Larson / Bodkin / Vanblaricom Sea Otter Conservation

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-801687-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 468 Seiten

Sea otters are good indicators of ocean health. In addition, they are a keystone species, offering a stabilizing effect on ecosystem, controlling sea urchin populations that would otherwise inflict damage to kelp forest ecosystems. The kelp forest ecosystem is crucial for marine organisms and contains coastal erosion. With the concerns about the imperiled status of sea otter populations in California, Aleutian Archipelago and coastal areas of Russia and Japan, the last several years have shown growth of interest culturally and politically in the status and preservation of sea otter populations. Sea Otter Conservation brings together the vast knowledge of well-respected leaders in the field, offering insight into the more than 100 years of conservation and research that have resulted in recovery from near extinction. This publication assesses the issues influencing prospects for continued conservation and recovery of the sea otter populations and provides insight into how to handle future global changes. - Covers scientific, cultural, economic and political components of sea otter conservation - Provides guidance on how to manage threats to the sea otter populations in the face of future global changes - Highlights the effects that interactions of coastal animals have with the marine ecosystem

Autoren/Hrsg.

Larson, Shawn

Bodkin, James L.

Vanblaricom, Glenn R

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Sea Otter Conservation;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;List of Contributors;16
7;Chapter Reviewers;18
7.1;Chapter 1: Editor: Glenn R. VanBlaricom;18
7.2;Chapter 2: Editor: James L. Bodkin;18
7.3;Chapter 3: Editor: Glenn R. VanBlaricom;18
7.4;Chapter 4: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;18
7.5;Chapter 5: Editor: James L. Bodkin;18
7.6;Chapter 6: Editor: James L. Bodkin;18
7.7;Chapter 7: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;18
7.8;Chapter 8: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;19
7.9;Chapter 9: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;19
7.10;Chapter 10: Editor: James L. Bodkin;19
7.11;Chapter 11: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;19
7.12;Chapter 12: Editor: Shawn E. Larson;19
7.13;Chapter 13: Editor: James L. Bodkin;19
7.14;Chapter 14: Editor: James L. Bodkin;19
8;Preface;20
9;1 The Conservation of Sea Otters: A Prelude;22
9.1;Introduction;23
9.2;Natural History;26
9.3;Conservation Successes and Challenges;28
9.3.1;The Fur Trade;28
9.3.2;Recovery;29
9.3.3;Oil Spills;29
9.3.4;Predation;30
9.3.5;Genetic Diversity;31
9.3.6;Subspecific Taxonomy, Stocks, and Management;31
9.3.7;Apex Predator, Keystone Species, and Food Limitation;32
9.3.8;Sources of Mortality;33
9.3.9;Rehabilitation;34
9.3.10;Interactions with People;34
9.4;Conclusion;35
9.5;References;36
10;2 Natural History, Ecology, and the Conservation and Management of Sea Otters;40
10.1;History;42
10.2;Form and Function;48
10.2.1;Insulation;48
10.2.2;Metabolic Rate;48
10.2.3;Life History;49
10.3;Associated Species;51
10.3.1;Autotrophs;51
10.3.2;Macroinvertebrates;52
10.3.3;Parasites and Pathogens;52
10.4;Food Web;53
10.5;Ecosystems;54
10.6;Human Emotions;55
10.7;Discussion;56
10.8;References;58
11;3 Historic and Contemporary Status of Sea Otters in the North Pacific;64
11.1;Introduction;65
11.1.1;Historic Distribution and Abundance;65
11.1.2;The Maritime Fur Trade;66
11.1.3;Early Twentieth Century Recovery and Conservation;68
11.1.4;Translocations Mid-Twentieth Century;70
11.1.5;Late Twentieth Century;72
11.1.6;Recent Population Abundance;74
11.1.7;Spatial Scale of Population Structuring;76
11.1.8;Prince William Sound;77
11.1.9;Southeast Alaska;77
11.2;Conclusion;79
11.3;Acknowledgments;80
11.4;References;80
12;4 Challenges to Sea Otter Recovery and Conservation;84
12.1;Introduction;84
12.1.1;Defining Threats: Scale and Scope;86
12.2;Threats: Past, Present and Future;88
12.2.1;Human Take;88
12.2.2;Fisheries;90
12.2.3;Other Accidental Mortality;91
12.2.4;Mortality from Nuclear Testing (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Chain);92
12.2.5;Predation (Other than Human);92
12.2.6;Competition and Resource Limitation;97
12.2.7;Oil and other Contaminants;98
12.2.8;Disease;103
12.2.9;Habitat Loss or Degradation;103
12.2.10;Natural Hazards;104
12.2.11;Genetic Diversity;105
12.2.12;Density-Dependent Threats;105
12.2.13;Climate Change;107
12.3;Conclusion;108
12.4;References;109
13;5 Sea Otter Conservation Genetics;118
13.1;Introduction;118
13.2;The Sea Otter Story and Conservation Genetics;121
13.3;Conservation Genetic Approaches;122
13.3.1;Samples;122
13.4;Methods;127
13.4.1;Nuclear;127
13.4.2;Mitochondrial DNA;128
13.4.3;Adaptive Genetics;128
13.5;Sea Otter Genetic Research Findings;129
13.5.1;Genetic Diversity;129
13.5.2;Population Structure;131
13.5.3;Inbreeding and Genetic Problems in Small, Isolated Populations;133
13.6;Future Work;135
13.6.1;Nuclear Variability and Genetic Fingerprinting;135
13.6.2;Sequencing;136
13.7;Conclusion;137
13.8;References;138
14;6 Evaluating the Status of Individuals and Populations: Advantages of Multiple Approaches and Time Scales;142
14.1;Introduction;143
14.2;The North Pacific Example;144
14.3;Tools of the Trade;145
14.3.1;Energetic Tools;147
14.3.1.1;Energy Intake Rate;147
14.3.1.2;Total Foraging Effort;148
14.3.2;Morphometric Tools;149
14.3.2.1;Body Condition;149
14.3.2.2;Growth Rates and Structural Body Size;158
14.3.3;Demographic Tools;163
14.3.3.1;Demographic Rates;163
14.3.4;Emerging Tools;165
14.3.4.1;Dietary Diversity;165
14.3.4.2;Community Structure;166
14.3.4.3;Spatial Distribution;167
14.3.4.4;Gene Transcription;168
14.4;Conclusion;170
14.5;Acknowledgments;173
14.6;References;173
15;7 Veterinary Medicine and Sea Otter Conservation;180
15.1;Unique Features in Natural History Are Important;181
15.2;Veterinary Medicine and the Evolution of Sea Otter Capture and Handling;183
15.3;Physical and Chemical Immobilization of Sea Otters;189
15.4;Role of Sea Otter Anatomy and Physiology on Conservation;190
15.5;The Veterinary Contribution to Sea Otter Conservation;194
15.6;Sea Otter Conservation, Disease, and Veterinary Medicine;198
15.7;Future Roles of Veterinary Medicine in Sea Otter Conservation;209
15.8;References;212
16;8 Sea Otters in Captivity: Applications and Implications of Husbandry Development, Public Display, Scientific Research and ...;218
16.1;Introduction;219
16.2;Part One: Small Numbers of Sea Otters in Captivity;220
16.2.1;Background and History;220
16.2.2;Conservation Value of Captive Animals in Shaping Public Perceptions;221
16.2.3;Conservation Value of Research on Resident Animals in Zoos and Aquaria;223
16.2.4;Values and Benefits of Aquarium Staffs as Resources for Sea Otter Conservation;224
16.2.5;Pioneering Research Projects;225
16.2.5.1;Soviet Projects, Medney Island and Kola Peninsula, 1932–1940;225
16.2.5.2;US Projects at Amchitka Island, 1951–1957;229
16.2.6;Review of the History of Research on Captive Sea Otters in Zoos, Aquaria, Research Facilities, Research Vessels, and Tempor...;232
16.2.6.1;Early Observations in Zoos and Aquaria;232
16.2.6.2;Studies of Sensory Acuity;232
16.2.6.3;Studies of Anatomy, Physiology, and Metabolism;233
16.2.6.4;Reproduction and Pup Development;235
16.2.6.5;Foraging, Dietary Preferences and Sensitivity to Natural Toxins in Prey;236
16.2.6.6;Mitigation of By-Catch Risks;237
16.2.7;Experimental Studies of Effects of Fouling by Crude Oil;237
16.3;Part Two: Temporary Holding of Large Numbers of Wild Animals;239
16.3.1;The Translocation of Sea Otters to SNI, California: Benefits and Insights from the Captive Phase for Sea Otter Conservation;240
16.3.1.1;Background;240
16.3.1.2;Facilities and Protocols;240
16.3.1.3;Observations of Feeding Rates;241
16.3.1.4;Impacts on Institutional Water Quality;244
16.3.1.5;Stress Signs and “Captivity Stress Syndrome”;244
16.3.2;Rescue and Rehabilitation of Sea Otters Influenced by the EVOS;246
16.4;Discussion;247
16.5;Acknowledgments;250
16.6;References;250
17;9 The Value of Rescuing, Treating, and Releasing Live-Stranded Sea Otters;256
17.1;Introduction;256
17.2;Sea Otter Strandings and Stranding Response;258
17.3;Caseload Management and Ethical Challenges;262
17.4;The Surrogacy Project;266
17.5;Creating Value;270
17.6;Conclusion;271
17.7;References;272
18;10 The Use of Quantitative Models in Sea Otter Conservation;278
18.1;Introduction;278
18.2;Models of Behavior;280
18.3;Models of Population Dynamics;292
18.4;Models of Community Dynamics;302
18.5;Some Examples: Applied Conservation Models;305
18.6;Conclusion;308
18.7;References;316
19;11 First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska: Insights into Coupled Human–Ocean S...;322
19.1;Introduction: Regime Shifts and Transformations along North America’s Northwest Coast;323
19.2;Sea Otter Use in Ancient Times;329
19.2.1;Evidence of Prehistoric Sea Otter Population Reduction;330
19.2.2;Evidence of Prehistoric Trophic Cascades;331
19.2.3;Trophic Cascades of the Nineteenth Century;332
19.3;Ancient Governance and Management Protocols of Coastal Marine Resources and Sea Otters;333
19.3.1;Evidence of Coastal Conservation and Management in Deep Time;333
19.3.2;Ancient Marine Tenure System;334
19.3.3;Contingent Proprietorship, Public Accountability, and Reciprocity;334
19.3.4;Ancient Sea Otter Hunting Practices and Evidence for Spatial Management;336
19.3.5;Traditional Principles of Stewardship and Sustainability;337
19.4;Balancing the Needs of People and Nature: First Nations Perspectives;338
19.4.1;Reconciling Worldviews;340
19.4.2;Who Decides How Much?;341
19.4.3;Restoring to What?;342
19.4.4;Can Traditional Governance and Management Practices Be Applied Today?;342
19.4.5;The Future: Preparing for and Adapting to Change;344
19.5;Navigating Towards Ecological and Social Resilience on the Northwest Coast;345
19.6;Acknowledgments;347
19.7;References;347
20;12 Shellfish Fishery Conflicts and Perceptions of Sea Otters in California and Alaska;354
20.1;California;356
20.1.1;The Sea Otter–Abalone Fishery Conflict of the 1960s–1970s;356
20.1.2;A Plan to Move Sea Otters: The Southern Sea Otter Translocation Program, 1987–2012;364
20.1.3;Alaska;371
20.1.4;The Sea Otter–Shellfish Fishery Conflict in Southeast Alaska;371
20.2;Conclusion;383
20.3;Disclaimer;385
20.4;Acknowledgments;385
20.5;References;385
21;13 Conservation in Practice;390
21.1;Introduction;390
21.2;Impact of the Commercial Fur Trade on Sea Otter Populations;392
21.3;Laws and Treaties to Protect Sea Otters;393
21.3.1;The International Fur Seal Treaty of 1911;394
21.3.2;Laws Protecting Sea Otters Within Three-Nautical-Mile Territorial Limits;395
21.3.2.1;Japan and Russia;395
21.3.2.2;United States;395
21.3.2.3;Canada;396
21.3.3;Reflection on Effectiveness of Early Laws;396
21.4;Reintroduction of Sea Otters;397
21.4.1;Reintroduction of Sea Otters to British Columbia;397
21.5;Protecting Habitat;403
21.6;Endangered Species Legislation;404
21.6.1;Canada’s SARA;405
21.7;Species Recovery Versus Ecological Community Recovery;406
21.8;Conclusion;409
21.9;Acknowledgments;410
21.10;References;410
22;14 Synopsis of the History of Sea Otter Conservation in the United States;416
22.1;Introduction;416
22.2;Protection and Security of Fur-Bearing Mammals in Alaskan Territorial Waters in the Nineteenth Century, Following the 1867 ...;418
22.3;Protection of Sea Otters in International Waters;419
22.4;Protective Laws and Protocols in the Individual States;421
22.4.1;Pioneering Conservation Actions in California;421
22.5;Development of Contemporary Protocols of Individual States benefiting the Conservation of Sea Otters;421
22.6;Regional-Scale Non-Governmental Organizations with Foci on the Conservation of Sea Otters;424
22.7;The IUCN Red List and Key Federal Legislation as Tools for Sea Otter Conservation;425
22.8;Protection of Federally Managed Habitat Spaces and Waters Utilized by Sea Otters;429
22.8.1;The National Wildlife Refuge System;429
22.8.2;The National Park System;433
22.8.3;The National Marine Sanctuary System;434
22.8.4;The National Forest System;435
22.8.5;Protected Spaces Managed by the US Department of Defense;436
22.8.6;The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act;438
22.8.7;Protection of Water Quality;446
22.9;Discussion;447
22.10;Acknowledgments;453
22.11;References;453
23;Index;456