Labhart Clinical Endocrinology

Theory and Practice
Erscheinungsjahr 2012
ISBN: 978-3-642-96158-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, eBook

Periodically in the evolution of an important branch of clinical medicine there develops a critical need for a textbook which combines with the clinical aspects of disease syndromes an in-depth review of the sciences basic to the disorders discussed, as well as a carefully selected but com prehensive review of pertinent literature. LABHART'S Clinical Endo crinology revised and translated into English provides for this need in the field of endocrinology in an exemplary manner. Prof. LABHART has selected his individual authors with great care, and they in turn have provided authoritative monographs. An interesting, useful and informative introduction to each chapter is provided by a tabulation of the dates of important or significant contributions to the field. The chapter subdivisions present in great detail a wide variety of subjects such as embryology, anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, indi vidual hormones and their analogues, biosynthesis, metabolism and regulation of hormone release as well as a full discussion of the clinico pathological correlations. The bibliography is unusually extensive and will provide an important source book for all investigators and students in the field.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Labhart, A.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Bürgi, H.

Trachsler, A.

Thorn, G.W.

Dodsworth-Phillips, J.

Constam, G.R.

Courvoisier, B.

Fischer, J.A.

Froesch, E.R.

Grob, P.

Hedinger, C.

Keller, P.J.

Kistler, G.

Martz, G.

Müller, J.

Prader, A.

Rossier, P.H.

Schreiner, W.E.

Siebenmann, R.

Steiner, H.

Töndury, G.

Wernly, M.

Zachmann, M.

Ziegler, W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

I. General Aspects of Endocrinology.- A. Introduction.- B. Endocrine Genetics.- C. Biosynthesis of Hormones.- D. Storage and Release of Hormones.- E. Hormone Transport.- F. Transfer of “Hormonal” Information to the Receptor Cell.- G. Receptors.- H. Events Following the Binding of Hormones to Receptors.- 1. Effects of Hormones on Membranes.- 2. Cyclic AMP and the Concept of the Second Messenger.- 3. Effects of Hormones on Protein Synthesis.- 4. Direct Effects of Hormones on Enzyme Activities.- 5. Effects of Hormones on Cellular Differentiation.- I. Hormones as Components of Physiological Control Systems.- References.- II. The Hypothalamus.- A. Definition.- B. Embryology and Gross Anatomy.- C. Physiology.- D. Pathology and Clinical Features of Endocrinopathies due to Hypothalamic Involvement.- E. Diagnosis of Hypothalamic Endocrinopathies.- F. Special Syndromes.- References.- III. The Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- 1. The Neurohypophysis.- 2. The Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal Connections.- C. Biochemistry, Transport, Inactivation, and Excretion.- D. Physiology.- 1. Place of Formation of Vasopressin and Oxytocin.- 2. Release.- 3. Action of the Neurohypophyseal Hormones.- 4. Interrelations.- E. Hypofunction of the Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal System.- Diabetes Insipidus.- 1. Definition.- 2. Incidence.- 3. Etiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 4. Clinical Features and Symptoms of Idiopathic and Symptomatic Diabetes Insipidus.- 5. Special Forms of Diabetes Insipidus.- 6. Primary Polydipsia.- 7. Adipsia, Usually Associated with (Partial) Diabetes Insipidus.- 8. Differential Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 9. Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 10. Prognosis and Course.- 11.Therapy.- F. Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (Schwartz-Bartter Syndrome, Oversecretion of Vasopressin).- 1. Symptomatology and Pathogenesis.- 2. Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis.- 3. Course and Therapy.- References.- IV. The Pineal Body and the Circumventricular Organs.- A. Pineal Body.- B. Subcommissural Organ.- References.- V. The Adenohypophysis.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Anatomy.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Gross Anatomy.- 3. Histology.- 4. The Hypothalamo-Adenohypophyseal Connections.- C. Chemistry and Biochemistry.- 1. Prolactin.- 2. Growth Hormone.- 3. Substances with Partial Effects of Growth Hormone.- D. Physiology.- 1 Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone.- 2. Regulation of the Secretion of Growth Hormone.- 3. Interactions of Growth Hormone with Other Hormones.- E. Pituitary Insufficiency, Panhypopituitarism.- 1. Classification.- 2. Occurrence and Incidence.- 3. Etiology and Pathogenesis.- 4. Pathological Anatomy.- 5. Symptoms and Clinical Course.- 6. Differential Diagnosis.- 7. Special Forms.- 8. Course and Prognosis.- 9. Therapy.- F. Hyperfunction of the Adenohypophysis.- 1. Classification.- 2. Syndrome of Galactorrhea and Amenorrhea with Low Gonadotropin Excretion.- 3. Pituitary Gigantism.- 4. Acromegaly.- G. Hormonal-Inactive Pituitary Tumors.- 1. Pathological Anatomy.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Therapy.- 4. Diagnosis of the Anterior Pituitary Function.- References.- VI. The Thyroidgland.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy, and Histology.- C. Biochemistry and Physiology.- 1. Chemistry of the Thjroid Hormones.- 2. Hormone Biosynthesis and Release.- 3. State of Thyroid Hormone in Plasma, and Disorders of Hormone Binding Plasma Proteins.- 4. Peripheral Hormone Metabolism, Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine.-5. Mode of Action of Thyroid Hormones.- 6. Control of Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Release.- 7. The Thyroid in Relation to Other Endocrine Glands.- 8. Changes of Thyroid Function in Diseases of Other Organs.- D. Hypothyroidism in the Adult.- 1. Classification.- 2. Primary Hypothyroidism.- 3. Secondary Hypothyroidism.- 4. Borderline Hypothyroid States.- 5. Myxedema Coma.- 6. Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism.- 7. Course and Prognosis of Hypothyroidism.- 8. Treatment of Hypothyroidism.- E. Hypothyroidism in Childhood.- 1. Aplastic, Hypoplastic and Ectopic Thyroid Gland.- 2. Acquired Childhood Hypothyroidism.- 3. Genetically Determined Defects of Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis or Action.- 4. Secondary Hypothyroidism in Childhood.- 5. Clinical Features of Childhood Hypothyroidism.- 6. Treatment and Prognosis.- F. Thyrotoxicosis.- 1. Definition, Classification, and Basic Thyroid Hormone Kinetics.- 2. Toxic Diffuse Goiter (Graves’ Disease, Basedow’s Disease).- 3. Toxic Nodular Goiter (Toxic Adenoma, Plummer’s Disease).- 4. Rare Causes of Hyperthyroidism.- G. Endemic Thyroid Disease.- 1. Endemic Euthyroid Goiter.- 2. Endemic Cretinism.- H. Sporadic Euthyroid Goiter.- I. Thyroiditis.- 1. Introduction and Classification.- 2. Acute and Subacute Nonsuppurative Thyroiditis.- 3. Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis.- 4. Chronic Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis (Riedel’s Struma).- 5. Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis.- 6. Chronic Nonsuppurative Thyroiditis due to Specific Infection.- K. Thyroid Neoplasia.- 1. Benign Tumors.- 2. Malignant Thyroid Tumors.- L. Thyroid Function Tests.- 1. Thyroid Hormones in Serum.- 2. Tests of Radioiodine Turnover.- 3. Thyroid Uptake of Pertechnate 99 m Tc.- 4. Tests of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Effect.- 5. Tests of TSH Secretion.- 6.Tests for Inborn Errors of Iodine Metabolism.- 7. Miscellaneous Tests.- 8. Clinical Indices. Diagnostic Power and Proper Selection of Laboratory Tests.- References.- VII. Adrenal Cortex.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- C. Biochemistry.- 1. Steroid Hormones.- 2. Stereoisomerism and Nomenclature.- 3. The Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 4. The Biosynthesis of the Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 5. Transport of Adreno-cortical Hormones.- 6. Metabolic Breakdown and Excretion of Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 7. Structure of Corticotropin (ACTH) and the Melanotropins (MSH).- D. Physiology.- 1 Biological Effects of Corticotropin.- 2. The Regulation of Adrenal-cortical Hormone Secretion.- 3. Biological Actions of the Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 4. The General Adaptation Syndrome.- E. Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 1. Classification.- 2. Primary Chronic Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency. Addison’s Disease.- 3. Other Forms of Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 4. Differential Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 5. Therapy of Adrenal Insufficiency.- 6. Prognosis of Adrenal Insufficiency.- F. Hyperfunction of the Adrenal Cortex.- 1. Classification.- 2. Mineralcorticoid Excess.- 3. Cushing’s Syndrome.- 4. The Adrenogenital Syndrome.- 5. Adrenal Feminization.- G. Assessment of Adrenocortical Function.- 1. Determination of Plasma ACTH.- 2. Determination of Plasma MSH.- 3. Plasma Renin and Angiotensin Assays.- 4. Determination of Steroid Hormones.- 5. Stimulation Tests.- 6. ACTH Suppression Tests with Dexamethasone.- 7. Function Tests for Detection of the Source of Androgens in Hirsutism and Virilization.- 8. Indirect Evaluation of Adrenocortical Function.- References.- VIII. The adrenal medulla.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Histology.- C.Biochemistry.- 1. Chemistry, Site of Formation, Synthesis and Metabolism.- 2. Storage.- 3. Release.- 4. Transport.- 5. Breakdown and Excretion.- D. Pharmacological Influence on Storage, Release and Inactivation of Catecholamines.- E. Physiology of the Adrenal Medullary Hormones.- 1. Actions on Organic Systems.- 2. Action on Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism.- 3. General Action on the Organism.- 4. Regulation of the Secretion of Catecholamines.- 5. Mode of Action and Pharmacological Influence on the Actions.- F. Hypofunction.- 1. Idiopathic Hypoglycemia in Children (MCQUARRIE, ZETTERSTRÖM).- 2. Idiopathic Postural Hypotension.- 3. Familial Dysautonomia.- 4. Adrenal Medullary Insufficiency in Severe Stress.- G. Hyperfunction: Pheochromocytoma.- 1. Incidence.- 2. Localization.- 3. Pathologic Anatomy.- 4. Clinical Picture and Symptoms.- 5. Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma.- 6. Course and Prognosis.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Treatment.- References.- IX. Testis.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- C. Biochemistry.- 1. Androgens.- 2. Estrogens.- D. Physiology.- 1. Site of Production of Testicular Hormones.- 2. Pituitary Control.- 3. Action of Testosterone.- 4. Semen.- E. Hypogonadism in the Male.- 1. Definition.- 2. General Symptoms of Androgenic Failure.- 3. Investigation and Classification.- 4. Different Forms of Male Hypogonadism.- 5. Anti-Androgens (“Chemical Castration”).- 6. Differential Diagnosis of Male Hypogonadism.- 7. Therapy.- F. Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes).- 1. Definition and Incidence.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Consequences of Cryptorchidism.- 4. MORBID ANATOMY.- 5. Incretory and Secretory Function of Undescended Testes.- 6. Examination Technique and Classification.- 7. Treatment.- G. Sterility.- 1. Etiology andPathogenesis.- 2. Diagnosis.- 3. Therapy.- 4. Induced Reversible Sterility.- H. Impotence, Satyrism, Perversion.- I. Gynecomastia.- 1. Pubertal Gynecomastia.- 2. Gynecomastia in Endocrinopathies.- 3. Gynecomastia Produced by Drugs.- 4. Gynecomastia in Nonendocrine Diseases.- 5. Familial Gynecomastia.- 6. Therapy.- K. Syndromes of Testicular Hormonal Overproduction.- 1. Neoplasms of the Testis.- L. Methods of Investigation.- 1.Clinical Signs.- 2.Examination of the Semen.- 3.Testis Biopsy.- 4.Testosterone Estimations and Functional Evaluation of the Hypothalamus- Pituitary-Gonadal-Axis.- References.- X. The Ovary.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Anatomy.- 1. Macroscopic Anatomy.- 2. Embryology and Histology.- C. Physiology of Ovarian Function.- 1. Chemistry and Occurrence.- 2. Biosynthesis.- 3. Production and Plasma Content.- 4. Metabolism and Excretion.- 5. Biological Action.- 6. Methods of Estimation and Standards.- 7. Modes of Administration and General Principles for Adjusting the Doses of Ovarian Hormones.- D. Regulation of Ovarian Function.- 1. Anatomical and Functional Structure of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System.- 2. Releasing (RH) and Inhibitor (IH) Hormones of the Hypothalamus.- 3. Regulation Mechanism.- 4. The Pituitary Gonadotropins.- E. Ovulation.- 1. Influence of Thyroid Gland and Adrenal Cortex on Ovulation.- 2. Proof of Ovulation.- 3. Inhibition of Ovulation.- F. Transition Periods in the Woman.- 1. Puberty and Menarche.- 2. Climacteric and Menopause.- G. Ovarian Dysfunction.- 1. Amenorrhea.- 2. Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding.- 3. Polycystic Ovary.- 4. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea.- H. The Sterile Marriage.- 1. Frequency.- 2. Causes.- 3. Methods of Investigation.- 4. Treatment of Female Sterility.- I. Endocrine-Active Ovarian Tumors.- 1. Predominantly Estrogen-Producing Tumors (“Feminizing” Tumors).- 2. Predominantly Androgen-Producing Tumors.- 3. Chorioepithelioma.- 4. Struma Ovarii.- References.- XI. Pregnancy.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Anatomy.- 1. Development and Structure of the Placenta.- 2. Specific Changes of Other Endocrine Glands.- C. Biochemistry of Pregnancy- and Lactation-Regulating Hormones.- 1. Placental Protein Hormones.- 2. Steroid Hormones.- 3. Prolactin.- 4. Oxytocin.- D. Normal Pregnancy.- 1. Hormone Production in the Placenta.- 2. Feto-Placento-Maternal Hormone Exchange.- 3. Function of Other Endocrine Glands during Pregnancy.- 4. Hormonal Effects on the Maternal Organism.- E. Pathology of Pregnancy.- 1. Abortion.- 2. Extra-Uterine Pregnancy.- 3. Toxemias of Pregnancy.- 4. Rhesus Incompatibility.- 5. Multiple Pregnancies.- 6. Prolongation of Pregnancy.- 7. Fetal Malformations.- 8. Hydramnios.- 9. Intra-Uterine Fetal Death.- 10. Hydatidiform Mole and Chorionepithelioma.- 11. Hormonal Control of the Endangered Pregnancy.- F. Hormonal Control of Birth.- 1. Steroid Hormones.- 2. Oxytocin.- 3. Fetal Influences.- G. The Postpartum Period.- 1. The Puerperium.- 2. Lactation.- 3. The Menstrual Cycle.- H. Endocrinological Methods of Investigations during Pregnancy.- 1. Pregnancy Reactions.- 2. Quantitative HCG Estimation.- 3. Methods for Estimating HPL.- 4. Estimation of Estrogens.- 5. Estimation of Pregnanediol.- 6. DHAS Test.- 7. Estimation of Prolactin.- References.- XII. Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (Intersexuality).- A. Definition and Terminology.- B. Embryology.- C. Methods of Investigation.- D. Review and Investigation.- E. Abnormal Gonadal Development.- 1. Turner’s Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis).- 2. Male Turner’s Syndrome.- 3. Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis.- 4. Asymmetric MixedGonadal Dysgenesis.- 5. XX Men.- 6. True Hermaphroditism.- 7. Agonadism.- F. Abnormal Genital Development in the Presence of Normal Testes (Masculine Pseudohermaphroditism).- 1. Oviduct Persistence.- 2. Disturbances of Testosterone Synthesis.- 3. Testicular Feminization.- 4. Incomplete Testicular Feminization and Similar Syndromes.- 5. Hereditary, Vulviform, Perineal Hypospadias.- G. Abnormal Genital Development in the Presence of Normal Ovaries (Femine Pseudohermaphroditism).- Transplacental Virilization.- H. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.- 1. Intersexual Genital Appearance.- 2. Female Genital Appearance.- 3. Male Genital Appearance.- I. Psychosexuality.- K. Therapy and Choice of Sex.- References.- XIII. THE PANCREAS.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Histology.- C. The Islet Cell Apparatus, Metabolic Regulation, and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Energy Exchange and Intermediary Metabolism.- 2. Glucose Metabolism in the Liver.- 3. Chemistry, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, Secretion and Effects of Insulin.- 4. The Acute Metabolic Disorder in Diabetes and Diabetic Coma.- 5. Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Coma.- 6. Treatment of Diabetic Coma.- 7. Pathogenesis and Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 8. The Pathogenesis of Diabetic Angiopathy and Neuropathy.- D. Morphology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. General.- 2. The Pancreas and the Islets of Langerhans.- 3. Primarily Vascular Concomitant and Subsequent Symptoms (So-Called Late Syndrome).- 4. Other Common Morphological Changes in Diabetes Mellitus.- E. The Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Incidence.- 2. Prevention.- 3. Course of Diabetes Mellitus.- 4. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.- 5. Prognosis.- 6. Therapy.- 7. Accompanying Symptoms and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.- 8. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Birth.- 9. Infantile and Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus.- 10. Surgical Procedures in Diabetics.- 11. Special Forms of Diabetes Mellitus.- F. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Urine Examination for Glucose.- 2. Qualitative Estimation of Ketone Bodies in the Urine.- 3. Methods of Estimating Blood Sugar, and their Use in Diagnosing Diabetes.- G. Hypoglycemia.- 1. Definition.- 2. Symptoms of Hypoglycemia.- 3. Treatment of Hypoglycemic Shock.- 4. General Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemia.- 5. Reactive Hypoglycemia.- 6. Fasting Hypoglycemia.- 7. Hyperinsulinism, B-Islet-Cell Adenoma.- H. Glucagon: The Second Pancreatic Hormone.- 1. Chemistry of Glucagon.- 2. Physiology of Glucagon.- 3. Overproduction of Glucagon.- 4. The Glucagon-Deficiency Syndrome.- References.- XIV. The Parathyroids.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Normal Anatomy and Histology.- C. Physiology and Biochemistry of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism.- 1. Calcium Metabolism.- 2. Phosphate Metabolism.- 3. Bone Metabolism.- 4. Metabolic Bone Disease.- 5. Regulation of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism.- 6. Bones, Calcium and Phosphate.- D. Hypoparathyroidism.- 1. Etiology and Pathogenesis.- 2. Symptoms.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Differential Diagnosis.- E. Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism.- 1. Clinical Definition.- 2. Pathogenesis.- 3. Hereditary Factors.- F. Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism.- a) General Facts.- b) Treatment of Acute Tetany.- c) Treatment of Chronic Postoperative and Idiopathic Parathyroid Insufficiency.- G. Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- 1. Definition.- 2. Etiology, Incidence and Frequency.- 3. Pathologic Anatomy and Histology.- 4. Pathophysiology.- 5. Clinical Features and Symptoms.- 6. Diagnosis.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Prognosis.- 9.Therapy.- 10. Postoperative Treatment.- 11. Treatment of the Parathyroid Crisis.- H. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.- 1. Definition.- 2. Morbid Anatomy and Histology.- 3. Incidence.- 4. Etiology.- 5. Pathophysiology.- 6. Clinical Features and X-Ray Findings.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Therapy.- 9. Normocalcemic Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.- I. Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.- K. Laboratory Investigations and Function Tests.- 1. Diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- 2. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism.- References.- XV. Tissue hormones.- A. Definition.- B. Polypeptides.- 1 Gastrointestinal Hormones.- 2. Kinins.- 3. Renin-Angiotensin II.- 4. Substance P.- 5. VEM and VDM (Vasoexcitor and Vasodepressor Substances).- 6. Parotin.- C. Glycoprotein: Erythropoietin.- D. Amines.- 1. Serotonin.- E. The Prostaglandins.- References.- XVI. Endocrine Hyperfunctional Syndromes by Ectopic Hormone Formation (Paraneoplastic Syndromes).- A. Definition.- B. Pathogenesis.- References.- XVII. Thymus.- 1. Embryology and Structure.- 2. Thymus and Immune Function.- 3. Thymus and Neuromuscular Function.- 4. Other Thymic Hormones.- References.- XVIII. The Pluriglandular Syndromes.- A. Endocrine Adenomatoses.- 1. Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis (Endocrine Polyadenomatosis, Familial Multiple Endocrine Adenoma (MEA), Wermer’s Syndrome, “Job’s Syndrome”, Steiner’s Multiple Neoplasia, Type I).- 2. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma—Bilateral Pheochromocytoma (Sipple’s Syndrome, Steiner’s Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type II).- B. Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy (Pluriglandular Insufficiency, Multiple Endocrine Sclerosis, Schmidt’s Syndrome).- 1. Definition.- 2. Pathogenesis.- 3. Clinical Features.- C. Syndrome of Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, andOptic Atrophy.- References.- XIX. Growth and Development.- A. General Concepts of Growth and Development.- 1. General Factors of Growth.- 2. Body Growth and Growth of the Endocrine Glands.- B. Hormonal Influence on Growth and Bone Development.- 1. Survey.- 2. Hypophyseal Growth Hormone (STH, GH).- 3. Thyroid Hormones.- 4. Insulin and Glucagon.- 5. Adrenocortical Hormones.- 6. Gonadal Hormones.- C. Normal Values for Body Measurements and Development of Bones and Teeth.- 1. Height and Weight.- 2. Body Surface and Dosages for Tolerance Tests.- 3. Body Proportions.- 4. Bone Development.- 5. Prognosis of Puberty and Growth from Body Height and Bone Development.- 6. Dental Development.- 7. Graphic Representation of Growth and Development.- D. Disorders of Growth.- 1. Definition of Dwarfism and Gigantism.- 2. Etiological Classification of Dwarfism.- 3. Dyscerebral and Microcephalic Dwarfism.- 4. Hypocaloric and Psychosocial Dwarfism.- 5. Constitutional Delay of Growth and Development.- 6. Primordial Dwarfism.- 7. Progeria.- 8. Dysmorphic Syndrome with Dwarfism.- 9. Clinical Investigation of Dwarfism.- 10. Prognosis and Treatment of Dwarfism.- 11. Tall Stature and Gigantism.- E. Puberty.- 1. Survey.- 2. External Characteristics and Course.- 3. Hormonal Findings.- 4. Hormonal Dependence of Secondary Sexual Characteristics.- 5. Hypothalamus, Gonadarche, Adrenarche and Puberty.- F. Special Variations of Normal Pubertal Development.- 1. Survey.- 2. Isolated Premature Pubarche.- 3. Isolated Premature Thelarche.- 4. Puberal Gynecomastia.- 5. Generalized Somatic, Psychic and Psychosexual Variations of “Masculinity” and “Feminity”.- 6. Prepuberal and Puberal Obesity.- 7. Puberal Emaciation.- G. Precocious Puberty.- 1. Survey.- H. Delayed Puberty.- References.- XX. Fundamentalsof the Hormone Treatment of Nonendocrine Disorders.- A. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinomas of the Breast, Prostate, and Corpus Uteri and of Prostatic Hypertrophy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features.- 3. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Breast.- 4. Endocrine Therapy of Metastasizing Carcinoma of the Breast in the Male.- 5. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Prostate.- 6. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Body of the Uterus.- 7. Endocrine Treatment of Prostatic Hypertrophy.- B. Pharmacological Use of Hormones.- 1. Cortisol and its Derivatives.- 2. Anabolic Therapy.- 3. Progesterone in Respiratory Dysfunction.- 4. Glucagon.- References.