Menon Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual

1. Auflage 1978
ISBN: 978-0-12-383854-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 576 Seiten

Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual aims to guide engineers and technicians in the processes of planning, designing, and construction of a pipeline system, as well as to provide the necessary tools for cost estimations, specifications, and field maintenance. The text includes understandable pipeline schematics, tables, and DIY checklists. This source is a collaborative work of a team of experts with over 180 years of combined experience throughout the United States and other countries in pipeline planning and construction. Comprised of 21 chapters, the book walks readers through the steps of pipeline construction and management. The comprehensive guide that this source provides enables engineers and technicians to manage routine auditing of technical work output relative to technical input and established expectations and standards, and to assess and estimate the work, including design integrity and product requirements, from its research to completion. Design, piping, civil, mechanical, petroleum, chemical, project production and project reservoir engineers, including novices and students, will find this book invaluable for their engineering practices. - Back-of-the envelope calculations - Checklists for maintenance operations - Checklists for environmental compliance - Simulations, modeling tools and equipment design - Guide for pump and pumping station placement

E. Shashi Menon, Vice President of SYSTEK Technologies, Inc is a Registered Professional Engineer based in USA for the last 40 years with Bachelors and Masters degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He has extensive experience in Oil and Gas Pipeline Design and construction in USA and South America, having worked for leading US companies. He is the author of several popular technical publications on the subject. He has also coauthored over a dozen software programs in Liquid and Gas Pipeline Hydraulics used by engineers in the industry since 1992. He lives in Lake Havasu City, Arizona

Autoren/Hrsg.

Menon, E. Shashi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Pipeline Planning and Construction Field Manual;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;List of Contributors;18
6;Author Biography;20
6.1;E. Shashi Menon, Ph.D., P.E.;20
6.2;Barry G. Bubar, P.E.;20
6.3;William E. Bauer;20
6.4;Hal S. Ozanne;20
6.5;Glenn A. Wininger;21
7;Preface;22
8;Chapter 1. Design Basis;26
8.1;Introduction;26
8.2;1.1 Units of Measurement;27
8.3;1.2 Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases;29
8.4;Summary;65
8.5;Bibliography;66
9;Chapter 2. Route Selection;68
9.1;Introduction;68
9.2;2.1 Community and Local Agencies;70
9.3;2.2 Population Density;70
9.4;2.3 Technical and Project Necessities;71
9.5;2.4 Constructibility;72
9.6;2.5 Right-of-Way;73
9.7;2.6 Environmental Issues;74
9.8;2.7 Route Beginning and Ending Points;75
9.9;2.8 Connections;75
9.10;2.9 Mapping System;75
9.11;2.10 Field Review;76
9.12;2.11 Parallel Other Lines;77
9.13;2.12 Integrity;78
9.14;2.13 Established Corridors;78
9.15;Bibliography;81
10;Chapter 3. Pipeline Regulatory and Environmental Permits;82
10.1;Introduction;82
10.2;3.1 Regulation of Interstate Pipelines;83
10.3;3.2 Regulation of Intrastate Pipelines;84
10.4;3.3 Environmental Permits for Interstate Pipelines;85
10.5;3.4 Environmental Permits for Intrastate Pipelines;86
10.6;3.5 Local Permits;87
11;Chapter 4. Right-of-Way;92
11.1;Introduction;92
11.2;4.1 Right-of-Way Deliverables and Requirements;92
11.3;4.2 Project Planning;94
11.4;4.3 Right-of-Way Budgeting;95
11.5;4.4 Right-of-Way Database and Records;96
11.6;4.5 Field Support;100
11.7;4.6 Right-of-Way Negotiations and Condemnation;100
11.8;4.7 Construction Support;102
11.9;4.8 Project Completion and Pipeline Operations;103
12;Chapter 5. Alignment Sheets;106
12.1;Introduction;106
12.2;5.1 Uses;106
12.3;5.2 Alignment Sheet Development;108
12.4;5.3 Quantity of Alignment Sheets;109
12.5;5.4 Stationing;109
12.6;5.5 Survey;109
12.7;5.6 Drawing Issuance;111
12.8;5.7 Changes to the Route;111
12.9;5.8 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Requirements;115
12.10;5.9 Existing Systems;115
12.11;Bibliography;117
13;Chapter 6. Overview of Pipeline Materials;118
13.1;Introduction;118
13.2;6.1 Criteria;118
13.3;6.2 Product to Be Transported;119
13.4;6.3 Operating Pressure;119
13.5;6.4 Operating Temperature;119
13.6;6.5 Handling and Welding;120
13.7;6.6 Volume or Throughput;120
13.8;6.7 Codes and Regulations;121
13.9;6.8 Coating;127
13.10;6.9 Joint Coating;127
13.11;6.10 Fittings;127
13.12;Bibliography;128
14;Chapter 7. Pipe Strength and Wall Thickness;130
14.1;Introduction;130
14.2;7.1 Allowable Operating Pressure;131
14.3;7.2 Barlow’s Equation for Internal Pressure;133
14.4;7.3 Derivation of Barlow’s Equation;134
14.5;7.4 Modified Barlow’s Equation;135
14.6;7.5 Gas Pipelines: Class Locations;137
14.7;7.6 Thick-Walled Pipes;139
14.8;7.7 Mainline Valves;141
14.9;7.8 Blowdown Calculations;141
14.10;7.9 Determining Pipe Tonnage;142
14.11;Summary;145
14.12;Bibliography;146
15;Chapter 8. Pipeline Hydraulic Analysis;148
15.1;Introduction;148
15.2;8.1 Velocity of Flow in Liquid Pipelines;149
15.3;8.2 Reynolds Number in Liquid Flow;152
15.4;8.3 Pressure and Head of a Liquid;156
15.5;8.4 Pressure Drop in Liquid Flow;158
15.6;8.5 Friction Factor;160
15.7;8.6 Colebrook–White Equation;162
15.8;8.7 Moody Diagram;163
15.9;8.8 Hazen–Williams Equation;166
15.10;8.9 Minor Losses;176
15.11;8.10 Flow of Gas in Pipelines;178
15.12;8.11 Erosional Velocity;183
15.13;8.12 Reynolds Number in Gas Flow;185
15.14;8.13 Friction Factor in Gas Flow;188
15.15;8.14 Colebrook–White Equation for Gas Flow;189
15.16;8.15 Transmission Factor;190
15.17;8.16 Pressure Drop in Gas Flow;193
15.18;8.17 Effect of Pipe Elevations;196
15.19;8.18 The Average Gas Pressure;197
15.20;Summary;199
15.21;Bibliography;200
16;Chapter 9. Series and Parallel Piping and Power Required;202
16.1;Introduction;202
16.2;9.1 Total Pressure Required to Transport Liquids;203
16.3;9.2 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Liquids;206
16.4;9.3 Series Piping in Liquid Pipelines;210
16.5;9.4 Parallel Piping in Liquid Pipelines;212
16.6;9.5 Transporting High Vapor Pressure Liquids;215
16.7;9.6 Pumping Power Required in Liquid Pipelines;215
16.8;9.7 System Head Curves – Liquid Pipelines;218
16.9;9.8 Injections and Deliveries – Liquid Pipelines;221
16.10;9.9 Pipe Loops in Liquid Pipelines;222
16.11;9.10 Gas Pipelines;223
16.12;9.11 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Gas Pipeline;224
16.13;9.12 Series Piping in Gas Pipelines;225
16.14;9.13 Parallel Piping in Gas Pipelines;226
16.15;Summary;228
16.16;Bibliography;229
17;Chapter 10. Valve Stations;230
17.1;Introduction;230
17.2;10.1 What to Expect;231
17.3;10.2 Valve Usage;231
17.4;10.3 Some Other Valves Not Listed by API-6D;235
17.5;10.4 Valve Pressure Class;236
17.6;10.5 Pipeline Design and Valve Selection;236
17.7;10.6 Mainline Valve Locations;237
17.8;10.7 Valve Station Design;237
17.9;10.8 Buried Valve Vaults;239
17.10;10.9 Direct Burial of Valves;241
17.11;10.10 Natural Gas Pipeline Valves;241
17.12;10.11 Valve Placement on Gas Pipelines;242
17.13;10.12 Block Valve Spacing on Gas Transmission Lines;242
17.14;10.13 Valve Maintenance for Liquid and Gas Pipelines as per Code;243
17.15;10.14 Overpressure Safety Valves and Pressure Limiting Devices for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines;243
17.16;10.15 Natural Gas Pipeline Valves Maintenance;244
17.17;10.16 Pressure Limiting and Regulating Stations for Gas Pipelines;244
17.18;10.17 General Valve Station Protection;244
17.19;10.18 Pipeline Valve Selection – Ball or Gate?;244
17.20;References;247
17.21;Bibliography;247
18;Chapter 11. Pump Stations;248
18.1;Introduction;248
18.2;11.1 Multipump Station Pipelines;249
18.3;11.2 Hydraulic Balance and Pump Stations Required;249
18.4;11.3 Telescoping Pipe Wall Thickness;253
18.5;11.4 Change of Pipe Grade – Grade Tapering;254
18.6;11.5 Slack Line and Open Channel Flow;254
18.7;11.6 Batching Different Liquids;255
18.8;11.7 Centrifugal Pumps Versus Reciprocating Pumps;257
18.9;11.8 Centrifugal Pump Head and Efficiency Versus Flow Rate;261
18.10;11.9 BHP Versus Flow Rate;264
18.11;11.10 NPSH Versus Flow Rate;265
18.12;11.11 Specific Speed;266
18.13;11.12 Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps;267
18.14;11.13 Effect of Specific Gravity and Viscosity on Pump Performance;269
18.15;11.14 Pump Configuration – Series and Parallel;271
18.16;11.15 Pump Head Curve Versus System Head Curve;274
18.17;11.16 Multiple Pumps Versus System Head Curve;275
18.18;11.17 NPSH Required Versus NPSH Available;275
18.19;11.18 Pump Station Configuration;278
18.20;11.19 Control Pressure and Throttle Pressure;279
18.21;11.20 Variable Speed Pumps;280
18.22;11.21 VSD Pump Versus Control Valve;280
18.23;Summary;283
18.24;Bibliography;283
19;Chapter 12. Compressor Stations;284
19.1;Introduction;284
19.2;12.1 Compressor Station Locations;285
19.3;12.2 Hydraulic Balance;290
19.4;12.3 Isothermal Compression;291
19.5;12.4 Adiabatic Compression;293
19.6;12.5 Polytropic Compression;295
19.7;12.6 Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas;296
19.8;12.7 Compression Power Required;297
19.9;12.8 Optimum Compressor Locations;301
19.10;12.9 Compressors in Series and Parallel;306
19.11;12.10 Types of Compressors – Centrifugal and Positive Displacement;309
19.12;12.11 Compressor Performance Curves;311
19.13;12.12 Compressor Head and Gas Flow Rate;313
19.14;12.13 Compressor Station Piping Losses;313
19.15;12.14 Compressor Station Schematic;315
19.16;Summary;316
19.17;Bibliography;316
20;Chapter 13. Corrosion Protection;318
20.1;Introduction;318
20.2;13.1 Corrosion in Pipelines;318
20.3;13.2 Causes of Pipeline Failure;319
20.4;13.3 Types of Corrosion;322
20.5;13.4 Corrosion Control;325
20.6;Summary;329
20.7;Bibliography;329
21;Chapter 14. Leak Detection;330
21.1;Introduction;330
21.2;14.1 Prevention;332
21.3;14.2 Pressure Regulation;332
21.4;14.3 Cathodic Protection;333
21.5;14.4 Corrosion Coupons;333
21.6;14.5 Pipeline Markers;333
21.7;14.6 Smart Pigging;336
21.8;14.7 Pipeline Security;337
21.9;14.8 Regulations;337
21.10;14.9 Purpose;338
21.11;14.10 Intermediate Block Valves;339
21.12;14.11 Check Valves;340
21.13;14.12 Patrolling;340
21.14;14.13 Detection;340
21.15;14.14 Measurement;341
21.16;14.15 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System;341
21.17;14.16 Hydrostatic Testing;342
21.18;Bibliography;343
22;Chapter 15. Pipeline Pigging and Inspection;344
22.1;Introduction;344
22.2;15.1 Pig Use;345
22.3;15.2 Pipeline Pigging;345
22.4;15.3 Problem Pipelines;346
22.5;15.4 Piggable Pipelines;347
22.6;15.5 Pig Propulsion;348
22.7;15.6 Utility Pigs;349
22.8;15.7 Selecting Pigs for Small Bore and Double Diameter Pipelines;351
22.9;15.8 Poly Pigs;352
22.10;15.9 My First Experience with Poly Pigs;353
22.11;15.10 Pig Trains;353
22.12;15.11 Smart Pigs;354
22.13;15.12 Smart Pig Types;355
22.14;15.13 Crack Detection;357
22.15;15.14 Preparation for Smart Pig Inspection;357
22.16;15.15 MFL Smart Pig;358
22.17;15.16 Post Smart Pig Inspection;360
22.18;15.17 Expert Data Evaluation;360
22.19;15.18 External Corrosion;361
22.20;15.19 Internal Corrosion;362
22.21;15.20 Postinspection Criteria;363
22.22;Summary;363
22.23;References;364
22.24;Bibliography;364
23;Chapter 16. Pipeline Construction;366
23.1;Introduction;366
23.2;16.1 Pipeline Construction Sequence;367
23.3;16.2 Restoration of Disturbed Construction R.O.W.;380
24;Chapter 17. Welding and NDT;382
24.1;Introduction;382
24.2;17.1 Pipeline Welding Procedures;383
24.3;17.2 Specimen Preparation;384
24.4;17.3 Testing;384
24.5;17.4 Criteria for Weld Acceptance;384
24.6;17.5 Classic Pipeline Welding;386
24.7;17.6 Double Joints;387
24.8;17.7 Using Higher X-Grade Pipe;389
24.9;17.8 Welders’ Qualification;391
24.10;17.9 Welders’ Responsibility;392
24.11;17.10 Automatic Pipeline Welding;393
24.12;17.11 Verifying Automatic Weld Integrity;395
24.13;17.12 Semiautomatic Welding;395
24.14;17.13 Strength of Welded Pipelines;397
24.15;17.14 Nondestructive Testing of Pipe Girth Welds;398
24.16;17.15 Radiographic NDT;399
24.17;17.16 Repair of Defect;399
24.18;17.17 Welding Rejection Criteria;399
24.19;References;402
24.20;Bibliography;403
25;Chapter 18. Hydrostatic Testing;404
25.1;Introduction, Including Risk-Based Alternatives to Testing;404
25.2;18.1 Testing Pipe;407
25.3;18.2 Classifying in Service Pipelines;408
25.4;18.3 Intrastate Pipelines;408
25.5;18.4 Pretest Planning for an Intrastate Pipeline;409
25.6;18.5 Test Water Disposal;414
25.7;18.6 Safety and Equipment Procedures During Test;414
25.8;18.7 Turning and Operating Valves;414
25.9;18.8 Training and Judgment;414
25.10;18.9 Back to Test Procedure;415
25.11;18.10 Pressurization;416
25.12;18.11 List of Equipment for Hydrostatic Test;417
25.13;18.12 Test On;418
25.14;18.13 Posttest Results;418
25.15;18.14 Posttest Leak Analysis;419
25.16;18.15 Entrained Air and Vapor;421
25.17;18.16 Leaking Isolation Valves and Fittings;421
25.18;18.17 Changing Test Water Temperature;422
25.19;18.18 Posttest Report;422
25.20;18.19 Volume Analysis;422
25.21;18.20 Testing Interstate Liquid and Natural Gas Transmissions Lines;423
25.22;18.21 Test Section 12;426
25.23;18.22 Cross-Country Pipeline Testing;427
25.24;18.23 Pipeline Rupture;427
25.25;References;429
26;Chapter 19. Commissioning;430
26.1;Introduction;430
26.2;19.1 Plan;436
26.3;19.2 Plan Sequence;436
26.4;19.3 Operations and Maintenance Manuals;437
26.5;19.4 Completion of Construction;437
26.6;19.5 Sizing or Gauging Pigs;437
26.7;19.6 System Checkout;438
26.8;19.7 Pipeline Drying;438
26.9;19.8 Line Fill;439
26.10;Bibliography;445
27;Chapter 20. Specification Writing, Data Sheet Production, Requisition Development, and Bid Analysis;446
27.1;Introduction;446
27.2;20.1 Specification Writing;446
27.3;20.2 Material Specifications;447
27.4;20.3 Construction Specifications;463
27.5;20.4 Material Requisition Development;486
27.6;20.5 Bid Quotation and Bid Analysis;486
28;Chapter 21. Operations and Maintenance Manuals;490
28.1;Introduction;491
28.2;21.1 Operating Manuals;491
28.3;21.2 Regulations;491
28.4;21.3 Written Emergency Procedures;492
28.5;21.4 Training Program;493
28.6;21.5 Details;499
28.7;21.6 Maintenance Manuals;503
28.8;21.7 Preventative Maintenance;503
28.9;21.8 Project Data Book;503
28.10;21.9 Startup Sequential Process;506
28.11;21.10 Shutdown Sequential Process;506
28.12;Bibliography;507
29;Appendix 1. Chapter 1;508
29.1;Outline of Design Basis Manual (DBM);508
29.2;Units and Conversions;510
29.3;Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases;512
29.4;ASTM Method for Viscosity Versus Temperature of Liquids;516
29.5;Viscosity of a Mixture of Liquids Using Blending Index;517
29.6;Viscosities of Common Hydrocarbon Gases;517
29.7;Gas Compressibility Factor Calculation Methods;518
30;Appendix 2. Chapter 3;520
30.1;Underground Utility Permit;520
30.2;License Agreement;522
30.3;Permit Investigation Report;524
31;Appendix 3. Chapter 4;526
31.1;Right-of-Way Budget;526
31.2;Title Research Check List;527
31.3;Title Report;529
31.4;Survey Permit;533
31.5;Pipeline Right of Way Easement;534
31.6;Valve Easement;534
31.7;Surface Easement;535
31.8;General Warranty Deed;537
31.9;Pipe and Storage Yard Lease;537
31.10;Damage Release;540
31.11;Advance Damage Release;541
32;Appendix 4. Chapter 7;542
32.1;Pipe Seam Joint Factors;542
32.2;Pipeline Internal Design Pressures and Test Pressures – USCS Units;543
32.3;Pipeline Internal Design Pressures and Test Pressures – SI Units;544
33;Appendix 5. Chapter 8;548
33.1;Explicit Friction Factor Equations;548
33.2;Hazen–Williams C-Factor;548
33.3;Gas Flow Pressure Drop Equations;549
33.4;Frictional Pressure Drop in Liquids – USCS Units;555
33.5;Frictional Pressure Drop in Liquids – SI Units;556
34;Appendix 6. Chapter 9;558
34.1;Equivalent Length of Series Pipes;559
34.2;Equivalent Diameter of Parallel Pipes;560
34.3;Brake Power Required for Water;561
35;Appendix 7. Chapter 11;562
35.1;Line Fill Volume per Mile of Pipe – USCS Units;562
35.2;Line Fill Volume per Kilometer of Pipe – SI Units;562
35.3;Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pumps;563
35.4;Suction Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pumps;564
36;Appendix 8. Chapter 12;520
36.1;Compressor Power (USCS Units);566
36.2;Compressor Power (SI Units);567
36.3;Brake Power (HP/MMSCFD) for Reciprocating Compressors – USCS Units;568
36.4;Brake Power (kW/Mm3/day) for Reciprocating Compressors – SI Units;568
37;Appendix 9. Chapters 17 and 18;570
37.1;Pipe Hoop Stress and Pipe Longitudinal Stress Formula;570
37.2;Pipeline Design;571
37.3;Pipeline Design Pressure (Pd);572
37.4;Longitudinal Stress;572
38;Index;574