Kandiyoti / Herod / Bartle Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids: Thermal Characterization and Analysis

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-0-08-046360-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten, Web PDF

The first strand involves a critical overview of the design of experimental methods used for examining the thermal behaviour of solid fuels [pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification], while the second will emphasise chemical structures and molecular mass distributions of coal derived tars, extracts and pitches, petroleum-derived asphaltenes, and biomass derived heavy hydrocarbon liquids.
Two major, interdependent strands in the study of fossil and renewable fuel utilisation are focused on within this text:
(i) Thermal characterisation of solid fuels including various ranks of coals, biomass and waste, and,
(ii) The analytical characterisation of heavy hydrocarbon liquids, covering coal, petroleum and biomass derived heavy fractions.
Two major, interdependent strands in the study of fossil and renewable fuel utilisation are focused on within this text:
(i) Thermal characterisation of solid fuels including various ranks of coals, biomass and waste, and,
(ii) The analytical characterisation of heavy hydrocarbon liquids, covering coal, petroleum and biomass derived heavy fractions.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kandiyoti, Rafael

Herod, Alan

Bartle, Keith

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Title Page;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;9
6;CHAPTER 1 Coal and Biomass: The Study of Solid Fuels and their Utilization;12
6.1;1.1 A Fuel for Producing Energy; a Carbon Source for Making Steel;13
6.2;1.2 The Widening Use of Coal, Oil and Gas;15
6.3;1.3 Processing Coals and Oils;17
6.4;1.4 Outline of the Book;19
7;CHAPTER 2 Fossil Fuels: Origins and Characterization Methods;24
7.1;2.1 Precursors and Formation of Fossil Hydrocarbons;24
7.2;2.2 Coal Petrography, Macerals and Rank;28
7.3;2.3 The Chemical Composition of Fossil Hydrocarbons;36
8;CHAPTER 3 Pyrolysis: Thermal Breakdown of Solid Fuels in a Gaseous Environment;47
8.1;3.1 Introduction to the Design of Pyrolysis Experiments;48
8.2;3.2 Product Distributions From Pyrolysis Experiments: General Trends;51
8.3;3.3 On the Design of Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Reactors: Wire-Mesh Reactors;54
8.4;3.4 The Design of Bench-Scale Fixed-Bed (“Hot-Rod”) Pyrolysis Reactors;65
8.5;3.5 Bench Scale Fluidized-Bed & Entrained Flow Pyrolysis Reactors (Atmospheric Pressure);68
8.6;3.6 Comparison of Results From Bench-Scale Pyrolysis Reactors;70
8.7;3.7 Case Studies – Pyrolysis of Coal Macerals;79
8.8;3.8 Case Studies: The Reactive Inertinites of Southern Hemisphere Coals;89
8.9;3.9 Case Studies: The Pyrolysis of Kerogens;91
8.10;3.10 Case Studies: The Pyrolysis of Biomass Materials;92
9;CHAPTER 4 High-Pressure Reactor Design & Applications: Pyrolysis, Hydropyrolysis and Gasification;102
9.1;4.1 Rates of Char Deactivation and Implications for Reaction Design;104
9.2;4.2 The Design of High-Pressure Wire-Mesh Reactors;106
9.3;4.3 The Design of High-Pressure Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Reactors;122
9.4;4.4 Comparing Gasification Data from Reactors with Different Configurations;128
9.5;4.5 Case Studies: Factors Governing Coal Reactivity in Pyrolysis & Gasification;138
9.6;4.6 Case Studies: Simulating Entrained-Flow Gasification in a Wire-Mesh Reactor;147
9.7;4.7 Case Studies: By-Product Formation and Trace Element Problems in a Pilot Gasifier Processing Coal and Biomass;153
9.8;4.8 Case Studies: Synergistic Effects in Biomass Processing & Problems in Refining Biomass Pyrolysis Tars;163
10;CHAPTER 5 Liquefaction: Thermal Breakdown in the Liquid Phase;172
10.1;5.1 Introduction: Coal Liquefaction;173
10.2;5.2 The British Coal Liquefaction Process;176
10.3;5.3 On the Design of Bench-Scale Liquefaction Experiments;177
10.4;5.4 Comparing Liquefaction in the Flowing-Solvent Reactor and a “Mini-Bomb”;184
10.5;5.5 Effect of Solvent Type on the Extent of Extraction;189
10.6;5.6 Flowing-Solvent Reactor: Successive Extract Fractions Released from Coal;191
10.7;5.7 A Two Stage Kinetic Model of Primary Coal Liquefaction;193
10.8;5.8 Brief Overview of Liquefaction;206
11;CHAPTER 6 Thermal Breakdown in Coals: Comparing Structural Changes in Pyrolysis and Liquefaction;210
11.1;6.1 Introduction;210
11.2;6.2 The Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectrometry of Thermal Breakdown;212
11.3;6.3 Extractables as a Diagnostic Tool for Pre-Pyrolysis Phenomena;216
11.4;6.4 Hydrogen Donors in Coals: Liptinites and Others;222
11.5;6.5 Overview of Thermal Breakdown in Coals;225
12;CHAPTER 7 Analytical Techniques for Low Mass Materials: Method Development;228
12.1;7.1 Gas Chromatography;229
12.2;7.2 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC);235
12.3;7.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography;239
12.4;7.4 Combined Chromatographic Methods;243
12.5;7.5 Unified Chromatography;244
12.6;7.6 Mass Spectrometric Methods;245
12.7;7.7 Aliphatic Materials from Coal and Petroleum;257
12.8;7.8 Conclusion;264
13;CHAPTER 8 Analytical Techniques for High Mass Materials: Method Development;272
13.1;8.1 Introduction;272
13.2;8.2 SEC as Method to Examine Molecular Mass or Size Ranges of Complex Mixtures;273
13.3;8.3 Fractionation Methods to Isolate Molecules of Large Mass or Size;290
13.4;8.4 Application of SEC and Fractionation Methods to Samples;293
13.5;8.5 Aggregation of Small Polar Molecules to Appear as Large Molecules – in NMP?;306
13.6;8.6 Molecular Mass Methods – Mass Spectrometry of High Mass Materials >500 u;311
13.7;8.7 ICP-MS for Metallic Trace Elements;323
13.8;8.8 Summary;325
13.9;8.9 Structural Features of Large Molecular Mass Material Identified by SEC and MALDI-MS;326
13.10;8.10 Summary of Structural Features of the Largest Molecules;335
14;CHAPTER 9 Concluding Remarks: Where to With Solid Fuels?;347
14.1;9.1 Characterizing Solid Fuels and Heavy Hydrocarbon Liquids;347
14.2;9.2 Solids Fuel Conversion to Gases and Liquids;352
14.3;9.3 Energy Demand – Energy Supplies: The Big Questions;355
15;Subject Index;360