McWhorter / Good A Grammar of Saramaccan Creole
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-027826-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, Band 56, 257 Seiten
Reihe: Mouton Grammar Library [MGL]
ISBN: 978-3-11-027826-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Zielgruppe
Research Libraries, Researchers and Advanced Students with an Interest in the Field of Language Contact Regarding Creoles and Beyond.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Abbreviations;11
2;Introduction;13
3;1 Segmental phonology;19
3.1;1.1. Segment inventory;19
3.1.1;1.1.1. Introduction;19
3.1.2;1.1.2. Consonants;20
3.1.2.1;1.1.2.1. Oral stops;20
3.1.2.2;1.1.2.2. Plain nasals and prenasalized stops;25
3.1.2.3;1.1.2.3. Fricatives;28
3.1.2.4;1.1.2.4. Approximants;30
3.1.3;1.1.3. Vowels;33
3.1.3.1;1.1.3.1. Basic vowel qualities;33
3.1.3.2;1.1.3.2. Nasal vowels;35
3.1.3.3;1.1.3.3. Long vowels and vowel combinations;36
3.2;1.2. Phonotactics;42
3.2.1;1.2.1. Syllable structure and epenthetic vowels;42
3.2.2;1.2.2. Co-occurrence restrictions and related kinds of patterns;43
3.2.3;1.2.3. Ideophones;45
3.3;1.3. Lexical strata;46
3.4;1.4. Sporadic alternations;47
4;2 Prosodic phonology;48
4.1;2.1. Introduction;48
4.2;2.2. Word-level prosody;48
4.2.1;2.2.1. Introduction;48
4.2.2;2.2.2. Accentual words;50
4.2.2.1;2.2.2.1. Words with high tones and TBU’s unspecified for tone;50
4.2.2.2;2.2.2.2. Accented words with short syllables;51
4.2.2.3;2.2.2.3. Accented words with “heavy” syllables;53
4.2.2.4;2.2.2.4. Manifestations of stress and possible foot structures;54
4.2.2.5;2.2.2.5. Minimal pairs;57
4.2.3;2.2.3. Tonal words;57
4.2.3.1;2.2.3.1. High tones and low tones;57
4.2.3.2;2.2.3.2. Indeterminacy in determining if a word is marked for tone or accent;59
4.2.3.3;2.2.3.3. Minimal pairs and tonal features of morphological processes;60
4.2.3.4;2.2.3.4. Lack of evidence for stress;61
4.2.3.5;2.2.3.5. Ideophones;62
4.2.4;2.2.4. Word-level prosody: Exceptions;62
4.3;2.3. Phrasal prosody;63
4.3.1;2.3.1. Tonal plateauing;64
4.3.1.1;2.3.1.1. Compounds and regular reduplication;64
4.3.1.2;2.3.1.2. Noun phrases;65
4.3.1.3;2.3.1.3. Adpositional phrases;67
4.3.1.4;2.3.1.4. Tones in the verbal complex;68
4.3.1.5;2.3.1.5. Simple clauses;68
4.3.1.6;2.3.1.6. Adverbial expressions;69
4.3.1.7;2.3.1.7. Interaction between intonational processes and plateauing;70
4.3.2;2.3.2. Tones in serial verb constructions;71
4.4;2.4. Intonational processes;75
4.4.1;2.4.1. Overview;75
4.4.2;2.4.2. Utterance-final lowering;75
4.4.3;2.4.3. Negative lowering;76
4.4.4;2.4.4. Emphasis within a clause;78
4.4.5;2.4.5. Yes/no questions;79
4.5;2.5. Notes on tonal and intonational phonetics and problems of analysis;80
5;3 Morphology and morphophonemics;81
5.1;3.1. Derivational morphology;81
5.1.1;3.1.1. Reduplication;81
5.1.1.1;3.1.1.1. Deverbal resultatives;81
5.1.1.2;3.1.1.2. Intensification;82
5.1.1.3;3.1.1.3. X-like;82
5.1.1.4;3.1.1.4. Aggregate plural;82
5.1.1.5;3.1.1.5. Nominalization;83
5.1.1.6;3.1.1.6. Tone plateauing in reduplicated words;83
5.1.2;3.1.2. The nominalizers -ma and -wa~´;84
5.1.3;3.1.3. An incipient derivational affix?;84
5.2;3.2. Inflectional morphology;85
5.2.1;3.2.1. Imperfective tá with gó ‘to go’;85
5.2.2;3.2.2. Tonal marking of verb serialization;85
5.2.3;3.2.3. Nominal marker a-?;86
5.3;3.3. Morphophonemics;86
5.3.1;3.3.1. Possessive (f)u;86
5.3.2;3.3.2. Other morphophonemic processes with fu;87
5.3.3;3.3.3. Negation and pronouns;87
5.3.4;3.3.4. Third-person singular e~;87
5.3.4.1;3.3.4.1. After a verb;87
5.3.4.2;3.3.4.2. With locative marker a;88
5.3.4.3;3.3.4.3. With negator .á;89
5.3.4.4;3.3.4.4. With copula da;89
5.3.4.5;3.3.4.5. With nja~´ ‘eat’ andfo~´ ‘beat’;89
5.3.5;3.3.5. Locative (n)a;89
5.3.6;3.3.6. Hortative verb bé;90
5.4;3.4. Compounding;90
5.5;3.5. Rapid speech phenomena;92
6;4 The noun phrase;94
6.1;4.1. Determiners;94
6.2;4.2. Demonstratives;97
6.3;4.3. Possession;98
6.4;4.4. Relative clauses;103
6.4.1;4.4.1. The accessibility hierarchy;103
6.5;4.5. Quantifiers;106
6.6;4.6. Coordination;110
6.7;4.7. Gerunds;110
6.8;4.8. Adjective + wa~´ ‘one’;111
7;5 Personal pronouns;112
7.1;5.1. Pronominal inventory;112
7.2;5.2. Clitic status;113
7.2.1;5.2.1. Third-person singular oblique e~;113
7.2.2;5.2.2. First-person singular m;114
7.3;5.3. Second-person singular ju;115
7.4;5.4. Pleonastic pronoun;115
7.5;5.5. Reflexives;115
7.6;5.6. Reciprocals;117
8;6 Adjectives;118
8.1;6.1. Definition of adjectival class;118
8.2;6.2. Adjectives and reduplication;120
8.3;6.3. Irregularities in reduplication of property items;121
8.4;6.4. Resultative adjectives;124
8.5;6.5. Comparative constructions;126
8.5.1;6.5.1. Positive comparison;126
8.5.2;6.5.2. Degree of comparison;128
8.5.3;6.5.3. Equal comparison;128
8.5.4;6.5.4. Negative comparison;128
8.5.5;6.5.5. Superlatives;129
8.5.6;6.5.6. Excessives;129
8.6;6.6. Color terms;130
9;7 Core predicate phrase modifiers: Negators, tense, aspect, and modals;131
9.1;7.1. Negation;131
9.1.1;7.1.1. Predicate negation;131
9.1.2;7.1.2. Irregularity in surface manifestation of negative marking;133
9.1.3;7.1.3. Negative quantifiers;134
9.2;7.2. Tense markers;135
9.2.1;7.2.1. Past marker bi;135
9.2.2;7.2.2. Future marker .;139
9.3;7.3. Aspect markers;139
9.3.1;7.3.1. Imperfective marker tá;139
9.3.2;7.3.2. Grammatical status of bi, ., and tá;141
9.3.3;7.3.3. Habitual marker l.;141
9.3.4;7.3.4. Past habitual marker náa;142
9.3.5;7.3.5. Durativity;143
9.3.6;7.3.6. Completive marker kaa;143
9.3.7;7.3.7. .. as completive marker;146
9.3.8;7.3.8. Continuative marker gó dóu;146
9.4;7.4. Modal markers;147
9.4.1;7.4.1. Deontic;147
9.4.2;7.4.2. Epistemic;149
9.4.2.1;7.4.2.1. Probability;149
9.4.2.2;7.4.2.2. Ability;150
9.4.2.3;7.4.2.3. Possibility;151
9.5;7.5. Order of occurrence;153
10;8 Verb serialization;155
10.1;8.1. Diagnostic issues;155
10.1.1;8.1.1. Taxonomy;155
10.1.2;8.1.2. Constraints on argument sharing;156
10.2;8.2. Directional serials;157
10.3;8.3. Serials encoding core grammatical distinctions;159
10.3.1;8.3.1. Dá ‘give’;159
10.3.2;8.3.2. Degree;160
10.3.3;8.3.3. Repetition;161
10.3.4;8.3.4. Complementation;161
10.3.5;8.3.5. Hortative marker;162
10.4;8.4. Serials with moderately grammaticalized meaning;163
10.5;8.5. Verbs used serially without change in meaning;165
10.5.1;8.5.1. Kabá ‘finish’;165
10.5.2;8.5.2. Other verbs;165
10.5.3;8.5.3. Téi ‘take’ as “instrumental”?;166
10.6;8.6. Verb serialization as Sprächgefühl;167
11;9 Coordination and subordination;168
11.1;9.1. Coordination;168
11.1.1;9.1.1. Conjunction;168
11.1.2;9.1.2. Disjunction;169
11.1.3;9.1.3. Exclusion;169
11.2;9.2. Subordination;170
11.2.1;9.2.1. Finite complements;170
11.2.1.1;9.2.1.1. Factive complements;170
11.2.1.2;9.2.1.2. Hortative complements;170
11.2.1.3;9.2.1.3. Complements of perception and causation verbs;170
11.2.2;9.2.2. Nonfinite complements;172
11.2.2.1;9.2.2.1. Control verbs;172
11.2.2.2;9.2.2.2. Small clauses;173
11.2.2.3;9.2.2.3. Gerund complements;174
11.2.3;9.2.3. Subordination: Adverbial complement clauses;175
11.2.3.1;9.2.3.1. Temporal complements;175
11.2.3.2;9.2.3.2. Purpose complements;176
11.2.3.3;9.2.3.3. Locational complements;178
11.2.3.4;9.2.3.4. Manner complements;178
11.2.3.5;9.2.3.5. Causal complements;178
11.2.3.6;9.2.3.6. Conditional complements;179
11.2.3.7;9.2.3.7. Concessive complements;180
11.2.3.8;9.2.3.8. Substitutive complements;181
12;10 Passive and imperative;182
12.1;10.1. Valence-decreasing operations;182
12.1.1;10.1.1. Passive voice;182
12.1.2;10.1.2. Middle voice;185
12.1.3;10.1.3. Object omission;186
12.2;10.2. Valence-increasing operations;186
12.2.1;10.2.1. Ditransitives;186
12.2.2;10.2.2. Causatives;188
12.3;10.3. The imperative mood;189
13;11 Questions;191
13.1;11.1. Yes/no questions;191
13.2;11.2. Information questions;193
13.3;11.3. Indirect questions;194
14;12 Nonverbal predication and fte-verbs;196
14.1;12.1. Identificational equative predicates: Da;196
14.1.1;12.1.1. Basic traits;196
14.1.2;12.1.2. Irregularities;196
14.1.3;12.1.3. Omission;198
14.1.4;12.1.4. Allomorphy;199
14.1.5;12.1.5. Da as sentential presentative;200
14.2;12.2. Class equative predicates: D. or da;200
14.3;12.3. Locative and other predicates: D.;201
14.4;12.4. Existential predicates;202
15;13 Position, direction, and time;204
15.1;13.1. Spatial indicators;204
15.2;13.2. Deictic adverbials;206
15.3;13.3. Direction;208
15.3.1;13.3.1. Some directional verbs;208
15.3.2;13.3.2. Allative and ablative movement;208
15.3.3;13.3.2.1. Ablative;208
15.3.4;13.3.2.2. Allative;210
15.4;13.4. Time expressions;211
15.4.1;13.4.1. Units of time;211
15.4.2;13.4.2. Timeline placement of events;212
16;14 Adverbial modification;214
16.1;14.1. Intensifiers;214
16.2;14.2. Time adverbials;215
16.3;14.3. Adverbs of quantity;217
16.4;14.4. Adverbs of manner;218
16.5;14.5. Adverbs of frequency;219
16.6;14.6. The evidential adverbial construction;220
16.7;14.7. Ideophones;220
16.8;14.8. Placement of adverbs;222
17;15 Information structure;223
17.1;15.1. C ontrastive focus;223
17.1.1;15.1.1. Impressionistic prominence;223
17.1.2;15.1.2. Contrastive focus on verbs;223
17.1.3;15.1.3. Contrastive focus on arguments and adjuncts;224
17.1.3.1;15.1.3.1. Fronting;224
17.1.3.2;15.1.3.2. Contrastive focus marker we;224
17.1.3.3;15.1.3.3. Contrastive focus marking with he~´;226
17.1.3.4;15.1.3.4. Focus marker he~´ da;227
17.1.3.5;15.1.3.5. Reduplicated pronouns?;227
17.2;15.2. Pragmatic markers;227
17.2.1;15.2.1. Given-information marking;227
17.2.2;15.2.2. New-information marking: N.´. and he~´;228
17.2.2.1;15.2.2.1. Position of n.´.;229
17.2.2.2;15.2.2.2. N.´. and adverbial complements;230
17.2.2.3;15.2.2.3. New information versus focus-marking;231
17.2.2.4;15.2.2.4. He as new-information marker in the bounded past;232
17.3;15.3. Combinations of focus and pragmatic markers;232
17.4;15.4. Pragmatic-marking adverbs;234
17.4.1;15.4.1. N.´. ‘just, only’;234
17.4.2;15.4.2. N.´.m. ‘indeed’;234
17.4.3;15.4.3. Seéi;235
17.4.4;15.4.4. Awáa ‘at last’;236
17.4.5;15.4.5. Interjection é;238
17.4.6;15.4.6. Interjection o;238
18;16 Numerals and other time expressions;239
18.1;16.1. Cardinal numbers;239
18.2;16.2. Ordinal numbers;239
18.3;16.3. Distribution;240
18.4;16.4. Fraction;240
18.5;16.5. Time by the clock;240
18.6;16.6. Days of the week;241
18.7;16.7. Months;241
19;17 Lexical variation;242
19.1;17.1. Dialects;242
19.2;17.2. Free variation;242
20;Word list;244
21;Folktale transcription;246
22;Conversational passage;250
23;References;253
24;Index;257
