Korn Social Robots: Technological, Societal and Ethical Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction

1. Auflage 2019
ISBN: 978-3-030-17107-0
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 299 Seiten

Reihe: Human-Computer Interaction Series

Social robots not only work with humans in collaborative workspaces - we meet them in shopping malls and even more personal settings like health and care. Does this imply they should become more human, able to interpret and adequately respond to human emotions? Do we want them to help elderly people? Do we want them to support us when we are old ourselves? Do we want them to just clean and keep things orderly - or would we accept them helping us to go to the toilet, or even feed us if we suffer from Parkinson's disease? The answers to these questions differ from person to person. They depend on cultural background, personal experiences - but probably most of all on the robot in question. This book covers the phenomenon of social robots from the historic roots to today's best practices and future perspectives. To achieve this, we used a hands-on, interdisciplinary approach, incorporating findings from computer scientists, engineers, designers, psychologists, doctors, nurses, historians and many more. The book also covers a vast spectrum of applications, from collaborative industrial work over education to sales. Especially for developments with a high societal impact like robots in health and care settings, the authors discuss not only technology, design and usage but also ethical aspects. Thus this book creates both a compendium and a guideline, helping to navigate the design space for future developments in social robotics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Korn, Oliver

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Introduction to Social Robots;6
2;Contents;10
3;Contributors;12
4;1 A Short History of the Perception of Robots and Automata from Antiquity to Modern Times;15
4.1;1.1 Introduction;15
4.2;1.2 Ancient Perceptions;16
4.3;1.3 Medieval Perceptions;19
4.4;1.4 Modern Perceptions;21
4.5;1.5 Conclusion and Outlook;23
4.6;References;25
5;2 Designing Social Robots at Scales Beyond the Humanoid;27
5.1;2.1 Introduction;27
5.2;2.2 Toward Ubiquitous Social Robots;29
5.3;2.3 What Are Non-humanoid Social Robots “NH-SRs”?;30
5.4;2.4 The Characteristics of Non-humanoid Social Robots (“NH-SR”);32
5.4.1;2.4.1 Functional Characteristics;34
5.4.2;2.4.2 Formal Characteristics;37
5.4.3;2.4.3 Aesthetical Characteristics;38
5.5;2.5 Social Robots at Scales Beyond the Humanoid;39
5.5.1;2.5.1 “Minimalism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;40
5.5.2;2.5.2 “High-Tech” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;42
5.5.3;2.5.3 “Biomimicry” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;43
5.5.4;2.5.4 “Postmodernism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;44
5.5.5;2.5.5 “Classicism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;45
5.5.6;2.5.6 “Eclecticism” in Non-humanoid Social Robots;46
5.6;2.6 Coming Age of Ubiquitous Social Robots;46
5.7;References;47
6;3 A Study on Robot-Initiated Interaction: Toward Virtual Social Behavior;50
6.1;3.1 Introduction;51
6.2;3.2 Related Literature;52
6.3;3.3 System Overview;54
6.4;3.4 Rationale Behind the Approach;55
6.4.1;3.4.1 Theoretical Approach;56
6.4.2;3.4.2 Theory of Planned Behavior;56
6.4.3;3.4.3 Theory of Reasoned Action;58
6.5;3.5 Human Behavior;58
6.5.1;3.5.1 Measuring Behavioral Responses;58
6.5.2;3.5.2 Observable Nonverbal Human Behavior;58
6.5.3;3.5.3 Decision-Making Criteria;59
6.6;3.6 MiRob: The Social Robot;62
6.6.1;3.6.1 Monitoring Human Behavior;63
6.6.2;3.6.2 Experiment 1;65
6.6.3;3.6.3 Experiment 2;65
6.7;3.7 User Responses Toward the Robot;66
6.8;3.8 Conclusions and Implications;69
6.8.1;3.8.1 Conclusions;69
6.8.2;3.8.2 Implications for Theory;69
6.8.3;3.8.3 Implications for Design;70
6.9;References;71
7;4 The Role of Gesture in Social Telepresence Robots—A Scenario of Distant Collaborative Problem-Solving;74
7.1;4.1 Introduction;75
7.2;4.2 Related Work;76
7.2.1;4.2.1 Service Robots;76
7.2.2;4.2.2 Social Robots;77
7.2.3;4.2.3 Tele-operation and Avatar Robots;78
7.2.4;4.2.4 Mobile Robotic Telepresence;79
7.2.5;4.2.5 Telepresence Robots with Physical Embodiment;81
7.3;4.3 The Role of Gesture in Human–Robot Interaction;83
7.4;4.4 Scenario of a Telepresence Robot Around Tangible User Interfaces;85
7.4.1;4.4.1 Collaborative Problem-Solving on Tangible Interfaces;86
7.4.2;4.4.2 An Avatar Robot for Collaborative Problem-Solving;87
7.5;4.5 Discussion and Future Prospects;93
7.6;References;94
8;5 Unobtrusive Vital Data Recognition by Robots to Enhance Natural Human–Robot Communication;97
8.1;5.1 Motivation;98
8.2;5.2 Related Work;99
8.2.1;5.2.1 Touchy Sensors;100
8.2.2;5.2.2 Optical Sensors;101
8.3;5.3 Detection Algorithm;104
8.4;5.4 Optimization Strategies;106
8.5;5.5 Study;108
8.6;5.6 Discussion;109
8.7;5.7 Conclusion;111
8.8;References;111
9;6 Interacting with Collaborative Robots—A Study on Attitudes and Acceptance in Industrial Contexts;113
9.1;6.1 Introduction;113
9.2;6.2 Related Work;115
9.2.1;6.2.1 Human–Robot Interaction;115
9.2.2;6.2.2 Attitude Toward Robots;116
9.3;6.3 Study;118
9.3.1;6.3.1 Task and Procedure;118
9.3.2;6.3.2 Participants;121
9.3.3;6.3.3 Method;121
9.4;6.4 Results;122
9.4.1;6.4.1 Robot-Related Experiences;122
9.4.2;6.4.2 Negative Attitudes Toward Robots (NARS);122
9.4.3;6.4.3 Eurobarometer;124
9.5;6.5 Conclusion;125
9.5.1;6.5.1 Limitations and Future Work;127
9.6;References;127
10;7 A Social Robot in a Shopping Mall: Studies on Acceptance and Stakeholder Expectations;130
10.1;7.1 Introduction;131
10.2;7.2 Related Work;133
10.3;7.3 Studies in MuMMER;135
10.3.1;7.3.1 Study 1. Customer Workshop;136
10.3.2;7.3.2 Study 2. Customer Acceptance Survey;138
10.3.3;7.3.3 Study 3. Store Managers’ and Mall Managers’ Perspective;144
10.4;7.4 Summary and Discussion;148
10.5;7.5 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Work;152
10.6;References;153
11;8 Multi-party Interaction in Public Spaces: Cross-Cultural Variations in Parental and Nonparental Response to Robots’ Adaptive Strategies;156
11.1;8.1 Introduction;156
11.2;8.2 Related Work;157
11.2.1;8.2.1 Robots in Public Spaces;158
11.2.2;8.2.2 Cultural Differences by Hofstede;159
11.2.3;8.2.3 Cross-Cultural HRI;160
11.3;8.3 Studies;161
11.3.1;8.3.1 Robots’ Adaptive Scenarios for Self-introductions;161
11.3.2;8.3.2 Study 1: Shopping Mall;162
11.3.3;8.3.3 Method;162
11.3.4;8.3.4 Results and Discussion;163
11.3.5;8.3.5 Study II: Online Survey;164
11.3.6;8.3.6 Structure;164
11.3.7;8.3.7 Participants;165
11.3.8;8.3.8 Results;167
11.4;8.4 Discussion and Conclusion;172
11.4.1;8.4.1 Future Work;173
11.5;References;173
12;9 Cross-Collaborative Approach to Socially-Assistive Robotics: A Case Study of Humanoid Robots in a Therapeutic Intervention for Autistic Children;176
12.1;9.1 Introduction;176
12.2;9.2 Literature Review;178
12.2.1;9.2.1 Social Robots in Therapy and Education;178
12.2.2;9.2.2 Social StoriesTM;179
12.2.3;9.2.3 Applied Behavior Analysis;181
12.3;9.3 KASPAR the Robot;182
12.4;9.4 Pilot Study;183
12.5;9.5 Study Design;184
12.5.1;9.5.1 Wizard of Oz Technique;184
12.5.2;9.5.2 Space;185
12.5.3;9.5.3 Procedure;185
12.6;9.6 Results;187
12.6.1;9.6.1 Case Study 1: Jack Develops Social Communication Skills;187
12.6.2;9.6.2 Case Study 2: Carl Develops Focus and Attentiveness;189
12.7;9.7 Discussion;192
12.8;9.8 Conclusions;194
12.9;References;195
13;10 Social Robots and Human Touch in Care: The Perceived Usefulness of Robot Assistance Among Healthcare Professionals;198
13.1;10.1 Introduction;199
13.2;10.2 The Importance of Touching in Care of Older People;200
13.3;10.3 Robotic Technology and Care Work;204
13.4;10.4 Desirable and Non-desirable Robot Assistance;205
13.4.1;10.4.1 Results;206
13.5;10.5 Social Robots Assisting in Human Care;209
13.6;10.6 Discussion;211
13.7;References;213
14;11 Attitudes of Professionals Toward the Need for Assistive and Social Robots in the Healthcare Sector;216
14.1;11.1 Introduction;216
14.1.1;11.1.1 Social Robotics;218
14.1.2;11.1.2 Need for Social Robots;219
14.1.3;11.1.3 Examples of Use Cases of Social Robots;220
14.1.4;11.1.4 Challenges of Using Robots;221
14.2;11.2 Concepts, Approaches, and Factors for Defining Social Robots;222
14.3;11.3 Study Design;223
14.4;11.4 Study Among Healthcare Workers;224
14.4.1;11.4.1 Materials and Methods;224
14.4.2;11.4.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses;224
14.4.3;11.4.3 Results Among Healthcare Workers;225
14.5;11.5 Study Among Well-Being and Healthcare Technology Professionals;231
14.5.1;11.5.1 Materials and Methods;231
14.5.2;11.5.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses;231
14.5.3;11.5.3 Results Among Well-Being and Healthcare Technology Professionals;231
14.6;11.6 Study Among Healthcare Educators;236
14.6.1;11.6.1 Materials and Methods;236
14.6.2;11.6.2 Survey Data, Variable Design, and Analyses;236
14.6.3;11.6.3 Results Among Healthcare Educators;236
14.7;11.7 Discussion;238
14.8;References;243
15;12 Evaluating the Sense of Safety and Security in Human–Robot Interaction with Older People;248
15.1;12.1 Introduction;248
15.2;12.2 The Sense of Safety and Security;250
15.2.1;12.2.1 Conceptual Definitions of Sense of Safety and Security;250
15.2.2;12.2.2 Older People's Sense of Safety and Security;250
15.2.3;12.2.3 Sense of Safety and Security in HRI;251
15.3;12.3 Designing a Tool for Evaluating Sense of Safety and Security in Social HRI: A Video-Based Study;253
15.3.1;12.3.1 The Robot;253
15.3.2;12.3.2 Experimental Design;253
15.3.3;12.3.3 Participants;255
15.3.4;12.3.4 Questionnaires;256
15.3.5;12.3.5 Procedure;258
15.3.6;12.3.6 Experimental Results;258
15.4;12.4 Revising and Validating the Tool for Evaluating Sense of Safety and Security in Social HRI: Older People Interacting with Pepper;262
15.5;12.5 The Initial Model of Sense of Safety and Security;265
15.5.1;12.5.1 Human-Related Factors;265
15.5.2;12.5.2 The Model of Sense of Safety and Security;266
15.5.3;12.5.3 Robot-Related Factors;268
15.6;12.6 Discussion and Conclusion;270
15.7;References;272
16;13 AMIGO—A Socially Assistive Robot for Coaching Multimodal Training of Persons with Dementia;276
16.1;13.1 Introduction;277
16.2;13.2 Related Work;279
16.2.1;13.2.1 Motivation and Dementia;279
16.2.2;13.2.2 Socially Assistive Robots for Dementia in Health Care;279
16.3;13.3 The Coaching System AMIGO;282
16.3.1;13.3.1 Robot-Based Coaching for Playful Training;282
16.3.2;13.3.2 Playful Multimodal Training;282
16.3.3;13.3.3 Theratainment App;283
16.3.4;13.3.4 Measures for the Analysis of Motivation for Stimulating Training;284
16.4;13.4 First Results of the AMIGO Study;286
16.4.1;13.4.1 Qualitative Study;287
16.4.2;13.4.2 First Field Trial;288
16.5;13.5 Future Work;292
16.6;References;292
17;Index;296