Kleis African Regional Community Courts and their Contribution to Continental Integration

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7500-0
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 29, 393 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm

Reihe: Schriftenreihe Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

African Regional Communities have been portrayed by international legal scholars on a regular basis. Yet, this is only partially the case with regard to their respective judicial organs. For the first time a contribution focuses exclusively on the West African ECOWAS, the Southern African SADC and the East African EAC courts and their jurisprudence.
After outlining the potential of community courts to contribute to integration follows a microscopic analysis of pertinent extracts from their judgments regarding the courts‘ methodology, their jurisdiction and procedural law, the hierarchy between community and national legislation, the question of regional human rights protection and the essential obstacle to integration, which is non-compliance. The research is completed by evaluating whether the three courts had a share in the integration process and to what extent they are able to further promote integration in the future.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kleis, Jörg

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Ausländisches Recht Afrika (außer Südafrika)
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2; 1 Introduction;30
2.1; 1.1 Regional integration through jurisprudence?;36
2.1.1; 1.1.1 The case of the Court of Justice of the European Union;37
2.1.2; 1.1.2 The freedom of scope of African Community Courts;43
2.2; 1.2 Research method: The “efficacy-test”;45
2.2.1; 1.2.1 Assessment criteria: Structure, process and outcome;49
2.2.2; 1.2.2 Influential factors;52
2.2.2.1; 1.2.2.1 Dependency on state consent;52
2.2.2.2; 1.2.2.2 Jurisdiction;53
2.2.2.3; 1.2.2.3 Case load and case quality;54
2.2.2.4; 1.2.2.4 Differences of legal systems and cultures;55
2.2.2.5; 1.2.2.5 Characteristics of judiciaries;56
2.3; 1.3 Overview of contents and clarifications;58
3; 2 Regional integration in Africa;61
3.1; 2.1 Introduction;61
3.2; 2.2 Regionalism as an alternative;63
3.3; 2.3 Integration in African Regional Economic Communities;68
3.3.1; 2.3.1 Economic integration;69
3.3.2; 2.3.2 Political integration;71
3.3.3; 2.3.3 Legal integration;72
3.4; 2.4 Overview of the selected Economic Communities;73
3.4.1; 2.4.1 The Economic Community of West African States;73
3.4.2; 2.4.2 The Southern African Development Community;77
3.4.3; 2.4.3 The East African Community;80
3.4.4; 2.4.4 Three communities and one objective;83
3.4.5; 2.4.5 External environmental outlook;84
3.5; 2.5 Conclusion;92
4; 3 African Regional Community Courts;95
4.1; 3.1 Introduction;95
4.2; 3.2 General Court overview;99
4.2.1; 3.2.1 The Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States;99
4.2.2; 3.2.2 The Southern African Development Community Tribunal;102
4.2.3; 3.2.3 The East African Community Court of Justice;109
4.2.4; 3.2.4 Strategic plans and extra-judicial activities;111
4.3; 3.3 Community court judges and their role;115
4.3.1; 3.3.1 Qualification requirements and nomination procedure;116
4.3.2; 3.3.2 Ensuring independence;118
4.3.3; 3.3.3 Removal from office;123
4.4; 3.4 Court administration and finances;124
4.5; 3.5 Conclusion;126
5; 4 Methodology;130
5.1; 4.1 Introduction;130
5.2; 4.2 Structure and outline;132
5.3; 4.3 Language;135
5.3.1; 4.3.1 Diction and characteristics of style in judgment composition;135
5.3.2; 4.3.2 Proportionality of language;140
5.4; 4.4 The process of decision-making;141
5.4.1; 4.4.1 Judicial discretion;142
5.4.2; 4.4.2 Instruments for decision-making;144
5.4.3; 4.4.3 Logic and comprehensibility for legally impermeable derivations;151
5.5; 4.5 Conclusion;153
6; 5 Procedure of and before Regional Community Courts;157
6.1; 5.1 Introduction;157
6.2; 5.2 Jurisdiction of Regional Community Courts;161
6.2.1; 5.2.1 Subject-matter jurisdiction;161
6.2.1.1; 5.2.1.1 Interpretation and application of Treaties;162
6.2.1.2; 5.2.1.2 Internal community-employee disputes;163
6.2.1.3; 5.2.1.3 Arbitral jurisdiction;164
6.2.1.4; 5.2.1.4 Human rights;165
6.2.1.4.1; 5.2.1.4.1 Southern Africa: Deriving human rights jurisdiction from Campbell v. Zimbabwe;166
6.2.1.4.2; 5.2.1.4.2 East Africa: Deriving human rights jurisdiction from Katabazi v. Uganda;169
6.2.2; 5.2.2 Personal jurisdiction;176
6.2.2.1; 5.2.2.1 Actors and constellations;176
6.2.2.2; 5.2.2.2 Personal preconditions: Exhaustion of local remedies and standing;180
6.2.2.2.1; 5.2.2.2.1 Koraou v. Niger: The local remedies rule in West Africa;182
6.2.2.2.2; 5.2.2.2.2 Campbell v. Zimbabwe: Applying the exception to the local remedies rule in Southern Africa;185
6.2.2.2.3; 5.2.2.2.3 Rugumba v. Rwanda: The local remedies rule in East Africa;190
6.2.2.2.4; 5.2.2.2.4 Locus standi;191
6.2.3; 5.2.3 Territorial and temporal jurisdiction;197
6.2.4; 5.2.4 Conflict of jurisdiction: The principles of lis pendens and res judicata;198
6.2.5; 5.2.5 Appellate jurisdiction;201
6.3; 5.3 General procedure;205
6.3.1; 5.3.1 Written proceedings;206
6.3.2; 5.3.2 Oral proceedings;210
6.3.3; 5.3.3 Judgment publication and legal effects;211
6.4; 5.4 Special forms of procedure;214
6.4.1; 5.4.1 Issuance of interim measures;214
6.4.2; 5.4.2 Third party interventions;216
6.4.3; 5.4.3 Preliminary reference procedure;217
6.4.4; 5.4.4 Advisory opinions;219
6.5; 5.5 Conclusion;222
7; 6 Relational aspects of regional integration;229
7.1; 6.1 Introduction;229
7.2; 6.2 Principles of community-state relations;232
7.2.1; 6.2.1 Supremacy, direct applicability and direct effect of community law;233
7.2.2; 6.2.2 Implications of relational principles for the integration process;235
7.2.3; 6.2.3 The law of integration: Instruments of community legislation;236
7.3; 6.3 Jurisprudence on the relation of community and national law;240
7.3.1; 6.3.1 Implications from Anyang’ Nyong’o v. Kenya;242
7.3.2; 6.3.2 Implications from the Zimbabwean land reform law suits;244
7.3.3; 6.3.3 Commonalities in legal reasoning and decision-making;245
7.3.4; 6.3.4 Developing autonomous legal community systems?;247
7.3.4.1; 6.3.4.1 Harmonization of laws as a third path in East Africa;250
7.3.4.2; 6.3.4.2 Putting legislative theory into practice – experiences from West Africa;254
7.3.4.3; 6.3.4.3 Addressing the need for cross-border related applications in West and Southern Africa;256
7.3.4.4; 6.3.4.4 Integrative jurisprudence through common market law and proper jurisdiction: Recent developments in East Africa;261
7.4; 6.4 Pinpointing the role of member states and national institutions in the process of integration;268
7.4.1; 6.4.1 National legal culture as a factor for assessing the integrative potential of jurisprudence;272
7.4.2; 6.4.2 The role of national courts in clarifying community law status;275
7.4.3; 6.4.3 Interim conclusion: (Un)justified reluctance on the part of national courts?;281
7.5; 6.5 Conclusion;284
8; 7 Integration through human rights protection;287
8.1; 7.1 Introduction;287
8.2; 7.2 The role of Regional Economic Communities in the protection of human rights;293
8.2.1; 7.2.1 Human rights agendas in Regional Economic Communities?;293
8.2.2; 7.2.2 The legal dimension of community human rights objectives;297
8.3; 7.3 Substantive human rights case law;300
8.3.1; 7.3.1 Human rights case law to strengthen the environment of integration;301
8.3.2; 7.3.2 Fostering economic freedoms through human rights;306
8.4; 7.4 The rationale behind sub-regional human rights protection;308
8.4.1; 7.4.1 Challenges arising from the newly emerging sub-regional level;311
8.4.1.1; 7.4.1.1 Community Courts as proper fora for human rights protection;311
8.4.1.2; 7.4.1.2 The applicable human rights law;312
8.4.1.3; 7.4.1.3 Relational problems of a four-level human rights system;316
8.4.2; 7.4.2 First steps towards a continental human rights architecture;319
8.5; 7.5 Conclusion;323
9; 8 Contempt of court – The problem of non-compliance;326
9.1; 8.1 Introduction;326
9.1.1; 8.1.1 Solely a question of legitimacy?;327
9.1.2; 8.1.2 Understanding non-compliance to ease legitimacy challenges;328
9.2; 8.2 Non-compliance as a common theme in international regimes;330
9.3; 8.3 Approaches to tackling non-compliance;335
9.3.1; 8.3.1 Judgment enforcement in Regional Communities;335
9.3.2; 8.3.2 Comparative approach: The European Union enforcement mechanism;339
9.3.3; 8.3.3 Evaluation of enforcement mechanisms;340
9.4; 8.4 Anticipating and countering contempt of court;342
9.4.1; 8.4.1 European enforcement schemes as solution statement for African Regional Communities?;343
9.4.2; 8.4.2 Proposed measure: A ladder of enforcement;346
9.4.2.1; 8.4.2.1 Stage one: No relation of non-compliance due to resource incapacities or legal uncertainty;347
9.4.2.2; 8.4.2.2 Stage two: Calling on community main institutions;347
9.4.2.3; 8.4.2.3 Stage three: Court ruling on sanctions;348
9.4.2.4; 8.4.2.4 Stage four: Suspension of membership;349
9.5; 8.5 Conclusion;351
10; 9 Conclusion;357
10.1; 9.1 Summary;357
10.1.1; 9.1.1 The Courts’ contribution to integration: Putting the findings into perspective;359
10.1.2; 9.1.2 Legal transplants for African economic integration?;364
10.2; 9.2 Extending the effective range: Proposals to effectuating the integration process;366
10.3; 9.3 Future outlook;370
11; Bibliography;374