Larkum / Douglas / Raven Photosynthesis in Algae

2003
ISBN: 978-94-007-1038-2
Verlag: Springer Netherland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 14, 480 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Larkum, Anthony W. D.

Douglas, S.

Raven, John A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introductory Chapters.- 1 The Algae and their General Characteristics.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. The Algae: Their Origins and Diversity.- III. The Green, Red and Brown Algae.- IV. The Chromophytes.- V. The Chlorarachniophytes.- VI. The Euglenophytes.- VII. Algal Genomes.- VIII. Algae as Sources of Natural Products.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 2 Algal Plastids: Their Fine Structure and Properties.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Origin of Plastids.- III. Chlorophyte Plastids.- IV. Rhodophyte Plastids.- V. Cyanelles (Glaucocystophyte Plastids).- VI. Cryptophyte Plastids.- VII. Chlorarachniophyte Plastids.- VIII. Euglenophyte Plastids.- IX. Dinoflagellate Plastids.- X. Chrysophyte (Ochrophyte) Plastids.- XI. Phaeophyte, Bacillariophyte, Eustigmatophyte, Raphidophyte, Synurophyte, Pelagophyte, Silicoflagellate, Pedinellid and Xanthophyte Plastids.- XII. Haptophyte Plastids.- XIII. Apicomplexan Plastids.- XIV. Kleptoplastids.- XV. Microstructure of the Thylakoid Membrane.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 The Photosynthetic Apparatus of Chlorophyll b- and d-Containing Oxyphotobacteria.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Advances in Photosynthesis in Chlorophyll b- and d-Containing Oxyphotobacteria.- III. Green Oxyphotobacteria and the Endosymbiotic Theory of Green Plastids Evolution.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Molecular Genetics of Algae.- 4 Structure and Regulation of Algal Light-Harvesting Complex Genes.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Higher Plant Light-Harvesting Complexes.- III. Algal Light-Harvesting Complexes.- IV. Origin and Evolution of the Light-Harvesting Antennae.- V. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Functional Analysis of Plastid Genes through Chloroplast Reverse Genetics in Chlamydomonas.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Algal Chloroplast Transformation.- III. Reverse Chloroplast Genetics of Photosynthesis.- IV. Several ycfs Encode Novel Proteins Involved in Photosynthesis.- V. Chloroplast Reverse Genetics of Essential Genes of Chlamydomonas.- VI. Conclusions and Prospects.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Biochemistry and Regulation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. An Overview of Tetrapyrroles and Their Derivatives.- III. Chlorophyll Forms and Their Distribution in Algal Species.- IV. Early Steps in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis.- V. The Pathway from ALA to Protoporphyrin IX.- VI. The Iron Branch.- VII. The Magnesium Branch—Chlorophyll a Formation.- VIII. Biosynthesis of Chlorophyll b and Other Algal Chlorophylls.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Summary.- Biochemistry and Physiology of Algae.- 7 Oxygenic Photosynthesis in Algae and Cyanobacteria: Electron Transfer in Photosystems I and II.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Overview of Photosystems I and II.- III. Mutagenesis and Genetic Engineering of the Photosystems.- IV. Photosystem II function.- V. Photosystem II Structure.- VI. Photosystem I.- VII. Conclusions.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 8 Oxygen Consumption: Photorespiration and Chlororespiration.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Photorespiration.- III. Chlororespiration: A Mechanism to Maintain Thylakoid Membrane Energization in the Dark?.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9 The Water-Water Cycle in Algae.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. The Water-Water Cycle in Plant Chloroplasts.- III. Operation of the Water-Water Cycle in Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Algae.- IV. Scavenging System of O2- and H2O2 in the Algal Water-Water Cycle.- V. Physiological Functions of the Water-Water Cycle in Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Algae.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 10 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Respiration in Algae.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Low M, Compounds.- III. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Storage Polysaccharides.- IV. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structural Polysaccharides.- V. Respiration: Carbon Pathways.- VI. Respiration: Redox Reactions and Energy Conservation.- VII. Respiration: Spatial and Temporal Aspects.- VIII. Quantifying Carbohydrate Metabolism and Respiration in Relation to Growth and Maintenance.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 11 Carbon Acquisition Mechanisms of Algae: Carbon Dioxide Diffusion and Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Rubisco Kinetic Properties in Relation to the CO2 and O2 Concentrations in Cyanobacterial and Algal Habitats.- III. Lines of Evidence Used in Distinguishing Organisms Relying on Diffusive CO2 Entry from Those Using Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms (CCMs).- IV. Occurrence and Mechanism of CCMs.- V. Evolution of CCMs.- VI. Conclusions and Prospects.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Light-Harvesting Systems in Algae.- 12 Modeling the Excitation Energy Capture inThylakoid Membranes.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural Composition of the Thylakoid Membrane.- III. Experimental Approaches.- IV. Kinetic Modeling of the Thylakoid Membrane.- V. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 13 Light-Harvesting Systems in Algae.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Chlorophylls.- III. Light-Harvesting Proteins.- IV. Optimizing Light-Harvesting Architecture.- V. Problems with Photosystem II.- VI. Off-Loading Excess Light Energy: Xanthophyll Cycle and Reaction Center Sinks.- VII. Control of Light Harvesting.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 14 Red, Cryptomonad and Glaucocystophyte Algal Phycobiliproteins.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Structure and Components of Phycobilisomes.- III. Molecular Biology of Red Algal, Glaucocystophyte and Cryptomonad Phycobiliproteins.- IV. Phycobiliprotein Structure.- V. Phycobiliprotein Types.- VI. Phycobiliprotein Crystal Structure.- VII. Bilin Chromophores.- VIII. Energy Transfer.- IX. Applications/Industrial Uses.- References.- 15 Carotenoids of Light Harvesting Systems: Energy Transfer Processes from Fucoxanthin and Peridinin to Chlorophyll.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Distribution of Carotenoids in Algae.- III. Optical Properties of Carotenoids in Relation to Functions.- IV. Functions.- V. Antenna Function of Carotenoids in Algae.- VI. Electronic States and Dynamic Properties of Molecules.- VII. Energy Transfer Processes and Mechanism.- References.- General Aspects of Photosynthesis in Algae.- 16 Photoinhibition, UV-B and Algal Photosynthesis.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. The Algal Light Climate.- II. Photoinhibition by PAR.- III. Effects of UV Radiation.- IV. Photoinhibition and UV Stress in the Field.- V. Scope for Further Research.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 17 Adaptation, Acclimation and Regulation in Algal Photosynthesis.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. The Range of Resource Availabilities and Other Environmental Factors within Which Algae Can Photosynthesize.- III. Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus.- V. Adaptation of Algal Photosynthesis to Environmental Extremes.- VI. Acclimation of Algal Photosynthesis.- VII. Regulation of Algal Photosynthesis.- VIII. Rates of Regulation and Acclimation.- IX. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 18 Photosynthesis in Marine Macroalgae.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Radiation Conditions in Coastal Waters.- III. Light Absorption by Macroalgae.- IV. Determination of Photosynthetic Rates.- V. Effects of Excessive Light on Photosynthesis.- VI. Algal Photosynthesis Under Low Light Conditions.- VII. Seasonal Photosynthetic Performance of Macroalgae.- VIII. Adaptation and Acclimation of Photosynthesis and Respiration to Temperature and Salinity.- References.- 19 Photosynthesis in Symbiotic Algae.- Summary.- I. Introduction.- II. Algal Symbiotic Associations.- III. The Host-Algal Interface.- IV. Carbon Acquisition, Fixation and Secretion.- V. Photoacclimation and Photoadaptation.- VI. Coral Bleaching and Photoinhibition.- References.