Laznicka Empirical Metallogeny

Depositional Environments, Lithologic Associations and Metallic Ores
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-5684-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 1038 Seiten, Web PDF

Empirical Metallogeny: Depositional Environments, Lithologic Associations, and Metallic Ores, Vol. 1: Phanerozoic Environments, Associations, and Deposits focuses on the composition, characteristics, properties, and reactions of Phanerozoic metallic ore deposits. The book first offers information on depositional environments and lithologic associations and the world ocean, including ores and host associations, sea water as a metal source, and metals in marine organisms. The text then elaborates on continental margins, orogenic belts, and ophiolite association. Discussions focus on metal geochemistry and metallogeny, tectonic setting and distribution of ophiolites, trace metals and ore evolution, and supracrustal lithologic associations of orogenic belts. The publication tackles zoned mafic/ultramafic complexes in Phanerozoic orogenic belts; unimodal mafic volcanic-sedimentary association; and unimodal felsic volcanic-sedimentary association. Topics include post-depositional modification of massive sulfides, and interaction mineralization and massive tholeiitic basalt flows and arc affiliation. The book is a dependable source of information for readers wanting to study metallic ores.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Laznicka, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Phanerozoic Environments,
Associations and Deposits, Part A;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;DEDICATION;6
6;PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;28
7;ABBREVIATIONS, EXPLANATIONS;34
7.1;GRADE AND TONNAGE DATA;34
7.2;EXPRESSION OF ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE;34
7.3;HIERARCHICAL TERMINOLOGY OF MINERALIZED UNITS;36
7.4;REFERENCING;36
7.5;GEOLOGICAL AGE ABBREVIATIONS;37
8;CHAPTER 1.
Introduction;38
8.1;1.1. EMPIRICISM, SCIENCE AND METALLIFEROUS GEOLOGY;38
8.2;1.2. SOME PROBLEMS OF PRESENTATION, ORGANIZATION AND STYLE IN METALLOGENIC WRITING;41
9;CHAPTER 2.
Depositional Environments and Lithologic Associations;44
9.1;2.1. GENERAL;44
9.2;2.2. ORES AND HOST ASSOCIATIONS: PARALLEL TO NON-PARALLEL DEPOSITIONAL HISTORIES, MULTISTAGE ORES AND INTERACTION METALLOGENY;46
9.3;2.3. FRAMEWORK OF ORGANIZATION;48
10;CHAPTER 3. The World Ocean;52
10.1;3.1. INTRODUCTION;52
10.2;3.2. SEAWATER AS A METAL SOURCE;52
10.3;3.3. METALS IN MARINE ORGANISMS;54
11;CHAPTER 4. Oceans: The Regions Underlain by Oceanic Crust;56
11.1;4.1. GENERAL;56
11.2;4.2. OCEANIC SPREADING RIDGES AND FRACTURE ZONES;57
11.3;4.3. DEEP OCEAN FLOOR;65
11.4;4.4. OCEANIC ISLANDS;73
12;CHAPTER 5.
Continental Margins;78
12.1;5.1. PACIFIC-TYPE (CONSUMING, ACTIVE, SUBDUCTIVE) CONTINENTAL MARGINS;79
12.2;5.2. ATLANTIC-TYPE CONTINENTAL MARGINS;117
13;CHAPTER 6.
Orogenic Belts;154
13.1;6.1. GENERAL;154
13.2;6.2. SUPRACRUSTAL LITHOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF OROGENIC BELTS;166
13.3;6.3. INTRACRUSTAL ROCKS AND SUPRACRUSTAL / INTRACRUSTAL INTERACTIONS;173
13.4;6.4. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF MINERALIZATION IN OROGENIC BELTS;175
13.5;6.5. TRACE METALS AND ORE EVOLUTION;189
13.6;6.6. MINERALIZATION STYLES;190
14;CHAPTER 7.
Ophiolite Association;206
14.1;7.1. GENERAL;206
14.2;7.2. ORIGIN AND EMPLACEMENT OF OPHIOLITES;207
14.3;7.3. TECTONIC SETTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF OPHIOLITES;208
14.4;7.4. METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND METALLOGENY;209
14.5;7.5. "ALPINE-TYPE" ULTRAMAFIC TECTONITES;211
14.6;7.6. DIFFERENTIATED GABBRO-ULTRAMAFIC CONSTRUCTIONAL PILES;218
14.7;7.7. SHEETED DIABASE DIKES;222
14.8;7.8. TRANSITION BETWEEN META-OPHIOLITES AND BUSHVELD-STYLE COMPLEXES;222
14.9;7.9. VOLCANICS AND INTERBEDDED SEDIMENTS ON TOP OF OPHIOLITE COMPLEXES;223
14.10;7.10. MINERALIZATIONS DUE TO INTERACTION OF OPHIOLITES WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL CRUST;231
14.11;7.11. EXAMPLES OF MINERALIZED OPHIOLITE PROVINCES;251
15;CHAPTER 8. Mélanges, Suture Zones, Blueschist Metamorphic Belts and Serpentinite Filled Faults;262
15.1;8.1. GENERAL;262
15.2;8.2. METALLOGENY AND MINERALIZATION;268
15.3;8.3.MÉLANGE/THERMAL SPRINGS INTERACTION;275
15.4;8.4. MÉLANGE/GRANITIC INTRUSIONS INTERACTION;279
15.5;8.5. MINERALIZATIONS GENERATED BY WEATHERING AND BY SEDIMENTOGENIC REWORKING OF MÉLANGES;279
15.6;8.6. MINERALIZATIONS IN AND ADJACENT TO SERPENTINITE-FILLED FAULTS;279
16;CHAPTER 9. Zoned Mafic/Ultramafic Complexes in Phanerozoic Orogenic Belts (Alaska or Ural "Type");280
16.1;9.1. GENERAL;280
16.2;9.2. METALLIC MINERALIZATIONS;284
17;CHAPTER 10. Unimodal Mafic Volcanic-Sedimentary Association;288
17.1;10.1. INTRODUCTION;288
17.2;10.2a. MASSIVE BASALTS (GABBROS) , ABSENT OR MINOR SEDIMENTS, "OCEANIC" AFFILIATION;290
17.3;10.2b. MASSIVE THOLEIITIC BASALT FLOWS, ARC AFFILIATION;294
17.4;10.3. MASSIVE SUBMARINE BASALTS, SHALE, GRAYWACKE, CHERT, LIMESTONE ASSOCIATION;300
17.5;10.4. GREENSTONE, PHYLLITE (OR SCHIST), META-ARENITE, CHERT AND CARBONATE ASSOCIATION;308
18;CHAPTER 11. Unimodal Felsic Volcanic-Sedimentary Association;328
18.1;11.1. GENERAL;328
18.2;11.2. FELSIC META-VOLCANICS, BLACK PHYLLITE (SCHIST), CARBONATE ASSOCIATION: Fe (Mn) ASPECT;330
18.3;11.3. Mn ASPECT;332
18.4;11.4. MASSIVE Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu SULPHIDE ASPECT;332
18.5;11.5. Cu ASPECT;334
18.6;11.6. U-Th ASPECT;341
18.7;11.7. POST-DEPOSITIONAL MODIFICATION OF MASSIVE SULPHIDES, AND INTERACTION MINERALIZATION;341
19;CHAPTER 12. Bimodal (Mafic-Felsic) Volcanic-Sedimentary Association;344
19.1;12.1. GENERAL;344
19.2;12.2. Fe (Mn) ASPECT;345
19.3;12.3. Mn ASPECT;349
19.4;12.4. TRANSITIONAL Fe, Mn-Zn, Pb, BARITE, Cu, ASPECT;350
19.5;12.5. Au (Ag) ASPECT;355
19.6;12.6. MASSIVE Fe, Cu, Zn (Pb) SULPHIDE ASPECT;358
19.7;12.7. TRANSITIONAL AND INTERACTION MINERALIZATIONS;384
20;CHAPTER 13. Andesite-Dominated, Marine to Continental Volcanic-Sedimentary Association;392
20.1;13.1. GENERAL;392
20.2;13.2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND METALLOGENY;396
20.3;13.3. Cu ASPECT;399
20.4;13.4. Mn ASPECT;409
20.5;13.5. Fe ASPECT;412
20.6;13.6. Au ASPECT;413
20.7;13.7. TRANSITIONS AND INTERACTIONS;414
21;CHAPTER 14. Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite Sequentially-Differentiated Marine to Continental Volcanic-Sedimentary Association (BAR);434
21.1;14.1. GENERAL;434
21.2;14.2. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND METALLOGENY;439
21.3;14.3 MASSIVE (Fe), Zn, Pb (Cu) SULPHIDES ASPECT;440
21.4;14.4. GOLD AND SILVER DEPOSITS;453
21.5;14.5. Hg ASPECT;453
21.6;14.6. Mn ASPECT;454
21.7;14.7. Fe ASPECT;454
21.8;14.8. TRANSITIONS AND INTERACTIONS;454
22;CHAPTER 15.
Pelagic Sediments;460
23;CHAPTER 16.
Deeper-Marine, Sandstone-Shale Association: "Flysch Facies";464
23.1;16.1. GENERAL;464
23.2;16.2. TRACE METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION;465
23.3;16.3. VOLCANIC-TERRIGENOUS FLYSCH;467
23.4;16.4. CLEAVED / METAMORPHOSED VOLCANIC-TERRIGENOUS FLYSCH: SLATE AND SCHIST ASSOCIATION;469
23.5;16.5. INTERACTION MINERALIZATION IN DEFORMED AND METAMORPHOSED VOLCANIC-TERRIGENOUS FLYSCH, INTRUDED BY GRANITIC ROCKS;475
23.6;16.6. MASSIVE, UNMETAMORPHOSED TERRIGENOUS FLYSCH;477
23.7;16.7. GOLD-BEARING "SLATE BELTS" of "FLYSCHOID" CHARACTER;479
23.8;16.8. TERRIGENOUS FLYSCH IN PLUTONIC TIN PROVINCES;483
24;CHAPTER 17. Deeper Marine Argillite (Slate, Schist) - Lesser Chert, Carbonate, Arenite Association ("Black" Sediment Emphasis);486
24.1;17.1. GENERAL;486
24.2;17.2. TRACE METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND METALLOGENY;487
24.3;17.3. Fe ASPECT;488
24.4;17.4. Mn ASPECT;493
24.5;17.5. Zn-Pb(Cu) ASPECT: DOMINANTLY STRATABOUND MASSIVE SULPHIDE AND BARITE DEPOSITS;495
24.6;17.6. Zn-Pb (BARITE) ASPECT: INTERACTION OF THE "BLACK SLATE" ASSOCIATION WITH TECTONISM AND MAGMATISM;509
24.7;17.7. Ag ASPECT;514
24.8;17.8. Au ASPECT;516
24.9;17.9. PHOSPHATE, BLACK ARGILLITE AND CHERT ASSOCIATION: V, Mo, U ASPECT;519
24.10;17.10. W, Sb, Hg ASPECT;525
25;CHAPTER 18. Continental Platforms;538
25.1;18.1. GENERAL;538
25.2;18.2. BRIEF GEOLOGY AND LITHOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF PLATFORMS;541
25.3;18.3. METALLOGENY OF PLATFORMS;543
25.4;18.4. REGIONAL EXAMPLES;544
26;CHAPTER 19. Shallow-Marine Detrital Sedimentary Association of Orogenic Belts and Platforms;550
26.1;19.1. INTRODUCTION;550
26.2;19.2. THE STRUCTURAL / GEOTECTONIC TYPES OF SHALLOW-MARINE "BASINS";551
26.3;19.3. TRACE METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION;553
26.4;19.4. MARINE CONGLOMERATE-SANDSTONE ASSOCIATION, CONTAINING RESISTATE PALEOPLACERS;562
26.5;19.5. MUDROCK, ARENITE, MINOR CARBONATE ASSOCIATION;567
26.6;19.6. PHYLLITE (SCHIST) - QUARTZITE ASSOCIATION;587
26.7;19.7. INTERACTION AND "SPECIAL ASSOCIATION" METALLOGENESES INVOLVING SHALLOW MARINE (META)SHALE, SANDSTONE, MINOR LIMESTONE ASSOCIATION;589
26.8;19.8. MARINE DETRITAL, MINOR CARBONATE-EVAPORITE ASSOCIATION, OVERLYING CONTINENTAL "RED-BEDS";608
27;CHAPTER 20.
Shallow-Marine Carbonates;622
27.1;20.1. INTRODUCTION;622
27.2;20.2. CARBONATE LITHOFACIES;623
27.3;20.3. TRACE METAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION;625
27.4;20.4. MONOTONOUS CARBONATE, MINOR SHALE TERRAINS; SYNGENETIC-DIAGENETIC MINERALIZATIONS;628
27.5;20.5. PURE CARBONATES, EVIDENCE OF SUBAERIAL EXPOSURE (UNCONFORMITIES, KARSTING), RESIDUAL OR PHYSICALLY DEPOSITED ORES;633
27.6;20.6. CARBONATE, LESSER SHALE, EVAPORITE ASSOCIATION TRANSGRESSIVE OVER RED-BEDS OR CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT;642
27.7;20.7. CARBONATE-HOSTED Zn-Pb DEPOSITS: AN INTRODUCTION;645
27.8;20.8. CARBONATE, LESSER SHALE, SANDSTONE ASSOCIATION OF PLATFORMS AND STABLE BLOCKS;649
27.9;20.9. TRANSITIONAL CARBONATE, DISTAL VOLCANISM, FAULTING, ASSOCIATION: Zn, Pb, Cu ASPECT;668
27.10;20.10. INTERACTION METALLOGENY OF SHALLOW-MARINE CARBONATES;691
28;CHAPTER 21. Marine Evaporites;700
28.1;21.1. Introduction;700
28.2;21.2. EVAPORITES IN THE RED-BEDS.GRAY-BEDS FACIES TRANSITION;700
28.3;21.3. BEDDED GYPSUM OR ANHYDRITE BODIES (RED-BEDS ARE MISSING OR NOT STRONGLY DEVELOPED);703
28.4;21.4. SEDIMENTARY VERSUS ALTERATION GYPSUM OR ANHYDRITE AND ASSOCIATED METALLIC DEPOSITS;704
28.5;21.5. SALINE GIANTS;704
28.6;21.6. SALT DOMES, DIAPIRS AND ANTICLINES;706
29;CHAPTER 22. Petroleum, Natural Gas, Solid Bitumens;710
29.1;22.1. INTRODUCTION;710
29.2;22.2. NATURAL GAS;710
29.3;22.3. LIQUID PETROLEUM;711
29.4;22.4. OILFIELD WATERS (BRINES);711
29.5;22.5. SOLID AND SEMI-SOLID HYDROCARBONS;712
29.6;22.6. INTERACTION MINERALIZATION: BITUMENS / IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS;712
30;CHAPTER 23.
Weathering, Soil Profiles, Karst;714
30.1;23.1. INTRODUCTION;714
30.2;23.2. HUMID BOREAL AND TEMPERATE CLIMATES: WEATHERING AND SOIL PROFILES;719
30.3;23.3. HUMID TROPICAL CLIMATES, WEATHERING AND SOIL PROFILES;720
30.4;23.4. ANCIENT, BURIED WEATHERING PROFILES (NOW LOCATED AT OR BELOW AN UNCONFORMITY);750
30.5;23.5. WEATHERING AND SOIL PROFILES IN ARID CLIMATES AND THE PROBLEM OF DURICRUSTS;755
30.6;23.6. CARBONATE KARST;764
31;CHAPTER 24. Recent Continental Sedimentary Environments and Cainozoic Unconsolidated Continental Sediments;774
31.1;24.1. GLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS AND DEPOSITS;774
31.2;24.2. ALLUVIAL ENVIRONMENTS AND UNCONSOLIDATED CAINOZOIC ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS;787
31.3;24.3. LAKES, BOGS, SWAMPS AND LATE CAINOZOIC UNCONSOLIDATED LACUSTRINE AND PALUDAL SEDIMENTS;816
31.4;24.4. DESERT ENVIRONMENT;830
31.5;24.5. TRAVERTINE AND SPRINGS PRECIPITATES;834
32;CHAPTER 25. Pre-Quaternary Continental Sedimentary Association;838
32.1;25.1. INTRODUCTION;838
32.2;25.2. MOST NORMAL ("GRAY", EPICLASTIC) CONTINENTAL DETRITAL ASSOCIATION;840
32.3;25.3. DETRITAL (REDEPOSITED) BAUXITE IN CONTINENTAL SEDIMENTS;844
32.4;25.4. COAL ASSOCIATION;849
32.5;25.5. DIAMICTITE (PARACONGLOMERATE)-FEATURING ASSOCIATION;874
32.6;25.6. LAMINATED MUDSTONE, CARBONATE, EVAPORITE (PALEO-LACUSTRINE) ASSOCIATION;878
32.7;25.7. TRANSITIONAL DETRITAL ASSOCIATION, DOMINATED BY URANIUM AND VANADIUM ORES IN SANDSTONES (SUV);882
32.8;25.8. RED AND VARICOLOURED BEDS ASSOCIATION;909
32.9;25.9. "VOLCANIC RED-BEDS" : CONTINENTAL SEDIMENTS INTIMATELY ASSOCIATED WITH CONTEMPORARY VOLCANICS;922
32.10;25.10. CONTINENTAL CARBONATES AND SILICEOUS SEDIMENTS;930
33;CHAPTER 26. Continental, Pre-Quaternary, Calc-Alkaline Volcanic and Subvolcanic Association;932
33.1;26.1. INTRODUCTION;932
33.2;26.2. GEOTECTONIC SETTING, DEVELOPMENT, AND PETROCHEMICAL AFFILIATION;934
33.3;26.3. GEOLOGY AND LITHOLOGY;935
33.4;26.4. MINERALIZATION STYLES AND METALLOGENY;937
33.5;26.5. EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS;951
33.6;26.6. MINERALIZED EXAMPLE REGIONS;963