Milisauskas European Prehistory

A Survey
2. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6633-9
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 497 Seiten

Reihe: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology

European Prehistory: A Survey traces humans from their earliest appearance on the continent to the Rise of the Roman Empire, drawing on archaeological research from all over Europe. It includes the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. Throughout these periods, the major developments are explored using a wide range of archaeological data that emphasizes aspects of agricultural practices, gender, mortuary practices, population genetics, ritual, settlement patterns, technology, trade, and warfare.Using new methods and theories, recent discoveries and arguments are presented and previous discoveries reevaluated. This work includes chapters on European geography and the chronology of European prehistory. A new chapter has been added on the historical development of European archaeology. The remaining chapters have been contributed by archaeologists specializing in different periods. The second edition of European Prehistory: A Survey is enhanced by a glossary, three indices and a comprehensive bibliography, as well as an extensive collection of maps, chronological tables and photographs. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Milisauskas, Sarunas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgments;6
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;13
4;1 Introduction;14
4.1;References;18
5;2 Historical Observations on European Archaeology;20
5.1;References;30
6;3 The Present Environment: A Geographic Summary;35
6.1; Introduction;35
6.2; Topography;35
6.3; Climates;38
6.4; Biogeography;39
6.5; Some Implications for Human Occupants;41
6.6;Reference;41
7;4 The Lower and Middle Paleolithic;42
7.1; Ice Age Europe: Chronology and Environment;42
7.1.1; The Geological Record;42
7.1.2; The Deep Sea Record;44
7.2; The Early Europeans: The Biological Record;44
7.3; The Early Europeans: The Biological Background;45
7.3.1; The First Europeans: Homo erectus;46
7.3.2; Later Forms and the Emergence of Neanderthals;48
7.4; Sites and Findspots: The Archaeological Record;48
7.5; The Lower Paleolithic;50
7.5.1; Spotlight on Two Sites;50
7.5.1.1; Bilzingsleben;50
7.5.1.2; Terra Amata;52
7.5.2; Lower Paleolithic Stone Tools and Technology;53
7.5.3; Use of Other Materials in the Lower Paleolithic;56
7.5.4; Lower Paleolithic Subsistence and Behavior;57
7.6; The Middle Paleolithic;59
7.6.1; Spotlight on Two Sites;59
7.6.1.1; La Borde;59
7.6.1.2; Salzgitter-Lebenstedt;60
7.6.2; Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools and Technology;61
7.6.3; Use of Other Materials in the Middle Paleolithic;65
7.6.4; Middle Paleolithic Susbsistence;66
7.6.4.1; Scavenging or Hunting;67
7.6.4.2; Food Procurement and Processing;68
7.6.4.3; The Question of Cannibalism;69
7.6.5; Middle Paleolithic Site Organization and Settlement Patterns;70
7.6.6; Middle Paleolithic Movement and Exchange;71
7.6.7; Burials, Rituals, and Art in the Middle Paleolithic;72
7.7;References;74
8;5 The Upper Paleolithic;77
8.1; The Transition to the Upper Paleolithic;77
8.1.1; Introduction;77
8.1.2; A Simple Version of the Transition to the Upper Paleolithic;77
8.1.3; The Skeletal Evidence;78
8.1.4; The DNA Evidence;80
8.1.5; The Archaeological Evidence;81
8.1.5.1; The Aurignacian;82
8.1.5.2; Other European Archaeological Evidence;85
8.1.6; Summary of the Transition to the Upper Paleolithic;88
8.2; Early Upper Paleolithic Subsistence;88
8.3; Early Upper Paleolithic Settlement and Exchange;89
8.4; The Developed Early Upper Paleolithic: The Gravettian;90
8.4.1; Spotlight on a Gravettian Site: Pavlov I;91
8.4.2; Gravettian Technology;94
8.4.3; Gravettian Subsistence;96
8.4.4; Gravettian Settlement;97
8.4.5; Gravettian Exchange;99
8.4.6; Gravettian Art and Ornament;100
8.4.7; Gravettian Burials;101
8.5; Europe During the Last Glacial Maximum;102
8.6; Western Europe: The Solutrean;103
8.6.1; Spotlight on a Solutrean Site: Solutré;104
8.6.2; Solutrean Subsistence;105
8.6.3; Solutrean Regional Interaction;106
8.6.4; Solutrean Art, Ornaments, and Ritual;106
8.7; Southern and Southeastern Europe: The Epigravettian;107
8.7.1; Responses to the Glacial Maximum;108
8.8; The Late Glacial Period;108
8.9; Western Europe: The Magdalenian;110
8.9.1; Spotlight on a Magdalenian Site: Verberie;110
8.9.2; Magdalenian Subsistence Economies;111
8.9.3; Magdalenian Settlement and Migration;112
8.9.4; Magdalenian Exchange;115
8.9.5; Magdalenian Portable Art;116
8.9.6; Magdalenian Cave Art;118
8.9.7; Magdalenian Ritual and Sanctuaries;121
8.9.8; Magdalenian Burials;122
8.9.9; Complexity in the Magdalenian of the South-West;122
8.10; Southern Europe;123
8.11; Eastern Europe;124
8.11.1; Spotlight on a Site: Mezhirich;124
8.11.2; Complexity on the Russian Plain;126
8.12; Northern Europe;126
8.13; Summary of the Upper Paleolithic;128
8.14;References;128
9;6 The Mesolithic;135
9.1; Introduction;135
9.2; Postglacial Environmental Changes;135
9.3; The Archaeological Record;137
9.4; The Early Mesolithic (10300--8000/7500 BP);138
9.4.1; Early Mesolithic Technology;138
9.4.2; Spotlight on a Site: Svaerdborg II;140
9.4.3; Early Mesolithic Subsistence;142
9.4.4; Early Mesolithic Settlement;143
9.4.5; Early Mesolithic Exchange;144
9.4.6; Early Mesolithic Burials;145
9.4.7; Early Mesolithic Art and Ornaments;145
9.4.8; Early Mesolithic Summary;145
9.5; The Late Mesolithic;146
9.5.1; Late Mesolithic Technology;146
9.5.1.1; Spotlight on a Site: Vaenget Nord;147
9.5.1.2; Spotlight on a Very Different Site: Lepenski Vir;148
9.5.2; Late Mesolithic Subsistence;150
9.5.3; Late Mesolithic Settlement;151
9.5.4; Late Mesolithic Exchange;153
9.5.5; Late Mesolithic Art and Ornaments;154
9.5.6; Late Mesolithic Burials;154
9.6; Summary of the Mesolithic;157
9.7;References;158
10;7 Early Neolithic, the First Farmers in Europe, 7000--5500/5000 BC;162
10.1; Introduction to the Neolithic: Chronology and Trends;162
10.2; The Origins and Spread of Farming in Europe;167
10.3; The Problem of a Prepottery Neolithic in Europe;172
10.4; The Transition to Farming in Central Europe;173
10.5; The Earliest Farmers in the Alpine Zone;177
10.6; The Transition to Farming along the Atlantic Coast of Europe;177
10.7; Relationship of Farmers to Hunters and Gatherers;177
10.8; Subsistence Strategies;179
10.9; Central Europe: The Linear Pottery;182
10.10; Milk and Cheese Production;184
10.11; Exchange;185
10.12; Settlement Organization -- Household, Individual, Settlement, and Regional System;188
10.13; Economic Specialization by Early Neolithic Settlements and Individuals;196
10.14; Enclosures;197
10.15; Population;200
10.16; Warfare;200
10.17; Social Status: Mortuary Evidence;204
10.18; Mortality, Longevity, Sex Ratios, and Population Composition;207
10.19; Sociopolitical Organization;208
10.20; Rituals and Beliefs;209
10.21; Conclusion;214
10.22;References;215
11;8 Middle Neolithic/Early Copper Age, Continuity, Diversity, and Greater Complexity, 5500/5000--3500 BC;231
11.1; Introduction;231
11.2; Chronology and Cultural Sequence;232
11.3; Transition to Farming in the British Isles;233
11.4; The Transition to Farming in Scandinavia and the North European Plain;235
11.5; Forest Neolithic;238
11.6; Beginnings of Metallurgy -- The Beginnings of the Copper Age in Southeastern Europe;240
11.7; Riding and Domestication of Horses;243
11.8; Ards and Plows;244
11.9; Subsistence Systems;245
11.10; Alpine Region;248
11.11; Salt Production;251
11.12; Tracks and Roads;252
11.13; Flint Mining;252
11.14; Exchange;253
11.15; Settlement Organization;254
11.16; Megalithic Monuments;263
11.17; Cups, Beakers, and Drinking;272
11.18; Warfare;272
11.19; The Problem of Writing and Record Keeping;275
11.20; The Origin of Complex Societies;277
11.21; Gender Differentiation;281
11.22; Mortality, Longevity, Sex Ratios, and Population Composition;282
11.23; The Iceman or tzi;284
11.24; Conclusion;285
11.25;References;286
12;9 Late Neolithic/Late Copper Age 3500--2200 BC;300
12.1; Introduction;300
12.2; Chronology and Cultural Sequence;301
12.3; The Appearance of Wheeled Vehicles;307
12.4; Wool Production;310
12.5; Subsistence Strategies;311
12.6; Settlement Organization;314
12.7; Warfare;315
12.8; Ritual and Social Organization;318
12.9; Ranked Societies;322
12.10; The Origin and Dispersal of the Indo-European-Speaking Populations;323
12.11; Conclusion;326
12.12;References;326
13;10 The Bronze Age;333
13.1; Introduction;333
13.2; Chronology;334
13.3; Life and Death;339
13.4; Settlement Organization;339
13.5; Mortuary Data;345
13.6; Economic Life;354
13.7; Trade and Industry;359
13.8; Metals and Metallurgy;362
13.9; Raw Materials and Extraction;362
13.10; Production and Movement of Metal Goods;364
13.11; Craft Production;367
13.12; Wood, Bone and Antler;367
13.13; Salt;368
13.14; Textiles;369
13.15; Glass and Faience;371
13.16; Transport;372
13.17; Land Transport;372
13.18; Water Transport;374
13.19; Warfare;376
13.20; Religion and Ritual;380
13.21; Individual and Society;385
13.22; The Wider Scene: Territory and Landscape;387
13.23; Complex Societies in the Aegean;390
13.24;References;399
14;11 The Iron Age;410
14.1; The Idea of the Iron Age;410
14.2; Chronology;411
14.3; Economy;414
14.4; Trade;418
14.5; Warfare;422
14.6; Rise of Economic and Political Centers;428
14.7; La Tne and Other New Styles;432
14.8; Migration and Change;435
14.9; Contacts with Literate Societies;437
14.10; Linguistic and Ethnic Groups;438
14.11; Origins of Urbanism;440
14.12; Ritual;447
14.13; The Roman Conquest;453
14.14;References;457
15;12 Conclusion;466
15.1;References;468
16;Glossary;470
17;Persons Index;474
18;Sites Index;488
19;Cultures and Periods Index;495