Kalkhan Spatial Statistics

GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4398-9111-7
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 184 Seiten

Geospatial information modeling and mapping has become an important tool for the investigation and management of natural resources at the landscape scale. Spatial Statistics: GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping reviews the types and applications of geospatial information data, such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and GPS as well as their integration into landscape-scale geospatial statistical models and maps.

The book explores how to extract information from remotely sensed imagery, GIS, and GPS, and how to combine this with field data—vegetation, soil, and environmental—to produce a spatial model that can be reconstructed and displayed using GIS software. Readers learn the requirements and limitations of each geospatial modeling and mapping tool. Case studies with real-life examples illustrate important applications of the models.

Topics covered in this book include:

- An overview of the geospatial information sciences and technology and spatial statistics

- Sampling methods and applications, including probability sampling and nonrandom sampling, and issues to consider in sampling and plot design

- Fine and coarse scale variability

- Spatial sampling schemes and spatial pattern

- Linear and spatial correlation statistics, including Moran’s I, Geary’s C, cross-correlation statistics, and inverse distance weighting

- Geospatial statistics analysis using stepwise regression, ordinary least squares (OLS), variogram, kriging, spatial auto-regression, binary classification trees, cokriging, and geospatial models for presence and absence data

- How to use R statistical software to work on statistical analyses and case studies, and to develop a geospatial statistical model

The book includes practical examples and laboratory exercises using ArcInfo, ArcView, ArcGIS, and other popular software for geospatial modeling. It is accessible to readers from various fields, without requiring advanced knowledge of geospatial information sciences or quantitative methods.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kalkhan, Mohammed A.

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Geographie | Raumplanung Geostatistik
• Geowissenschaften Geologie GIS, Geoinformatik
• Mathematik | Informatik Mathematik Stochastik Mathematische Statistik
• Geowissenschaften Geographie | Raumplanung Geodäsie, Kartographie, GIS, Fernerkundung
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Geodäsie, Kartographie, Fernerkundung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Geospatial Information Technology
Remotely Sensed Data
Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) at Nadir (Resolution on the Ground)
IKONOS
ORBIMAGE (GeoEye)
QuickBird
The SPOT (System Probatori D’Observation de la Terre)
MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer)
Active Remotely Sensed Data
Radar
Lidar
Derived Remotely Sensed Data
Vegetation Indices
The Tasseled Cap Transformation
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Thematic Data Layers
Geospatial Data Conversion
Using ERDAS-IMAGINE Software
Using ARCINFO Software
Select Area of Interest (Study Site)
Topographic Data
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPS Services
The GPS Satellite System and Fact
GPS Applications
References
Data Sampling Methods and Applications
Data Representation
Data Collection and Source of Errors
Data Types
Sampling Methods and Applications
Sampling Designs
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Nonaligned Systematic Sample
Cluster Sampling
Multiphase (Double) Sampling
Double Sampling and Mapping Accuracy
Pixel Nested Plot (PNP): Case Study
Plot Design
Issues
Characteristics of Different Plot Shapes
Plot Size
References
Spatial Pattern and Correlation Statistics
Scale
Spatial Sampling
Errors in Spatial Analysis
Spatial Variability and Method of Prediction
Spatial Pattern
Spatial Point Pattern
Linear Correlation Statistic
Case Study
Statistical Example
Spatial Correlation Statistics
Moran’s I and Geary’s C
Cross-Correlation Statistic
Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
Statistical Example
References
Geospatial Analysis and Modeling–Mapping
Stepwise Regression
Statistical Example
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
Variogram and Kriging
Ordinary Kriging
Simple Kriging
Universal Kriging
Developing Variogram Model and Kriging to Predict Plant Diversity at GSENM, Utah
Spatial Autoregressive (SAR)
Statistical Example
Binary Classification Tree (BCTs)
Cokriging
Geospatial Models for Presence and Absence Data
GARP Model
Maxent Model
Logistic Regression
Classification and Regression Tree (CART)
Envelope Model
References
R Statistical Package
Overview of R Statistics (R)
What Is R?
Strengths of R/S
The R Environment
Scripts
Working with R on Your COMPUTER
Begin to Use R
Statistical Analysis Examples Using R
Common Statistics
Common Graphics
Common Programming
Create and Examine a Logical Vector
Working on Graphical Display of Data (Data distributions)
Develop a Histogram
Data Comparison between the Data and an Expected Normal Distribution
More Statistical Analysis
Reading New Variable (Enter new data set, WEIGHT)
Plotting Weight and Height
Test of Association
Some Basic Regression Analysis
Case Study
Test for Spatial Autocorrelation Using Moran’s I
Test for Spatial Autocorrelation Using Geary’s C
Test for Spatial Cross-Correlation Using Bi-Moran’s I
Trend Surface Analysis
Test for Spatial Autocorrelation of the Residuals
Test for Moran’s I for Residuals
Using Spatial AR Model without Regression
Using Spatial AR with Regression (Using All Independent Variables as with OLS Model)
Analysis of Residuals
Develop Variogram Model (Modeling Fine Scale Variability)
Plotting Variogram Model
References
Working with Geospatial Information Data
Exercise 1: Working with Remotely Sensed Data
Exercise 2: Derived Remote Sensing Data and
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Deriving Slope and Aspect from DEM Data
Resample GRID
Exercise 3: Geospatial Information Data Extraction
Deriving SLOPE and ASPECT from DEM Data (ELEVATION)
Resample GRID
Select Area of Interest (Study Site)
Data Extraction
Steps for Converting the Geospatial Model to a Thematic Map Product
Working with Vegetation Indices and Tasseled Cap Transformation
Develop Thematic Layer in ARCVIEW or ARCMAP
Map Layout
References
Index