Kuroda Essential Principles of Image Sensors

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4822-2006-3
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 192 Seiten

Providing a succinct introduction to the systemization, noise sources, and signal processes of image sensor technology, Essential Principles of Image Sensors discusses image information and its four factors: space, light intensity, wavelength, and time. Featuring clarifying and insightful illustrations, this must-have text:

- Explains how image sensors convert optical image information into image signals

- Treats space, wavelength, and time as digitized built-in coordinate points in image sensors and systems

- Details the operational principles, pixel technology, and evolution of CCD, MOS, and CMOS sensors with updated technology

- Describes sampling theory, presenting unique figures demonstrating the importance of phase

- Explores causes for the decline of image information quality

In a straightforward manner suitable for beginners and experts alike, Essential Principles of Image Sensors covers key topics related to digital imaging including semiconductor physics, component elements necessary for image sensors, silicon as a sensitive material, noises in sensors, and more.

Zielgruppe

Universities, graduate schools, and research institutes, as well as image sensor, camera, and semiconductor manufacturing companies.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kuroda, Takao

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Elektronik Sensorik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to English Version

Preface to Japanese Version

Editor

Task of Imaging and Role of Image Sensors

Factors Constructing Image Information

Image Sensor Output and Structure of Image Signal

Monochrome Still Images

Color Still Images

Color Moving Images

Functional Elements of Image Sensors

References

Device Elements and Circuits for Image Sensors

Device Element Components

Foundation of Silicon Device Physics

pn-Junction

MOS Structure

Buried MOS Structure

Photogate

Photodiode

Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode

Silicon as a Photosensitive Material

np Photodiode on p-Type Substrate

npn Photodiode on p-Well

Circuit Components

Floating Diffusion Amplifier

Source Follower Amplifier

Correlated Double Sampling Circuit

References

Major Types of Noise in Image Sensors

Amplitude of Noise

Circuitry Noise (kTC Noise)

Transistor Noise

1/f Noise

Thermal Noise

Random Telegraph Noise

Shot Noise

FDA Noise Reduction by CDS

References

Integration Period and Scanning Mode

Progressive Mode

Interlaced Mode

Electronic Shutter Mode

Types of Image Sensors

CCD Sensors

Principle of CCDs

Pixel Technology of IT-CCD

Vertical Overflow Drain Structure

Depleted Photodiode and Transfer Mechanism

Buried Photodiode/Pinned Photodiode

Progress of CCD Sensor

MOS Sensors

Principle of MOS Sensors

Pixel Technology of MOS Sensors

Progress in MOS Sensors

CMOS Sensors

Principle of CMOS Sensors

Pixel Technology of CMOS Sensors

Progress in CMOS Sensors

Noise Reduction Circuits in Analog Output Sensor

Digital Output Sensors

Sensitivity Improvement Technology

Lightguide (Lightpipe)

Backside Illuminated Sensors

Front Side Illuminated Sensor

Organic Sensors

Electronic Shutter

Electronic Shutter of CCD Sensors

Electronic Shutter of MOS and CMOS Sensors

Comparison of Situation and Prospects of Each Sensor Type

References

Impacts of Digitization by Built-In Coordinate Points on Image Information Quality

Sampling and Sampling Theorem

Sampling in Space Domain

Sampling in Time Domain

Sampling in Wavelength Domain and Color Information

References

Technologies to Improve Image Information Quality

Light Intensity Information

Sensitivity

Dynamic Range

Space Information

Time Information

Frame-Based Sensors

Imaging Modes

Event-Driven Sensor

Color and Wavelength Information

Single-Chip Color Camera System

Multiband Camera System

Hyperspectral Imaging System

References

Imaging Systems

Deteriorating Elements of Image Information Quality

Signal Processing

Defect Correction, Brightness Correction

White Balance

Demosaicking

Color Conversion

Color and Tone Matching

Noise Reduction

Edge Enhancement

Image Format

Problem of DSP Correction Dependence Syndrome

Three-Chip Color Camera System

Reference

Epilogue

Über Autor(innen)

Takao Kuroda earned his bachelor, masters, and doctorate degrees from Osaka University, Japan. Throughout his illustrious career, he has held positions in the Panasonic Corporation’s Electronics Laboratory, Kyoto Research Laboratory, Elemental Technology Development Group, and Image Sensor Business Unit. He initially retired from Panasonic in December 2005, but at the company’s request, he accepted an advisory role to establish a technology strategy. In 2011, he retired completely to write the Japanese version of Essential Principles of Image Sensors. An ITE fellow, Dr. Kuroda holds 70 Japanese and 15 US patents. His research has contributed to numerous technological advancements around the world.