Kozai / Niu / Takagaki Plant Factory

An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-0-12-801848-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 432 Seiten

Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production provides information on a field that is helping to offset the threats that unusual weather and shortages of land and natural resources bring to the food supply. As alternative options are needed to ensure adequate and efficient production of food, this book represents the only available resource to take a practical approach to the planning, design, and implementation of plant factory (PF) practices to yield food crops. The PF systems described in this book are based on a plant production system with artificial (electric) lights and include case studies providing lessons learned and best practices from both industrial and crop specific programs. With insights into the economics as well as the science of PF programs, this book is ideal for those in academic as well as industrial settings. - Provides full-scope insight on plant farm, from economics and planning to life-cycle assessment - Presents state-of-the-art plant farm science, written by global leaders in plant farm advancements - Includes case-study examples to provide real-world insights

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kozai, Toyoki

Niu, Genhua

Takagaki, Michiko

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;22
6;Preface;26
6.1;Acknowledgments;27
6.1.1;Chapter 5, Kozai;27
6.1.2;Chapter 19.2, Shibuya;27
6.1.3;Chapter 19.3, He;27
7;Part 1: Overview and Concept of Closed Plant Production System (CPPS);28
7.1;Chapter 1: Introduction;30
7.1.1;Introduction;30
7.1.2;References;32
7.2;Chapter 2: Role of the Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting (PFAL) in Urban Areas;34
7.2.1;Introduction;34
7.2.2;Interrelated Global Issues to be Solved Concurrently;34
7.2.3;Resource Inflow and Waste Outflow in Urban Areas;36
7.2.4;Energy and Material Balance in Urban Ecosystems;38
7.2.4.1;Photoautotrophs (Plants) and Heterotrophs (Animals and Microorganisms);38
7.2.4.2;Waste Produced in Urban Areas as an Essential Resource for Growing Plants;39
7.2.4.3;Plant Production Systems Integrated With Other Biological Systems;40
7.2.4.4;Role of Organic Fertilizers and Microorganisms in the Soil;42
7.2.4.5;Stability and Controllability of the Environment in Plant Production Systems;43
7.2.4.6;Key Indices for Sustainable Food Production;44
7.2.4.7;What is "PFAL"?;44
7.2.4.8;Plants Suited and Unsuited to PFALs;46
7.2.5;Growing Social Needs and Interest in PFALs;46
7.2.6;Criticisms of PFALs and Responses to Them;48
7.2.6.1;Initial Cost is Too High;49
7.2.6.2;Production Cost is Too High;49
7.2.6.3;Electricity Cost is Too High, Whereas Solar Light is Free;50
7.2.6.4;Labor Cost is Too High;52
7.2.6.5;PFAL-Grown Vegetables Are Neither Tasty Nor Nutritious;52
7.2.6.6;Most PFALs Are Not Making a Profit;53
7.2.6.7;Land Price is Too High;54
7.2.6.8;Water Consumption for Irrigation Is too High;54
7.2.6.9;PFALs Can Only Produce Leafy Greens—Minor Vegetables—Economically;54
7.2.7;Towards a Sustainable PFAL;56
7.2.7.1;Requirements for a Sustainable PFAL;56
7.2.7.2;Factors Affecting the Sustainability of PFALs;57
7.2.7.2.1;Positive aspects affecting environmental, resource, social, and economic sustainability;57
7.2.7.2.2;Factors to be solved to improve sustainability;57
7.2.7.3;Similarities Between the Earth, Space Farms, Autonomous Cities, and PFALs;58
7.2.8;Conclusion;59
7.2.9;References;59
7.3;Chapter 3: PFAL Business and R&D in the World: Current Status and Perspectives;62
7.3.1;Introduction;62
7.3.2;Japan;62
7.3.2.1;Brief History and Current Status of PFAL Business;62
7.3.2.2;Research and Development;64
7.3.2.3;Public Service;66
7.3.3;Taiwan;66
7.3.3.1;Status of PFAL in Taiwan;66
7.3.3.2;PFAL Expo in Taiwan;68
7.3.3.3;PFAL Research;69
7.3.3.3.1;Cost comparison of PFALs;69
7.3.3.3.2;Spectra of LEDs used in PFALs;70
7.3.3.3.3;Wireless sensor networks in PFALs;70
7.3.3.3.4;Ion-selective sensors for nutrient detection;70
7.3.3.3.5;Nondestructive plant growth measurement system;70
7.3.3.4;Business Models of PFALs in Taiwan;74
7.3.3.5;Conclusions;77
7.3.4;Korea;77
7.3.4.1;PFAL Industry, a Commitment to the Future;77
7.3.4.2;Research and Technical Development;78
7.3.4.3;Private Companies and Farms in the PFAL Business;79
7.3.4.4;Achievements and Challenges;80
7.3.5;China;80
7.3.5.1;Development of PFAL in China;80
7.3.5.2;Case Study of Typical PFALs;81
7.3.5.2.1;PFALs in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;81
7.3.5.2.2;PFAL of Beijing Kingpeng International Hi-Tech Corporation;82
7.3.5.2.3;Plant factory of Zhejiang University;82
7.3.5.2.4;PFAL with LED in Shouguang;85
7.3.5.3;Research Projects on Plant Factories in China;85
7.3.6;North America;86
7.3.6.1;History;86
7.3.6.2;Contribution of Space Science;87
7.3.6.3;Current Status and Future Prospective;87
7.3.7;Europe (England, The Netherlands, and Others);88
7.3.7.1;Background;88
7.3.7.2;Present Status of Plant Factories in the EU;89
7.3.7.3;Outlook for Plant Factories in the UK;91
7.3.8;References;93
7.4;Chapter 4: Plant Factory as a Resource Efficient Closed Plant Production System;96
7.4.1;Introduction;97
7.4.2;Definition and Principal Components of PFAL;98
7.4.3;Definition of Resource Use Efficiency;99
7.4.4;Water Use Efficiency;100
7.4.5;CO2 Use Efficiency;102
7.4.6;Light Energy Use Efficiency of Lamps and Plant Community;104
7.4.7;Electrical Energy Use Efficiency of Lighting;105
7.4.8;Electrical Energy Use Efficiency of Heat Pumps for Cooling;106
7.4.9;Inorganic Fertilizer Use Efficiency;106
7.4.10;Representative Values of Resource Use Efficiency;106
7.4.11;Electricity Consumption and Cost;107
7.4.12;Improving Light Energy Use Efficiency;108
7.4.12.1;Interplant Lighting and Upward Lighting;108
7.4.12.2;Improving the Ratio of Light Energy Received by Leaves;110
7.4.12.3;Using LEDs;110
7.4.12.4;Controlling Environmental Factors Other Than Light;110
7.4.12.5;Controlling Air Current Speed;110
7.4.12.6;Increasing the Salable Portion of Plants;111
7.4.12.7;Increasing Annual Production Capacity and Sales Volume per Unit Land Area;111
7.4.13;Estimation of Rates of Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water and Nutrient Uptake;112
7.4.13.1;Net Photosynthetic Rate;112
7.4.13.2;Transpiration Rate;113
7.4.13.3;Water Uptake Rate by Plants;113
7.4.13.4;Ion Uptake Rate by Plants;114
7.4.13.5;Application;114
7.4.14;Coefficient of Performance of Heat Pump;114
7.4.15;References;115
7.5;Chapter 5:Micro- and Mini-PFALs for Improving the Quality of Life in Urban Areas;118
7.5.1;Introduction;118
7.5.2;Characteristics and Types of m-PFAL;118
7.5.3;Various Applications of m-PFALs;119
7.5.3.1;Homes;119
7.5.3.2;Restaurants and Shopping Centers;121
7.5.3.3;Schools and Community Centers;122
7.5.3.4;Hospitals;124
7.5.3.5;Offices;125
7.5.3.6;Small Shops and Rental m-PFALs;125
7.5.4;Design Concept of m-PFALs;125
7.5.5;m-PFALs Connected to the Internet;126
7.5.6;Advanced Uses of m-PFALs Connecting with a Virtual m-PFAL;129
7.5.6.1;Visualizing the Effects of Energy and Material Balance on Plant Growth;129
7.5.6.2;Maximizing Productivity and Benefits Using Minimum Resources;129
7.5.6.3;Learning the Basics of an Ecosystem;129
7.5.6.4;Challenges;129
7.5.7;m-PFAL Connected with Other Biosystems as a Model Ecosystem;130
7.5.8;Light Source and Lighting System Design;131
7.5.9;References;131
7.6;Chapter 6: Rooftop Plant Production Systems in Urban Areas;132
7.6.1;Introduction;132
7.6.2;Rooftop Plant Production;132
7.6.2.1;Raised-Bed Production;133
7.6.2.2;Continuous Row Farming;133
7.6.2.3;Hydroponic Greenhouse Growing;134
7.6.3;Building Integration;134
7.6.3.1;Stormwater Management;134
7.6.3.2;Energy Use Reductions;136
7.6.4;References;137
8;Part 2: Basics of Physics and Physiology-Environments and Their Effects;140
8.1;Chapter 7: Light;142
8.1.1;Introduction;142
8.1.2;Physical Properties of Light and Its Measurement;142
8.1.2.1;Physical Properties;142
8.1.2.2;Light Measurement;144
8.1.3;Light Sources;145
8.1.3.1;Classification of Light Sources;146
8.1.3.2;Light-Emitting Diodes;146
8.1.3.2.1;General Benefits;147
8.1.3.2.2;Outline of the Light-Emitting Mechanism;147
8.1.3.2.3;Configuration Types;148
8.1.3.2.4;Basic Terms Expressing Electrical and Optical Characteristics;148
8.1.3.2.5;Electrical and Thermal Characteristics in Operation;150
8.1.3.2.6;Lighting and Light Intensity Control Methods;151
8.1.3.2.7;Lesser-Known Benefits and Disadvantages Related to Use;151
8.1.3.2.8;LED Modules With Different Color LEDs for PFALs;151
8.1.3.2.9;Pulsed Light and Its Effects;152
8.1.3.3;Fluorescent Lamps;153
8.1.3.3.1;General Benefits;153
8.1.3.3.2;Configuration of Tubular Fluorescent Lamps;153
8.1.3.3.3;Outline of the Light Emission Mechanism and Process;153
8.1.3.3.4;Relative Spectral Radiant Flux of Light Emitted from a Fluorescent L154
8.1.4;References;154
8.2;Chapter 8: Physical Environmental Factors and Their Properties;156
8.2.1;Introduction;156
8.2.2;Temperature, Energy, and Heat;156
8.2.2.1;Energy Balance;156
8.2.2.2;Radiation;157
8.2.2.3;Heat Conduction and Convection;157
8.2.2.4;Latent Heat—Transpiration;158
8.2.2.5;Measurement of Temperature;158
8.2.3;Water Vapor;159
8.2.3.1;Humidity;159
8.2.3.2;Vapor Pressure Deficit;159
8.2.3.3;Measurement of Humidity;160
8.2.4;Moist Air Properties;160
8.2.4.1;Composition of Air;160
8.2.4.2;Psychrometric Chart;161
8.2.5;CO2 Concentration;164
8.2.5.1;Nature;164
8.2.5.2;Dynamic Changes of CO2 Concentration in PFAL;164
8.2.5.3;Measurement of CO2 Concentration;164
8.2.6;Air Current Speed;165
8.2.6.1;Nature and Definition;165
8.2.6.2;Measurement;165
8.2.7;Number of Air Exchanges Per Hour;166
8.2.7.1;Nature and Definition;166
8.2.7.2;Measurement of Air Exchange;166
8.2.8;References;166
8.3;Chapter 9: Photosynthesis and Respiration;168
8.3.1;Introduction;168
8.3.2;Photosynthesis;168
8.3.2.1;Light Absorption by Photosynthetic Pigments;168
8.3.2.2;Electron Transport and Bioenergetics;170
8.3.2.3;Carbon Fixation and Metabolism;170
8.3.3;C3, C4 and CAM Photosynthesis;171
8.3.4;Respiration;171
8.3.5;Photorespiration;173
8.3.6;LAI and Light Penetration;174
8.3.7;Single Leaf and Canopy;175
8.3.8;References;175
8.4;Chapter 10: Growth, Development, Transpiration and Translocation as Affected by Abiotic Environmental Factors;178
8.4.1;Introduction;178
8.4.2;Shoot and Root Growth;178
8.4.2.1;Growth: Definition;178
8.4.2.2;Root Growth;179
8.4.3;Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth and Development;180
8.4.3.1;Temperature and Plant Growth and Development;180
8.4.3.2;Daily Light Integral;181
8.4.3.3;Light Quality;182
8.4.3.4;Humidity (VPD);183
8.4.3.5;CO2 Concentration;183
8.4.3.6;Air Current Speed;184
8.4.3.7;Nutrient and Root Zone;185
8.4.4;Development (Photoperiodism and Temperature Affecting Flower Development);186
8.4.5;Transpiration;187
8.4.6;Translocation;189
8.4.7;References;189
8.5;Chapter 11: Nutrition and Nutrient Uptake in Soilless Culture Systems;192
8.5.1;Introduction;192
8.5.2;Essential Elements;192
8.5.3;Beneficial Elements;196
8.5.4;Nutrient Uptake and Movement;196
8.5.5;Nutrient Solution;197
8.5.6;Solution pH and Nutrient Uptake;198
8.5.7;Nitrogen Form;198
8.5.8;New Concept: Quantitative Management;198
8.5.9;References;199
8.6;Chapter 12: Tipburn;200
8.6.1;Introduction;200
8.6.2;Cause of Tipburn;200
8.6.2.1;Inhibition of Ca2+ Absorption in Root;200
8.6.2.2;Inhibition of Ca2+ Transfer from Root to Shoot;201
8.6.2.3;Competition for Ca2+ Distribution;202
8.6.3;Countermeasure;202
8.6.4;References;203
8.7;Chapter 13: Functional Components in Leafy Vegetables;204
8.7.1;Introduction;204
8.7.2;Low-Potassium Vegetables;204
8.7.3;Low-Nitrate Vegetables;205
8.7.3.1;Restriction of Feeding Nitrate Fertilizer to Plants;205
8.7.3.2;Reduction in Accumulated Nitrate by Assimilation of Nitrate;206
8.7.4;Improving the Quality of Leafy Vegetables by Controlling Light Quality;206
8.7.4.1;Leafy Vegetables;207
8.7.4.2;Herbs;208
8.7.5;Conclusion;210
8.7.6;References;210
8.8;Chapter 14: Medicinal Components;214
8.8.1;Introduction;214
8.8.2;Growing Medicinal Plants Under Controlled Environments: Medicinal Components and Environmental Factors;215
8.8.2.1;CO2 Concentration and Photosynthetic Rates;215
8.8.2.2;Temperature Stress;215
8.8.2.3;Water Stress;216
8.8.2.4;Spectral Quality and UV Radiation;216
8.8.3;Conclusion;218
8.8.4;References;218
8.9;Chapter 15: Production of Pharmaceuticals in a Specially Designed Plant Factory;220
8.9.1;Introduction;220
8.9.2;Candidate Crops for PMPs;221
8.9.3;Construction of GM Plant Factories;222
8.9.4;Optimization of Environment Conditions for Plant Growth;224
8.9.4.1;Strawberry;224
8.9.4.2;Tomato;225
8.9.4.3;Rice;225
8.9.5;Concluding Remarks;227
8.9.6;References;227
9;Part 3: System Design, Construction, Cultivation and Management;228
9.1;Chapter 16: Plant Production Process, Floor Plan, and Layout of PFAL;230
9.1.1;Introduction;230
9.1.2;Motion Economy and PDCA Cycle;230
9.1.2.1;Principles of Motion Economy;230
9.1.2.2;PDCA Cycle;231
9.1.3;Plant Production Process;231
9.1.4;Layout;232
9.1.4.1;Floor Plan;232
9.1.4.2;Operation Room;234
9.1.4.3;Culture Room;235
9.1.5;Sanitation Control;238
9.1.5.1;Biological Cleanness;238
9.1.5.2;ISO22000 and HACCP for Food Safety;239
9.1.6;References;239
9.2;Chapter 17: Hydroponic Systems;240
9.2.1;Introduction;240
9.2.2;Hydroponic System;240
9.2.3;Sensors and Controllers;241
9.2.4;Nutrient Management Systems;241
9.2.4.1;Open and Closed Hydroponic Systems;241
9.2.4.2;Changes in Nutrient Balance Under EC-Based Hydroponic Systems;243
9.2.5;Ion-Specific Nutrient Management;244
9.2.6;Sterilization System;247
9.2.7;References;248
9.3;Chapter 18: Seeding, Seedling Production and Transplanting;250
9.3.1;Introduction;250
9.3.2;Preparation;250
9.3.3;Seeding;253
9.3.4;Seedling Production and Transplanting;256
9.4;Chapter 19: Transplant Production in Closed Systems;264
9.4.1;Introduction;264
9.4.2;Main Components and Their Functions;264
9.4.2.1;Main Components;265
9.4.2.2;Light Source, Air Conditioners, and Small Fans;266
9.4.2.3;Electricity Costs;267
9.4.2.4;Nutrient Solution Supply;269
9.4.3;Ecophysiology of Transplant Production;269
9.4.3.1;Introduction;270
9.4.3.2;Effects of Light Quality on Photosynthetic Performance in Transplants;270
9.4.3.3;Effects of the Physical Environment on Biotic Stress Resistance in Transplants;272
9.4.3.4;Effects of Plant-Plant Interactions on Gas Exchange Within Transplant Canopy;273
9.4.3.5;Effects of Light Quality on Light Competition Between Neighboring Plants and Consequent Equality of Plant Growth;276
9.4.3.6;Conclusions;277
9.4.4;Photosynthetic Characteristics of Vegetable and Medicinal Transplants as Affected by Light Environment;277
9.4.4.1;Introduction;278
9.4.4.2;Influence of Light Environment on Vegetable Transplant Production;278
9.4.4.2.1;Effects of PPF and photoperiod on the growth of vegetable transplants;278
9.4.4.2.2;Effects of light quality on growth of vegetable transplants;279
9.4.4.3;Photosynthetic Characteristics of Medicinal D. officinale;281
9.4.5;Blueberry;284
9.4.6;Propagation and Production of Strawberry Transplants;287
9.4.6.1;Vegetative Propagation;287
9.4.6.2;Licensing and Certification;288
9.4.6.3;Plug Transplants;288
9.4.6.4;Transplant Production in a PFAL;289
9.4.6.4.1;Configuration of S-PFAL;290
9.4.6.4.2;Environmental control;290
9.4.6.4.3;Small propagules with high planting density;290
9.4.6.4.4;Fixing of runner tips;292
9.4.6.4.5;Separation of runner plants;292
9.4.6.4.6;Simultaneous growth of propagules;292
9.4.6.4.7;Productivity of S-PFAL;292
9.4.6.5;Application of S-PFAL in Korea;292
9.4.7;References;293
9.5;Chapter 20: Photoautotrophic Micropropagation;298
9.5.1;Introduction;298
9.5.2;Development of PAM;298
9.5.3;Advantages and Disadvantages of PAM for Growth Enhancement of In Vitro Plants;299
9.5.4;Natural Ventilation System Using Different Types of Small Culture Vessels;299
9.5.5;Forced Ventilation System for Large Culture Vessels;303
9.5.6;Potential for Secondary Metabolite Production of In Vitro Medicinal Plants by Using PAM;305
9.5.6.1;Scaling Up a PAM System to an Aseptic Culture Room-A Closed Plant Production System;306
9.5.7;Conclusion;307
9.5.8;References;307
9.6;Chapter 21: Biological Factor Management;312
9.6.1;Introduction;312
9.6.2;Controlling Algae;312
9.6.2.1;Hydrogen Peroxide;312
9.6.2.2;Ozonated Water;313
9.6.2.3;Chlorine;313
9.6.2.4;Substrates;313
9.6.3;Microorganism Management;314
9.6.3.1;Microbiological Testing;314
9.6.3.2;Environmental Testing-Airborne Microorganisms;315
9.6.3.2.1;Measurement of fallen bacteria using plate method;315
9.6.3.2.2;Measurement of airborne microorganisms;315
9.6.3.3;Quality Testing-Testing for Bacteria and Fungi;317
9.6.3.4;Examples of Reports of Microbiological Testing in PFALs;317
9.6.3.5;Concluding Remarks;320
9.6.4;References;320
9.7;Chapter 22: Design and Management of PFAL;322
9.7.1;Introduction;322
9.7.2;Structure and Function of the PFAL-D&M System;322
9.7.3;PFAL-D (Design) Subsystem;324
9.7.3.1;Lighting System (LS);325
9.7.4;PFAL-M Subsystem;325
9.7.4.1;Structure of Software;325
9.7.4.2;Logical Structure of Equations;327
9.7.5;Design of Lighting System;327
9.7.5.1;PPFD Distribution;327
9.7.5.2;Scheduling the Lighting Cycles to Minimize Electricity Charge;329
9.7.6;Electricity Consumption and Its Reduction;330
9.7.6.1;Daily Changes in Electricity Consumption;330
9.7.6.2;COP as Affected by the Temperature Difference Between Inside and Outside;331
9.7.6.3;COP as Affected by the Actual Cooling Load;332
9.7.6.4;Monthly Changes in Electricity Consumption;333
9.7.6.5;Visualization of Power Consumption by Components on the Display Screen;333
9.7.6.6;Rates of Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, and Water Uptake by Plants;335
9.7.7;Three-Dimensional Distribution of Air Temperature;335
9.7.8;Plant Growth Measurement, Analysis, and Control;336
9.7.8.1;Determination of Parameter Values for Plant Growth Curve;336
9.7.8.2;Determination of Dates for Transplanting;337
9.7.8.3;Determination of the Number of Culture Panels for Different Growth Stages;338
9.7.9;Conclusions;338
9.7.10;References;339
9.8;Chapter 23: Automated Technology in Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting;340
9.8.1;Introduction;340
9.8.2;Seeding Device;341
9.8.3;Seedling Selection Robot System;342
9.8.4;Shuttle-Type Transfer Robot;344
9.8.5;Cultivation Panel Washer;345
9.8.6;References;346
9.9;Chapter 24: Life Cycle Assessment;348
9.9.1;Standard of LCA;348
9.9.1.1;Introduction;348
9.9.1.2;Goal and Scope Definition;349
9.9.1.3;Life Cycle Inventory Analysis;350
9.9.1.4;Life Cycle Impact Assessment;351
9.9.1.5;Interpretation;352
9.9.2;Remarks for the Assessment of PFAL;352
9.9.2.1;Inventory Data Collection/Impact Assessment;353
9.9.2.2;Functional Unit;354
9.9.2.3;Interpretation;354
9.9.3;Summary and Outlook;354
9.9.4;References;355
9.10;Chapter 25: Education, Training, and Intensive Business Forums on Plant Factories;358
9.10.1;Introduction;358
9.10.2;Plant Factories in the Center;359
9.10.3;Plant Environment Designing Program;360
9.10.4;Intensive Business Forums on Plant Factories;364
9.10.4.1;2010 Business Forums;365
9.10.4.2;2011 Business Forums;367
9.10.4.3;2012 Business Forums;367
9.10.4.4;2013 Business Forums;367
9.10.4.5;2014 Business Forums;369
9.10.5;JPFAs Business Workshops;370
9.10.5.1;2009 Business Workshop;371
9.10.5.2;2010 Business Workshop;372
9.10.5.3;2011 Business Workshop;373
9.10.5.4;2012 Business Workshop;373
9.10.5.5;2013 Business Workshop;374
9.10.5.6;2014 Business Workshop;374
9.10.6;References;375
10;Part 4: PFALs in Operation and its Perspectives;376
10.1;Chapter 26: Selected Commercial PFALs in Japan and Taiwan;378
10.1.1;Introduction;378
10.1.2;Representative PFALs in Taiwan;378
10.1.2.1;Cal-Com Bio Corp. of New Kinpo Group;379
10.1.2.2;Glonacal Green Technology Corp.;379
10.1.2.3;Ting-Mao Bio-Technology Corp.;379
10.1.2.4;Lee-Pin: A PFAL Building Inside a Greenhouse;380
10.1.2.5;Yasai-Lab Corp.: The Largest PF in Taiwan;380
10.1.3;Spread Co., Ltd.;382
10.1.3.1;Vision and Mission;382
10.1.3.2;History and Location;382
10.1.3.3;Business Model;384
10.1.3.4;Main Crops;385
10.1.3.5;Outline of PFAL;386
10.1.3.6;Costs by Component and Sales Price;386
10.1.3.7;Markets;387
10.1.3.8;Future Plans;388
10.1.3.9;Website URL;389
10.1.4;Mirai Co., Ltd.;389
10.1.4.1;Vision and Mission;389
10.1.4.2;History and Location;389
10.1.4.3;Business Model;390
10.1.4.4;Outline of PFAL;390
10.1.4.5;Costs by Component and Sales Price;391
10.1.4.6;Markets;391
10.1.4.7;Future Plans;391
10.1.4.8;Website URL;391
10.1.5;Japan Dome House Co., Ltd.;391
10.1.5.1;Background and Geographical Location;391
10.1.5.2;Business Model;392
10.1.5.3;Outline of PFAL;392
10.1.5.4;Sales Price of PFAL;394
10.1.5.5;Markets;395
10.1.5.6;Future Plans;395
10.1.5.7;Website URL;395
10.1.6;Internationally Local nLoCo);395
10.1.6.1;No Agricultural Background;395
10.1.6.2;The Basis of Profitability;396
10.1.6.3;How Did InLoCo Achieve Profitability?;396
10.1.6.3.1;The process;396
10.1.6.3.2;Products;397
10.1.6.4;Business Model;399
10.1.6.5;Future Plans;401
10.1.6.6;Website URL;401
10.1.7;Sci Tech Farm Co., Ltd.;402
10.1.7.1;Vision and Mission;402
10.1.7.2;History and Location;402
10.1.7.3;Business Model;403
10.1.7.4;Main Crops;404
10.1.7.5;Outline of PFAL;404
10.1.7.6;Cost Breakdown and Sales Price;407
10.1.7.7;Markets;408
10.1.7.7.1;Markets for vegetables;408
10.1.7.7.2;Markets for LED Farm® system packages;408
10.1.7.8;Future Plans;408
10.1.7.9;Website URL;409
10.1.8;Berg Earth Co., Ltd.;409
10.1.8.1;Vision and Mission;409
10.1.8.2;History and Location;409
10.1.8.3;Business Model;410
10.1.8.4;Main Crops;411
10.1.8.5;Outline of PFAL;411
10.1.8.6;Costs by Components and Sales Price;412
10.1.8.7;Markets;412
10.1.8.8;Future Plans;413
10.1.8.9;Website URL;413
10.2;Chapter 27: Challenges for the Next-Generation PFAL;414
10.2.1;Introduction;414
10.2.2;Lighting System;414
10.2.2.1;Upward Lighting;414
10.2.2.2;Using Green LEDs;415
10.2.2.3;Layouts of LEDs;416
10.2.3;Breeding and Seed Propagation;416
10.2.3.1;Vegetables Suited to PFAL;416
10.2.3.2;Seed Propagation and Breeding Using PFAL;417
10.2.3.3;Medicinal Plants;417
10.2.4;Cultivation;418
10.2.4.1;Culture System with Restricted Root Mass;418
10.2.4.2;Ever-Flowering Berry Production in PFALs;418
10.2.5;PFAL with Solar Cells;418
10.2.6;References;420
10.3;Chapter 28: Conclusions: Resourcesaving and Resourceconsuming Characteristics of PFALs;422
10.3.1;Roles of PFALs in Urban Areas;422
10.3.2;Benefits of Producing Fresh Vegetables Using PFALs in Urban Areas;423
10.3.3;Resource-Saving Characteristics of PFALs;423
10.3.4;Possible Reductions in Electricity Consumption and Initial Investment;424
10.3.4.1;Electricity Consumption;424
10.3.4.2;Initial Resource Investment;424
10.3.4.3;Increasing the Productivity and Quality;424
10.3.4.4;Dealing with Power Cuts;425
10.3.5;Challenges;425
11;Index;428
12;Back Cover;433