Luque / Speight Gasification for Synthetic Fuel Production

Fundamentals, Processes and Applications
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-85709-808-5
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 348 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Gasification involves the conversion of carbon sources without combustion to syngas, which can be used as a fuel itself or further processed to synthetic fuels. The technology provides a potentially more efficient means of energy generation than direct combustion. This book provides an overview of gasification science and engineering and the production of synthetic fuels by gasification from a variety of feedstocks. Part one introduces gasification, reviewing the scientific basis of the process and gasification engineering. Part two then addresses gasification and synthentic fuel production processes. Finally, chapters in part three outline the different applications of gasification, with chapters on the conversion of different types of feedstock. - Examines the design of gasifiers, the preparation of feedstocks, and the economic, environmental and policy issues related to gasification - Reviews gasification processes for liquid fuel production - Outlines the different applications of gasification technology

Autoren/Hrsg.

Luque, R.

Speight, J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Gasification for Synthetic: Fuel Production Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;List of contributors;10
6;Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy;12
7;Part One: Fundamentals;16
7.1;Chapter 1: Gasification and synthetic liquid fuel production;18
7.1.1;1.1. Introduction;18
7.1.2;1.2. Gasification processes;19
7.1.3;1.3. Gasification feedstocks;20
7.1.3.1;1.3.1. Coal;20
7.1.3.2;1.3.2. Biomass;22
7.1.3.3;1.3.3. Petroleum residues;24
7.1.3.4;1.3.4. Black liquor;26
7.1.4;1.4. Gasification for power generation;27
7.1.4.1;1.4.1. General aspects;27
7.1.4.2;1.4.2. Cogasification of coal with biomass and waste;28
7.1.4.2.1;1.4.2.1. Biomass;29
7.1.4.2.2;1.4.2.2. Waste;31
7.1.5;1.5. Gasification for synthetic fuel production;33
7.1.5.1;1.5.1. Gaseous products;34
7.1.5.1.1;1.5.1.1. Synthesis gas;34
7.1.5.1.2;1.5.1.2. Low-heat content (low-Btu) gas;35
7.1.5.1.3;1.5.1.3. Medium-heat content (medium-Btu) gas;35
7.1.5.1.4;1.5.1.4. High-heat content (high-Btu) gas;36
7.1.5.2;1.5.2. Liquid fuels;37
7.1.6;1.6. Future trends;38
7.2;Chapter 2: Types of gasifier for synthetic liquid fuel production;44
7.2.1;2.1. Introduction;44
7.2.2;2.2. Gasifier types;45
7.2.2.1;2.2.1. Fixed-bed gasifiers;46
7.2.2.2;2.2.2. Fluid-bed gasifiers;48
7.2.2.3;2.2.3. Entrained-bed gasifier;51
7.2.2.4;2.2.4. Molten salt gasifier;52
7.2.3;2.3. Products of gasification;53
7.2.3.1;2.3.1. Gases;54
7.2.3.2;2.3.2. Other gaseous products;56
7.2.3.3;2.3.3. Tar;56
7.2.4;2.4. Reactor design: chemical aspects;57
7.2.4.1;2.4.1. Feedstock devolatilization;57
7.2.4.2;2.4.2. Char gasification;58
7.2.4.3;2.4.3. Chemistry;59
7.2.5;2.5. Reactor design: physical aspects;60
7.2.5.1;2.5.1. Influence of feedstock quality;60
7.2.5.2;2.5.2. Mixed feedstocks;61
7.2.5.3;2.5.3. Mineral matter content and ash production;62
7.2.5.4;2.5.4. Heat release;62
7.2.5.5;2.5.5. Other design options;63
7.2.6;2.6. Gasification mechanism;63
7.2.6.1;2.6.1. Primary gasification;64
7.2.6.2;2.6.2. Secondary gasification;65
7.2.6.3;2.6.3. Shift conversion;65
7.2.6.4;2.6.4. Hydrogasification;65
7.2.6.5;2.6.5. Catalytic gasification;66
7.2.6.6;2.6.6. Plasma gasification;67
7.3;Chapter 3: Preparation of feedstocks for gasification for synthetic liquid fuel production;72
7.3.1;3.1. Introduction;72
7.3.2;3.2. Feedstock types, properties, and characterization;73
7.3.3;3.3. Feedstock suitability and utilization challenges;75
7.3.4;3.4. Preparation techniques for onward processing;79
7.3.4.1;3.4.1. Crushing, separation, and drying;79
7.3.4.2;3.4.2. Compaction, pelletizing, and briquetting;80
7.3.5;3.5. Advantages and limitations of feedstocks for gasification;82
7.4;Chapter 4: Sustainability assessment of gasification processes for synthetic liquid fuel production;88
7.4.1;4.1. Introduction;88
7.4.2;4.2. Environmental and energy issues;89
7.4.2.1;4.2.1. LCA of biofuels;89
7.4.2.2;4.2.2. Impacts on energy;92
7.4.3;4.3. Economic assessment of synthetic liquid and gaseous biofuels;95
7.4.3.1;4.3.1. Biodiesel;95
7.4.3.1.1;4.3.1.1. Feedstock options and land use;95
7.4.3.1.2;4.3.1.2. Feedstock, capital, and other costs;97
7.4.3.2;4.3.2. Bioethanol;98
7.4.3.2.1;4.3.2.1. Feedstock options and land use;98
7.4.3.2.2;4.3.2.2. Feedstock, capital, and other costs;100
7.4.3.3;4.3.3. Algae fuels;101
7.4.3.4;4.3.4. Biogas fuels;103
7.4.3.4.1;4.3.4.1. The role of gasification;103
7.4.3.4.2;4.3.4.2. Economic assessment of syngas;103
7.4.3.4.3;4.3.4.3. Economic assessment of SNG;104
7.4.4;4.4. The role of sustainability assessment in supporting international biofuel policies;106
7.4.5;4.5. Conclusions;109
7.4.6;4.6. Future trends;110
8;Part Two: Gasification processes for synthetic liquid fuel production;116
8.1;Chapter 5: Gasification reaction kinetics for synthetic liquid fuel production;118
8.1.1;5.1. Introduction;118
8.1.2;5.2. General chemistry of gasification;119
8.1.2.1;5.2.1. Devolatilization;121
8.1.2.2;5.2.2. Char gasification;121
8.1.2.3;5.2.3. Products;123
8.1.3;5.3. Process chemistry;124
8.1.3.1;5.3.1. General aspects;124
8.1.3.2;5.3.2. Pretreatment;125
8.1.3.3;5.3.3. Primary gasification;125
8.1.3.4;5.3.4. Secondary gasification;126
8.1.3.5;5.3.5. Carbon dioxide gasification;127
8.1.3.6;5.3.6. Water gas shift reaction;127
8.1.3.7;5.3.7. Methanation;129
8.1.3.8;5.3.8. Hydrogasification;129
8.1.4;5.4. Conclusions;130
8.2;Chapter 6: Gasification processes for syngas and hydrogen production;134
8.2.1;6.1. Introduction;134
8.2.2;6.2. Synthesis gas production;135
8.2.2.1;6.2.1. Steam-methane reforming;136
8.2.2.2;6.2.2. Autothermal reforming;141
8.2.2.3;6.2.3. Combined reforming;142
8.2.2.4;6.2.4. Partial oxidation;142
8.2.2.5;6.2.5. Membrane reactors;144
8.2.3;6.3. Hydrogen production;145
8.2.3.1;6.3.1. Heavy residue gasification and combined cycle power generation;145
8.2.3.2;6.3.2. Hybrid gasification process;146
8.2.3.3;6.3.3. Hydrocarbon gasification;146
8.2.3.4;6.3.4. Hypro process;146
8.2.3.5;6.3.5. Pyrolysis processes;147
8.2.3.6;6.3.6. Shell gasification process;148
8.2.3.7;6.3.7. Steam-naphtha reforming;148
8.2.3.8;6.3.8. Texaco gasification (partial oxidation) process;149
8.2.3.9;6.3.9. Recovery from fuel gas;150
8.2.4;6.4. Gasification products: composition and quality;150
8.2.4.1;6.4.1. Purification;151
8.2.4.2;6.4.2. Oil-water separation;155
8.2.5;6.5. Advantages and limitations;155
8.3;Chapter 7: Synthetic liquid fuel production from gasification;162
8.3.1;7.1. Introduction;162
8.3.2;7.2. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis;164
8.3.2.1;7.2.1. Fischer-Tropsch liquids;164
8.3.2.2;7.2.2. Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch liquids;166
8.3.2.2.1;7.2.2.1. Gasoline production;168
8.3.2.2.2;7.2.2.2. Diesel production;170
8.3.3;7.3. Sabatier-Senderens process;170
8.3.3.1;7.3.1. Methanol production;171
8.3.3.2;7.3.2. Dimethyl ether production;172
8.3.4;7.4. Thermal, catalytic, and hydrocracking processes;174
8.3.4.1;7.4.1. Tar sand bitumen;175
8.3.4.1.1;7.4.1.1. Conversion to liquids;175
8.3.4.1.2;7.4.1.2. Upgrading tar sand liquids;175
8.3.4.2;7.4.2. Coal;176
8.3.4.2.1;7.4.2.1. Conversion to liquids;176
8.3.4.2.2;7.4.2.2. Upgrading coal liquids;178
8.3.4.3;7.4.3. Oil shale;179
8.3.4.3.1;7.4.3.1. Conversion to liquids;179
8.3.4.3.2;7.4.3.2. Upgrading refining shale oil;180
8.3.4.4;7.4.4. Biomass;182
8.3.4.4.1;7.4.4.1. Conversion to liquids;182
8.3.4.4.2;7.4.4.2. Upgrading bio-oil;183
8.3.5;7.5. Product quality;184
8.3.6;7.6. Conclusions;185
8.4;Chapter 8: Assessing fuels for gasification;190
8.4.1;8.1. Introduction;190
8.4.2;8.2. Sampling;192
8.4.3;8.3. Proximate analysis;192
8.4.3.1;8.3.1. Moisture content;193
8.4.3.2;8.3.2. Volatile matter;193
8.4.3.3;8.3.3. Ash;194
8.4.3.4;8.3.4. Fixed carbon;195
8.4.4;8.4. Calorific value;195
8.4.5;8.5. Ultimate analysis;197
8.4.6;8.6. Physical properties;198
8.4.6.1;8.6.1. Density;199
8.4.6.2;8.6.2. Porosity and surface area;199
8.4.7;8.7. Mechanical properties;200
8.4.7.1;8.7.1. Strength;200
8.4.7.2;8.7.2. Hardness;201
8.4.7.3;8.7.3. Friability;201
8.4.7.4;8.7.4. Grindability;202
8.4.8;8.8. Thermal properties;202
8.4.8.1;8.8.1. Heat capacity;203
8.4.8.2;8.8.2. Thermal conductivity;203
8.4.8.3;8.8.3. Plastic and agglutinating properties;204
8.4.8.4;8.8.4. Agglomerating index;204
8.4.8.5;8.8.5. Free-swelling index;205
8.4.8.6;8.8.6. Ash fusion temperature;205
8.4.9;8.9. Real-time analysis for quality control;206
8.4.9.1;8.9.1. Method evolution;206
8.4.10;8.10. Advantages and limitations;207
9;Part Three: Applications;214
9.1;Chapter 9: Coal gasification processes for synthetic liquid fuel production;216
9.1.1;9.1. Introduction;216
9.1.2;9.2. Coal types and properties;216
9.1.3;9.3. Gas products;218
9.1.3.1;9.3.1. Coal devolatilization;218
9.1.3.2;9.3.2. Char gasification;219
9.1.3.3;9.3.3. Gasification chemistry;219
9.1.3.4;9.3.4. Other process options;220
9.1.3.4.1;9.3.4.1. Hydrogasification;220
9.1.3.4.2;9.3.4.2. Catalytic gasification;221
9.1.3.4.3;9.3.4.3. Plasma gasification;221
9.1.3.5;9.3.5. Process optimization;222
9.1.4;9.4. Products and product quality;223
9.1.4.1;9.4.1. Low Btu gas;223
9.1.4.2;9.4.2. Medium Btu gas;224
9.1.4.3;9.4.3. High Btu gas;225
9.1.4.4;9.4.4. Methane;225
9.1.4.5;9.4.5. Hydrogen;226
9.1.4.6;9.4.6. Other products;227
9.1.5;9.5. Production of chemicals;227
9.1.5.1;9.5.1. Coal tar chemicals;227
9.1.5.2;9.5.2. Fischer-Tropsch chemicals;230
9.1.5.2.1;9.5.2.1. Fischer-Tropsch process;230
9.1.5.2.2;9.5.2.2. Fischer-Tropsch catalysts;231
9.1.5.2.3;9.5.2.3. Product distribution;231
9.1.6;9.6. Advantages and limitations;232
9.2;Chapter 10: Heavy hydrocarbon gasification for synthetic fuel production;236
9.2.1;10.1. Introduction;236
9.2.2;10.2. Heavy feedstocks;237
9.2.2.1;10.2.1. Petroleum residua;238
9.2.2.2;10.2.2. Heavy oil;239
9.2.2.3;10.2.3. Extra heavy oil;240
9.2.2.4;10.2.4. Tar sand bitumen;240
9.2.2.5;10.2.5. Other feedstocks;241
9.2.2.5.1;10.2.5.1. Petroleum coke;241
9.2.2.5.2;10.2.5.2. Solvent deasphalter bottoms;242
9.2.3;10.3. Synthesis gas production;243
9.2.3.1;10.3.1. POX technology;244
9.2.3.1.1;10.3.1.1. Shell gasification process;245
9.2.3.1.2;10.3.1.2. Texaco process;245
9.2.3.1.3;10.3.1.3. Phillips process;246
9.2.3.2;10.3.2. Catalytic partial oxidation;247
9.2.3.3;10.3.3. Steam reforming;247
9.2.3.4;10.3.4. Autothermal reforming;248
9.2.3.5;10.3.5. Combined reforming;248
9.2.4;10.4. Output products;248
9.2.4.1;10.4.1. Gas purification and quality;249
9.2.4.2;10.4.2. Process optimization;250
9.2.5;10.5. Conclusion and future trends;250
9.2.5.1;10.5.1. Other uses of residua;250
9.2.5.2;10.5.2. Gasification in the future refinery;251
9.3;Chapter 11: Biomass gasification for synthetic liquid fuel production;256
9.3.1;11.1. Introduction;256
9.3.2;11.2. Properties of biomass resources;258
9.3.2.1;11.2.1. Background;258
9.3.2.2;11.2.2. Origins of biomass resources;258
9.3.2.3;11.2.3. Properties of biomass materials;258
9.3.3;11.3. Biomass gasification;260
9.3.4;11.4. Biomass gasification properties;263
9.3.4.1;11.4.1. Influence of feedstock characteristics;263
9.3.4.1.1;11.4.1.1. Biomass type;263
9.3.4.1.2;11.4.1.2. Particle size;265
9.3.4.1.3;11.4.1.3. Moisture content;265
9.3.4.2;11.4.2. Gasification parameters;266
9.3.4.2.1;11.4.2.1. Gasification temperature;267
9.3.4.2.2;11.4.2.2. Gasifying agent;268
9.3.4.2.3;11.4.2.3. Gasification pressure;269
9.3.5;11.5. The biomass gasifier;270
9.3.6;11.6. The formation and cracking of tar;272
9.3.6.1;11.6.1. Formation mechanism of tar;272
9.3.6.2;11.6.2. Tar cracking;273
9.3.6.2.1;11.6.2.1. Dolomite;273
9.3.6.2.2;11.6.2.2. Alkali metal and alkaline-earth metals catalysis;274
9.3.6.2.3;11.6.2.3. Nickel-based catalysts;275
9.3.7;11.7. Char gasification;275
9.3.8;11.8. Novel technology for biomass gasification;277
9.3.8.1;11.8.1. Staged gasification;277
9.3.8.2;11.8.2. Sorption-enhanced steam gasification of biomass for H2 production;280
9.3.9;11.9. Mathematical simulation of biomass gasification;282
9.3.9.1;11.9.1. Thermodynamic equilibrium models;282
9.3.9.2;11.9.2. Kinetics models;283
9.3.9.3;11.9.3. Neural networks model;284
9.3.10;11.10. Conclusion and future trends;284
9.4;Chapter 12: Waste gasification for synthetic liquid fuel production;292
9.4.1;12.1. Introduction;292
9.4.2;12.2. Waste types;293
9.4.2.1;12.2.1. Solid waste;294
9.4.2.2;12.2.2. Municipal solid waste;294
9.4.2.3;12.2.3. Industrial solid waste;295
9.4.2.4;12.2.4. Biosolids;297
9.4.2.5;12.2.5. Biomedical waste;297
9.4.3;12.3. Feedstock properties and plant safety;297
9.4.3.1;12.3.1. Feedstock properties;298
9.4.3.2;12.3.2. Plant safety;298
9.4.4;12.4. Fuel production;298
9.4.4.1;12.4.1. Preprocessing;299
9.4.4.2;12.4.2. Gasifier types;301
9.4.4.2.1;12.4.2.1. Counter-current fixed bed gasifier;301
9.4.4.2.2;12.4.2.2. Cocurrent fixed bed gasifier;302
9.4.4.2.3;12.4.2.3. Fluidized-bed gasifier;302
9.4.4.2.4;12.4.2.4. Entrained-flow gasifier;303
9.4.4.2.5;12.4.2.5. Other types;304
9.4.4.3;12.4.3. Process design;304
9.4.4.4;12.4.4. Plasma gasification;306
9.4.5;12.5. Process products;307
9.4.5.1;12.5.1. Synthesis gas;307
9.4.5.2;12.5.2. Carbon dioxide;308
9.4.5.3;12.5.3. Tar;308
9.4.5.4;12.5.4. Particulate matter;310
9.4.5.5;12.5.5. Halogens/acid gases;310
9.4.5.6;12.5.6. Heavy metals;311
9.4.5.7;12.5.7. Alkalis;312
9.4.5.8;12.5.8. Slag;312
9.4.6;12.6. Advantages and limitations;313
9.5;Chapter 13: Gasification for synthetic liquid fuel production;318
9.5.1;13.1. Introduction;318
9.5.2;13.2. Applications and products;319
9.5.2.1;13.2.1. Chemicals and fertilizers;319
9.5.2.2;13.2.2. Substitute natural gas;319
9.5.2.3;13.2.3. Hydrogen for petroleum refining;320
9.5.2.4;13.2.4. Transportation fuels;321
9.5.2.5;13.2.5. Transportation fuels from tar sand bitumen;321
9.5.2.6;13.2.6. Power generation;322
9.5.2.7;13.2.7. Waste-to-energy gasification;323
9.5.2.8;13.2.8. Biomass gasification;324
9.5.3;13.3. Environmental benefits of gasification-based systems;326
9.5.3.1;13.3.1. Carbon dioxide capture;327
9.5.3.2;13.3.2. Lower air emissions;327
9.5.3.3;13.3.3. Solids generation;327
9.5.3.4;13.3.4. Reduced water use;328
9.5.4;13.4. A process for now and the future;328
9.5.4.1;13.4.1. The process;328
9.5.4.2;13.4.2. Refineries of the future;330
9.5.4.3;13.4.3. Economic aspects;331
9.5.4.4;13.4.4. Market outlook;332
9.5.5;13.5. Conclusions;333
10;Index;336

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Jan C. J. Bart, Emanuele Gucciardi and Stefano Cavallaro 47 Advances in wind turbine blade design and materials
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