Jenicek, MD A Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine

Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4665-1559-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 366 Seiten

Mastery of quality health care and patient safety begins as soon as we open the hospital doors for the first time and start acquiring practical experience. The acquisition of such experience includes much more than the development of sensorimotor skills and basic knowledge of the sciences. It relies on effective reasoning, decision making, and communication shared by all health professionals, including physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and administrators.

A Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences is about these essential skills. It describes how physicians and health professionals reason, make decisions, and practice medicine. Covering the basic considerations related to clinical and caregiver reasoning, it lays out a roadmap to help those new to health care as well as seasoned veterans overcome the complexities of working for the well-being of those who trust us with their physical, mental, and spiritual health.

The book provides a step-by-step breakdown of the reasoning process for clinical work and clinical care. It examines both general and medical ways of thinking, reasoning, argumentation, fact finding, and using evidence. Outlining the fundamentals of decision making, it integrates coverage of clinical reasoning, risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in evidence-based medicine. It also:

- Describes how to evaluate the success (effectiveness and cure) and failure (error and harm) of clinical and community actions

- Considers communication with patients and outlines strategies, successes, failures, and possible remedies—including offices, bedside, intervention, and care settings

- Examines strategies, successes, failures, and possible remedies for communication with peers—including interpersonal communication, morning reports, rounds, and research gatherings

The book describes vehicles, opportunities, and environments for enhanced professional communication, including patient interviews, clinical case reports, and morning reports. It includes numerous examples that demonstrate the importance of sound reasoning, decision making, and communication and also considers future implications for research, management, planning, and evaluation.

Zielgruppe

Senior managers in healthcare, physicians, nurses, and other clinicians who have patient care responsibilities in hospitals, nursing homes and home healthcare environments. Directors and department heads in ancillary services such as lab, rehab, diagnostic testing and community care services. Nursing and Medical Schools; as well as medical and hospital libraries

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jenicek, MD, Milos

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Public Health, Gesundheitsmanagement, Gesundheitsökonomie, Gesundheitspolitik
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Medizinrecht, Gesundheitsrecht
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Pflege Pflegeforschung, Pflegemanagement
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Krankenhausmanagement, Praxismanagement

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Ways We See, Learn, and Practice Medicine Today: Paradigms of What We Are Doing
Executive Summary
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
Introductory Comments
Art, Science, and Craft of Medicine
Medicine as Art
Medicine as Science
Scientific Theory
Scientific Method
Medicine as Craft
Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Paradigm of Medicine: Uncertainty, Fuzziness, and Chaos
Probability and Clinical Uncertainty
Fuzzy Theory
Chaos Theory in Medicine
Medicine as Philosophy: Philosophy in Medicine and Philosophy of Medicine
Philosophy in Medicine
Philosophy of Medicine
Practice and Theory of Medicine: Which One Will You Learn?
Practice of Medicine
Theory of Medicine
Evidence-Based Medicine and Other Evidence-Based Health Sciences
Beyond the Original Concept of Evidence-Based Medicine: Evidence-Based Critical Thinking Medicine and Reflective Uses of Evidence
Critical Thinking
Reflective Uses of Evidence
Conclusions: What Exactly Should We Teach and Learn Then?
References

How Physicians and Other Health Professionals Really (or Should) Think
Executive Summary
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
Introductory Comments
General Medical Thinking and Reasoning
Basic Considerations Related to Clinical Care and Caregivers’ Reasoning
Our Thinking and Reasoning: Essential Definitions and Meanings
Tools for Argumentation
"Naked" Argument (Enthymeme) or Argument at Its Simplest: A "Two-Element" Reasoning
"Classical" Form of Reasoning: Categorical Syllogism or "Three-Element" Reasoning
"Modern" Form of Toulmin’s Model of Argument: A "Multiple (six-) Element" Way of Reasoning to Reach Valid Conclusions
Reminder Regarding Some Additional and Fundamental Considerations
Challenges of Causal Reasoning within the General Context of Medical Thinking and Reasoning
Causal Reasoning in a Quantitative and Qualitative Way
How We Look at Causes: Single or Multiple-Sets, Chains, Webs, Concept Maps
Ways of Searching for Causes
Criteria of Causality
Disease or Event Frequencies and Fractions in Causal Reasoning
Beyond Causality: Combining Frequencies, Fractions, Risks, and Proportions
Quantifying Our Uncertainties
Fallacies in Medical Reasoning and Scientific Thinking in General
Role of Causal Reasoning in Medical Thinking
Critical Thinking, Communication, and Decision Making and Their Connection to Medical Ethics
Conclusion
References

Reasoning in Step-by-Step Clinical Work and Care: Risk, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Executive Summary
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
Introductory Comments
"You Are at Risk." What Does This Mean and How Can It Be Mutually Understood by Us, Our Patients, and the Community?
What Is "Risk" in Health Sciences?
Are Risk Characteristics All the Same? Risk Factors and Risk Markers
Why Are Some Risk Factors "Significant" and Others Not?
Where Does Our Knowledge of Risk Factors and Markers Come From?
Risk as a Subject of Argumentation
Illustrative Fallacies
How Do We Think about Risk? Our Ways of Reasoning about Risk
"We Have a Problem Here": Properties of Meaningful Diagnosis
Quality and Completeness of the Diagnostic Material
How Is a Diagnosis Made?
How Good Are Our Diagnostic Methods and Techniques?
Diagnosis as a Subject of Argumentation
Illustrative Fallacies
How Do We Think and Reason in the Diagnosis Domain?
"That’s What We’ll Do about It": Reasoning and Deciding How to Treat and if the Treatment Works
Types and Levels of Medical Therapeutic and Preventive Interventions
Which Treatment Works Best? How Is It Measured?
Which Treatment Modality Applies to a Particular Patient?
Treatment as a Subject of Argumentation
Illustrative Fallacies
How Do We Reason in the Domain of Treatment and Preventive Intervention?
Reasoning about Prognosis: "You’ll Be Doing Well" … Making Prognosis Meaningful
Differences between the Prognosis Domain and the Risk Domain
What Do We Need to Know about Prognostic Events and Outcomes?
What Do We Expect from Prognostic Studies in Order to Reason More Effectively about the Future of Our Patients? What Treatment Modality Best Applies to a Particular Patient?
How Should We Apply What We Know to an Individual Patient?
Prognosis as a Subject of Argumentation
Illustrative Fallacies
How Do We Think in the Domain of Prognosis? Considerations for Further Work and Understanding in the Area of Prognosis
Conclusion
References

Clinical and Community Medicine Decision Making
Executive Summary
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
Introductory Comments
Decision Theory, Decision Analysis, and Decision Making in General and in Medicine
How Decisions Are Made in Daily Life
Direction Searching Tools through Unstructured Ways of Decision Making
Direction Searching Tools through Structured Ways of Decision Making
Decision Analysis
Cost–Benefit/Effectiveness/Utility Analysis in Clinical Decision Making
Decisions as Conclusions of an Argumentative Process
Direction-Giving Tools in Decision Making
Tactical Tools: Clinical Algorithms
Evidence-Based Clinical Decision Path
Strategic Tools for Making the Right Decisions: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Protocols
Illustrative Fallacies in the Decision-Making Domain
Fallacies from an Individual Perspective: Individual-Related Fallacies
Reasoning-Based Fallacies: Fallacies Related to the Thinking Process behind Decision Making
Fallacies from the Motivation to Decide Domain
Fallacies Related to Decisions Themselves
Collective-Related Fallacies: Groupthink
Conclusion
References

How Physicians Communicate with Themselves, Their Patients, and Others: Clinical Communication and Its Vehicles
Executive Summary
Not-So-Random Leading Thoughts
Introductory Comments
How to View Communication in General and in Its Medical Context
Intellectual Vehicles of Communication: Some Less and Some More Interrogative Ways of Sharing Knowledge and Experience
Barking Orders
Just Watch Me!
Do It after Me!
Pimping: A Refined Form of Bullying
Uttering Wisdom
Argumentation and Critical Thinking-Based and Evidence-Grounded Exchange of Data and Information: A "What Do You Think?" Type of Medicine I
Socratic Dissent—A Refined Form of Pimping: A "What Do You Think?" Medicine II
Instrumental Vehicles, Opportunities, and Environments for Professional Communication: Oral and Written Exchanges of Experience in Clinical Practice
Patient Interviews: Admission and Opening Patients’ Charts
Verbal, Oral, and Written Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Revisiting the Patient: Updating Opening Interview and Record through Bedside Communication and Progress Notes (SOAPs)
Narratives and Clinical Case Reports
Clinical Consultations as Narratives
Clinical Vignettes and Clinical Case Reports
Morning Reports
Morbidity and Mortality Reports and Rounds
Journal Clubs
Other Types of Rounds
Mostly One-Way Communication Vehicles: Consults, Referrals, Discharge Notes, and Summaries
Scut Work
Formal (Magisterial) Lectures
Medical Articles and Other Scientific Papers
Other Forms of Communication
Illustrative Fallacies in Communication
Slippery Slope Fallacy (Domino Theory, Argument of the Beard, Barefoot, Beard Fallacy, Domino Fallacy, Reductio Ad Absurdum, Slippery Slope Argument)
Gambler’s Fallacy
Appeal to Consequences Fallacy (Wishful Thinking)
Self-Evidence Fallacy (Mystical Assertion, Blind Conviction)
Appeals to Anything Other Than the Best Evidence ("Low Instincts")
Alternative Choice Fallacy
Complementary Treatment Fallacy
Blinding with Science Fallacy
Conclusion: From Patient Problem Solving Dialogue to a Broader Communication by Knowledge Translation in Medicine
References

Conclusions (with a Short Recapitulation): Welcome to the World of Reasoned and Evidence-Based Medicine
Glossary: Preferred Terms and Their Definitions in the Context of this Book

Über Autor(innen)

Milos JENICEK, MD, PhD, Canadian citizen, is currently holding a position as Professor (Part-Time) at the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He is also Professor Emeritus at the University of Montreal and he holds an adjunct position of Professor at McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 2009, he was elected Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK.

Milos Jenicek received his basic education at Charles University, Prague (MD, 1959), a graduate degree in 1965 (PhD) and later a postgraduate clinical training at McGill University Teaching Hospitals. He is a licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC), a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCPC), a specialist of the Province of Quebec (CSPQ) and holds a regular permit to practice medicine in Ontario and Quebec.

He contributes to the evolution of epidemiology as a general method of objective reasoning and decision making in medicine. To further enhance his teaching and research, he has committed himself to short sabbaticals during which he visited Harvard and Johns Hopkins, Yale, North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Uniformed Services at Bethesda Universities. He also lectured and visited numerous institutions in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Portugal, Brazil, France and Switzerland. He has been a visiting professor to various universities and governments. Earlier in his career, three years of University teaching and field practice of preventive medicine and public health in North Africa (1965-1968) has given him valuable insight and understanding of the realities in this part of the world.

During his term as Acting Chairman of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal (1988-1989), he founded the graduate program in Clinical Epidemiology at the University of Montreal, his core course being also part of the graduate program at McGill University. Until 1991, he was member of the Board of Examiners of the Medical Council of Canada (Committee on Preventive Medicine). In 2000, he was invited as External Examiner by the Kuwait University. Also, Milos Jenicek is a consultant to various national and international public and private bodies, Editorial Consultant for the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology and the Case Reports & Clinical Practice Review and Honorary Editorial Board Member of Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine.
In addition to numerous scientific papers, Milos Jenicek has published thirteen textbooks: Introduction to Epidemiology (in French, 1975). Epidemiology. Principles, techniques, applications (in French with R. Cléroux, 1982, and in Spanish, 1987), Clinical Epidemiology, Clinimetrics (in French with R. Cléroux, 1985), and Meta-Analysis in Medicine. Evaluation and Synthesis of Clinical and Epidemiological Information (in French, 1987), by the James Lind Library recognized first textbook of meta-analysis in medicine. The Epidemiology. The Logic of Modern Medicine" (EPIMED International,1995) was also published in Spanish (1996) and Japanese (1998). His sixth book, Medical Casuistics. Proper Reporting of Clinical Cases" (in French, 1997) is again produced jointly by Canadian (EDISEM) and French (Maloine) publishers. Clinical Case Reporting in Evidence-Based Medicine (Butterworth Heinemann,1999) appears again as an expanded second edition in English (Arnold, 2001), Italian (2001), Korean (2002) and Japanese (2002). His Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine was published in 2003 by Parthenon Publishing/CRC Press. The tenth Evidence-Based Practice. Logic and Critical Thinking in Medicine (with D Hitchcock) was released by the American Medical Association (AMA Press, 2005) as well as his A Physician’s Self-Paced Guide to Critical Thinking (AMA Press, 2006) and Fallacy-Free Reasoning in Medicine. Improving Communication and Decision Making in Research and Practice (AMA Press, 2009). His Medical Error and Harm. Understanding, Prevention, and Control was just released (2011) by CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.

Current interests: Development of methodology and applications of logic, critical thinking, decision making and communication in health sciences, enhancement of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based public health, health policies and program evaluation, decision oriented (bedside) clinical research.

Contact by e-mail: [e-mail]