.5.1;1 Introduction;300
5.5.2;2 The Argument;300
5.5.3;3 PMCs as Foreign Policy Proxies;302
5.5.4;4 PMCs in Bosnia and Sierra Leone;303
5.5.5;5 Conclusion;312
5.6;Back to the Future: Private Military Contractors and Political Theory in the Modern Democratic State;314
5.6.1;1 Introduction;314
5.6.2;2 The Argument;314
5.6.3;3 Conclusion;320
6;IV Legal Issues and Patterns of Regulation;323
6.1;Private Military Companies: The New Mercenaries? -An International Law Analysis;323
6.1.1;1 Introduction;323
6.1.2;2 Definitions of Mercenarism;323
6.1.3;3 Applying the Definitions;326
6.1.4;4 Results;333
6.1.5;5 Solutions and Outlook;334
6.2;Private Security and Military Companies under the International Law of Armed Conflict;336
6.2.1;1 Introduction;336
6.2.2;2 Contractors in International Armed Conflict;337
6.2.3;3 Contractors in Non- International Armed Conflict;348
6.2.4;4 Conclusion;350
6.3;The Notion of ' Direct Participation in Hostilities' and Its Implications on the Use of Private Contractors under International Humanitarian Law;352
6.3.1;1 Introduction;352
6.3.2;2 Prerequisite Determinations;354
6.3.3;3 The Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities;359
6.3.4;4 Punishment;364
6.3.5;5 Conclusion;366
6.4;Who is Responsible? The Use of PMCs in Armed Conflict and International Law;368
6.4.1;1 Introduction;368
6.4.2;2 Individual Criminal Responsibility;369
6.4.3;3 The Responsibility of the PMC as a Company;376
6.4.4;4 State Responsibility;378
6.4.5;5 Conclusion;383
6.5;Private Military Companies and Domestic Law in South Africa;385
6.5.1;1 Introduction;385
6.5.2;2 PMCs Involvement in African Affairs;386
6.5.3;3 International Norms on Mercenarism;388
6.5.4;4 South African Mercenaries under South African Law;389
6.5.5;5 The Executive Outcomes Group;392
6.5.6;6 Conclusion;395
6.6;National Regulatory Regimes for PSMCs and their Activities: Benefits and Shortcomings;396
6.6.1;1 Introduction;396
6.6.2;2 South Africa;399
6.6.3;3 The United States;401
6.6.4;4 General Shortcomings of National Legislation;404
6.6.5;5 Proposals to Improve National Licensing Systems...;406
6.6.6;6 ... and to Establish Additional Regulatory Mechanisms on Other Levels;406
6.7;Selling Security: Trade- Offs in State Regulation of the Private Security Industry;408
6.7.1;1 Introduction;408
6.7.2;2 Disaggregating the Control of Force;409
6.7.3;3 State Regulation in the Transnational Market for Force;410
6.7.4;4 Transnational Markets and Political Trade- Offs;430
6.8;Informal Regulation: An Economic Perspective on the Private Security Industry;432
6.8.1;1 Introduction;432
6.8.2;2 Economic Theory and the Literature on Private Security;433
6.8.3;3 Conceptual Problems in the Use of Private Security providers;434
6.8.4;4 Evidence for Abuse;436
6.8.5;5 Regulation;437
6.8.6;6 Informal Regulation I: Market Pressures;438
6.8.7;7 Informal Regulation II: Motivation and Culture;441
6.8.8;8 Culture and its Normative Influence;442
6.8.9;9 Conclusion;443
7;V Conclusion;445
7.1;PSMCs: Lessons Learned and Where to Go from here;445
7.2;Literature;451
7.3;About the Authors;488

History and Development.- Overseas Trade in Early Modernity and the Emergence of Embryonic Private Military Companies.- Does History Repeat Itself? A Comparative Analysis of Private Military Entities.- The Privatization of Military Affairs: A Historical Look into the Evolution of the Private Military Industry.- The Private Military Company: An Entity at the Center of Overlapping Spheres of Commercial Activity and Responsibility.- Soldiers of Misfortune: Is the Demise of National Armed Forces a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of Private Security Companies?.- Private Security Companies: Agents of Democracy or Simply Mercenaries?.- Case Studies.- Searching for Resources, Offering Security ... Private Military Companies in Sierra Leone.- Contracting in the Fog of War ... Private Security Providers in Iraq: A Principal-Agent Analysis.- Privatization of Maritime Security in Southeast Asia.- No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military’s Reluctance to Outsource.- Privatization in the German Armed Forces.- The Private Security Industry in Kenya: Issues and Challenges.- Private Security Guards as a Socio-Professional Group in Bulgaria.- The Civilianization of the US Military: Army and Navy Case Studies of the Effects of Civilian Integration on Military Personnel.- Problems and Prospects.- Human Rights and Private Military Companies: A Double-Edged Sword too Dangerous to Use?.- Liaisons Dangereuses: The Cooperation between Private Security Companies and Humanitarian Aid Agencies.- Private Security Companies and Civil-Military Cooperation.- Effective Peacekeeping and the Privatization of Security.- Norms versus Rationality: Why Democracies Use Private Military Companies in Civil Wars.- Back to the Future: Private Military Contractors and Political Theory in theModern Democratic State.- Legal Issues and Patterns of Regulation.- Private Military Companies: The New Mercenaries? — An International Law Analysis.- Private Security and Military Companies under the International Law of Armed Conflict.- The Notion of ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ and Its Implications on the Use of Private Contractors under International Humanitarian Law.- Who is Responsible? The Use of PMCs in Armed Conflict and International Law.- Private Military Companies and Domestic Law in South Africa.- National Regulatory Regimes for PSMCs and their Activities: Benefits and Shortcomings.- Selling Security: Trade-Offs in State Regulation of the Private Security Industry.- Informal Regulation: An Economic Perspective on the Private Security Industry.- Conclusion.- PSMCs: Lessons Learned and Where to Go from here.

Über Autor(innen)

Prof. Dr. Thomas Jäger teaches Political Science, especially International Relations and Foreign Policy, at the University of Cologne (Germany).

Dr. Gerhard Kümmel is Senior Researcher at the Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences (SOWI) in Strausberg/Berlin (Germany), Vice-President of the Research Committee 01: Armed Forces & Conflict Resolution within the International Sociological Association, Associate Editor of "Armed Forces & Society" and teaches Military Sociology at the University of Potsdam (Germany).