Miller Clean Coal Engineering Technology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-096116-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 696 Seiten

Concern over the effects of airborne pollution, green house gases, and the impact of global warming has become a worldwide issue that transcends international boundaries, politics, and social responsibility. The 2nd Edition of Coal Energy Systems: Clean Coal Technology describes a new generation of energy processes that sharply reduce air emissions and other pollutants from coal-burning power plants. Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. When burned, it produces emissions that contribute to global warming, create acid rain, and pollute water. With all of the interest and research surrounding nuclear energy, hydropower, and biofuels, many think that coal is finally on its way out. However, coal generates half of the electricity in the United States and throughout the world today. It will likely continue to do so as long as it's cheap and plentiful [Source: Energy Information Administration]. Coal provides stability in price and availability, will continue to be a major source of electricity generation, will be the major source of hydrogen for the coming hydrogen economy, and has the potential to become an important source of liquid fuels. Conservation and renewable/sustainable energy are important in the overall energy picture, but will play a lesser role in helping us satisfy our energy demands today. Dramatically updated to meet the needs of an ever changing energy market, Coal Energy Systems, 2nd Edition is a single source covering policy and the engineering involved in implementing that policy. The book addresses many coal-related subjects of interest ranging from the chemistry of coal and the future engineering anatomy of a coal fired plant to the cutting edge clean coal technologies being researched and utilized today. A 50% update over the first edition, this new book contains new chapters on processes such as CO2 capture and sequestration, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems, Pulverized-Coal Power Plants and Carbon Emission Trading. Existing materials on worldwide coal distribution and quantities, technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal, technologies used and under development for utilizing coal to produce heat, electricity, and chemicals with low environmental impact, vision for utilizing coal well into the 21st century, and the security coal presents. - Clean Liquids and Gaseous Fuels from Coal for Electric Power - Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems - Pulverized-Coal Power Plants - Advanced Coal-Based Power Plants - Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology - CO2 capture and sequestration

Mr. Miller (B.S. and M.S. Chemical Engineering) has more than 30 years' experience in energy research and development, combustion systems, fuels characterization, preparation and handling, hardware development and testing, and emissions characterization and control. He has been PI or co-PI of over $44 M in sponsored research. He is the author of four books published by Elsevier

Autoren/Hrsg.

Miller, Bruce G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Clean Coal Engineering Technology;2
3;Copyright;3
4;Dedication;4
5;Contents;6
6;Preface;14
7;Chapter 1: Coal as Fuel;16
7.1;1.1. Organization of this Book;16
7.2;1.2. The History of Coal Use;17
7.3;1.3. Coal Use before the Industrial Revolution;17
7.4;1.3.1. The Early History of U.S. Coal Mining and Use;18
7.5;1.4. Coal Use during the Industrial Revolution;19
7.6;1.5. The Post-Industrial Revolution Use of Coal;20
7.7;1.6. An Overview of Energy in the United States;21
7.8;1.7. Coal Production in the United States;27
7.9;1.8. Coal Consumption in the United States;35
7.10;1.9. U.S. Coal Exports and Imports;37
7.11;1.10. World Primary Energy Production and Consumption;39
7.11.1;1.10.1. World Primary Energy Production;39
7.11.2;1.10.2 World Primary Energy Consumption;46
7.12;1.11. Projections of Energy Use and Coal's Contribution to the Energy Mix;50
7.12.1;1.11.1 World Consumption of Liquid Fuels;53
7.12.2;1.11.2 World Consumption of Natural Gas;54
7.12.3;1.11.3 World Consumption of Coal;54
7.12.4;1.11.4 World Consumption of Nuclear Energy;59
7.12.5;1.11.5 World Consumption of Renewable Energy;60
7.12.6;1.11.6 Energy Outlook for the United States;61
7.13;1.12. Coal's Role in the U.S.'s 2001 Energy Policy;64
7.14;References;66
8;Chapter 2: The Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Coal;68
8.1;2.1. The Definition of Coal;68
8.2;2.2. Origin of Coal;68
8.3;2.3. Coalification;69
8.4;2.4. The Classification of Coal;72
8.4.1;2.4.1 Basic Coal Analysis;72
8.4.2;2.4.2 The Ranks of Coal;74
8.4.3;2.4.3 The Types of Coal;76
8.4.4;2.4.4 The Grades of Coal;78
8.4.5;2.4.5 Classification Systems;78
8.5;References;83
9;Chapter 3: The Worldwide Distribution of Coal;84
9.1;3.1 Coal Distribution and Resources;84
9.1.1;3.1.1 Coal Reserves throughout the World;85
9.2;3.2 Major Coal-Producing Regions in the World;89
9.2.1;3.2.1 North America;89
9.2.2;3.2.2 Eurasia;93
9.2.3;3.2.3 Middle East, Asia, and Oceania;95
9.2.4;3.2.4 Europe;96
9.2.5;3.2.5 Africa;97
9.2.6;3.2.6 Central and South America;98
9.3;References;98
10;Chapter 4: The Effect of Coal Usage on Human Health and the Environment;100
10.1;4.1. Coal Mining;101
10.1.1;4.1.1 Underground Mining;101
10.1.2;4.1.2 Surface Mining;111
10.1.3;4.1.3 Legislation and Reclamation;114
10.2;4.2. Coal Preparation;115
10.2.1;4.2.1 Water Contamination from Preparation Plants;117
10.2.2;4.2.2 Air Contamination from Preparation Plants;117
10.2.3;4.2.3 Refuse Contaminants from Preparation Plants;117
10.2.4;4.2.4 Health and Safety Issues;118
10.3;4.3. Coal Transportation;119
10.4;4.4. Coal Combustion By-Products;120
10.5;4.5. Emissions from Coal Combustion;122
10.5.1;4.5.1 Sulfur Oxides;122
10.5.2;4.5.2 Nitrogen Oxides;125
10.5.3;4.5.3 Particulate Matter;127
10.5.4;4.5.4 Organic Compounds;131
10.5.5;4.5.5 Carbon Monoxide;131
10.5.6;4.5.6 Trace Elements;132
10.5.7;4.5.7 Greenhouse Gases—Carbon Dioxide;139
10.6;References;144
11;Chapter 5: Introduction to Coal Utilization Technologies;148
11.1;5.1. Coal Combustion;148
11.1.1;5.1.1 Brief History of Boilers and Coal Combustion Systems;149
11.1.2;5.1.2 Basic Steam Fundamentals and their Application to Boiler Development;157
11.1.3;5.1.3 The Chemistry of Coal Combustion;159
11.1.4;5.1.4 Coal Combustion Systems;164
11.1.5;5.1.5 Influence of Coal Properties on Utility Boiler Design;181
11.2;5.2. Carbonization;187
11.2.1;5.2.1 Brief History of Carbonization (High-Temperature);189
11.2.2;5.2.2 Coking Processes;190
11.2.3;5.2.3 Coal Properties for Coke Production;193
11.2.4;5.2.4 Coking Conditions;194
11.2.5;5.2.5 Low-Temperature Carbonization;194
11.3;5.3. Gasification;198
11.3.1;5.3.1 Brief History of Coal Gasification;198
11.3.2;5.3.2 Principles of Coal Gasification;199
11.3.3;5.3.3 Gasifier Types;200
11.3.4;5.3.4 Influence of Coal Properties on Gasification;204
11.3.5;5.3.5 Regional Distribution of Gasification Systems;206
11.3.6;5.3.6 Commercial Gasification Systems;209
11.4;5.4. Liquefaction;220
11.4.1;5.4.1 The Beginning of the Synthetic Fuel Industry;221
11.4.2;5.4.2 Indirect Liquefaction—Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis;222
11.4.3;5.4.3 Direct Liquefaction;224
11.5;References;230
12;Chapter 6: Anatomy of a Coal-Fired Power Plant;234
12.1;6.1. Coal Transport to the Power Plant;234
12.2;6.2. Coal Handling, Storage, and Processing;238
12.2.1;6.2.1 Coal Handling;239
12.2.2;6.2.2 Coal Storage;240
12.2.3;6.2.3 Coal Processing/Size Reduction;241
12.3;6.3. Steam Generation;251
12.3.1;6.3.1 Furnace and Convection Pass;251
12.3.2;6.3.2 Steam Superheaters and Reheaters;252
12.3.3;6.3.3 Economizers;252
12.3.4;6.3.4 Steam Drums;252
12.3.5;6.3.5 Steam Temperature Controls;254
12.3.6;6.3.6 Air Heaters (Preheaters);254
12.4;6.4. Steam Turbines and Electricity Generation;254
12.4.1;6.4.1 Steam Turbines;254
12.4.2;6.4.2 Electric Generators;257
12.5;6.5. Steam Condensers and Cooling Towers;257
12.5.1;6.5.1 Steam Condensers;257
12.5.2;6.5.2 Cooling Towers;258
12.6;6.6. Water Treatment;258
12.7;6.7. Environmental Protection;261
12.8;6.8. Ash and By-Product Handling;262
12.8.1;6.8.1 Bottom Ash Systems;262
12.8.2;6.8.2 Convective Pass/Economizer Ash Systems;262
12.8.3;6.8.3 Fly Ash Systems;263
12.8.4;6.8.4 Scrubber Sludge Systems;264
12.9;References;265
13;Chapter 7: Clean Coal Technologies for Advanced Power Generation;266
13.1;7.1. Power Cycles;266
13.1.1;7.1.1 Rankine Cycle;266
13.1.2;7.1.2 The Brayton Cycle;268
13.1.3;7.1.3 Combined Cycle;268
13.2;7.2. Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plants;269
13.2.1;7.2.1 Advanced Pulverized Coal-Fired Plants;270
13.2.2;7.2.2 Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Research and Development;275
13.2.3;7.2.3 Oxy-Fuel Firing in Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers;276
13.3;7.3. Fluidized-Bed Combustion;279
13.3.1;7.3.1 Introduction;279
13.3.2;7.3.2 Heat Transfer;281
13.3.3;7.3.3 Combustion Efficiency;282
13.3.4;7.3.4 Fuel Flexibility;282
13.3.5;7.3.5 Pollutant Formation and Control;284
13.3.6;7.3.6 Supercritical Fluidized-Bed Boilers and Oxy-Coal Firing in Fluidized-Bed Boilers;297
13.4;7.4. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle;297
13.4.1;7.4.1 Introduction;298
13.4.2;7.4.2 Gasification Island;299
13.4.3;7.4.3 Gas Treatment and Sulfur Recovery;300
13.4.4;7.4.4 Combined Cycle Power Plant;305
13.4.5;7.4.5 IGCC with Carbon Capture;305
13.4.6;7.4.6 Benefits and Limits of IGCC;306
13.4.7;7.4.7 Commercial Status;309
13.5;7.5. IGCC Research Needs;311
13.6;References;311
14;Chapter 8: Coal-Fired Emissions and Legislative Action;316
14.1;8.1. Major Coal-Related Health Episodes;316
14.1.1;8.1.1 Pre-Industrial Revolution;316
14.1.2;8.1.2 Post-Industrial Revolution;317
14.2;8.2. History of Legislative Action for Coal-Fired Power Plants;318
14.2.1;8.2.1 Pre-1970 Legislation;318
14.2.2;8.2.2 The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970;320
14.2.3;8.2.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 and Prevention of Significant Deterioration;330
14.2.4;8.2.4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990;332
14.2.5;8.2.5 Additional NOx Regulations and Trading Programs;339
14.2.6;8.2.6 Clean Air Interstate Rule;342
14.2.7;8.2.7 Clean Air Mercury Rule;343
14.2.8;8.2.8 New Source Review;345
14.2.9;8.2.9 Fine Particulate Matter;347
14.2.10;8.2.10 Impending Legislation and Pollutants under Consideration for Regulation;348
14.3;8.3. Emissions Legislation in Other Countries;352
14.3.1;8.3.1 Sulfur Dioxide;352
14.3.2;8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides;356
14.3.3;8.3.3 Particulate Matter;360
14.3.4;8.3.4 Trace Elements/Mercury;361
14.3.5;8.3.5 Carbon Dioxide;363
14.4;8.4. Air Quality and Coal-Fired Emissions;364
14.4.1;8.4.1 Six Principal Pollutants;366
14.4.2;8.4.2 Acid Rain;377
14.4.3;8.4.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants;381
14.4.4;8.4.4 Carbon Dioxide;384
14.5;References;386
15;Chapter 9: Emissions Control Strategies for Power Plants;390
15.1;9.1. Currently Regulated Emissions;391
15.1.1;9.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide;392
15.1.2;9.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides;428
15.1.3;9.1.3 Particulate Matter;452
15.2;9.2. Pollutants with Pending Compliance Regulation;474
15.2.1;9.2.1 Mercury;474
15.3;9.3. Multipollutant Control;487
15.3.1;9.3.1 ECO Process;488
15.3.2;9.3.2 Airborne Process;489
15.3.3;9.3.3 Multipollutant Control for Smaller Coal-Fired Boilers;489
15.3.4;9.3.4 Nalco Mobotec Systems;489
15.3.5;9.3.5 Others;490
15.4;References;490
16;Chapter 10: CO2 Capture and Storage;498
16.1;10.1. CO2 Capture Technologies;500
16.1.1;10.1.1 Precombustion (IGCC) CO2 Capture;501
16.1.2;10.1.2 Oxy-Fuel Combustion;502
16.1.3;10.1.3 Postcombustion CO2 Capture;502
16.1.4;10.1.4 Biomass Cofiring;511
16.2;10.2. Transport of CO2;512
16.3;10.3. CO2 Storage;513
16.3.1;10.3.1 Geologic Storage;513
16.3.2;10.3.2 Ocean Storage;515
16.3.3;10.3.3 Terrestrial Storage;516
16.3.4;10.3.4 Mineral Carbonation;516
16.4;10.4. Economics of CO2 Sequestration;517
16.4.1;10.4.1 Capture Costs;517
16.4.2;10.4.2 Costs of Transporting CO2;522
16.4.3;10.4.3 Storage Costs;523
16.5;10.5. Permanence and Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification;524
16.6;References;525
17;Chapter 11: U.S. and International Activities for Near-Zero Emissions during Electricity Generation;528
17.1;11.1. Introduction to U.S. Clean Coal Technology Programs;528
17.2;11.2. Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program;529
17.2.1;11.2.1 CCTDP Evolution;530
17.2.2;11.2.2 CCTDP Funding and Costs;531
17.2.3;11.2.3 CCTDP Projects;531
17.2.4;11.2.4 CCTDP Accomplishments;552
17.3;11.3. Power Plant Improvement Initiative;556
17.3.1;11.3.1 PPII Projects;557
17.3.2;11.3.2 Benefits of the PPII;561
17.4;11.4. Clean Coal Power Initiative;562
17.4.1;11.4.1 Program Importance;562
17.4.2;11.4.2 Round 1 CCPI Projects;563
17.4.3;11.4.3 Round 2 CCPI Projects;568
17.4.4;11.4.4 Round 3 CCPI (CCPI-3A and CCPI-3B) Projects;571
17.4.5;11.4.5 CCPI Benefits;573
17.5;11.5. Benefits of DOE's Clean Coal Technology Programs;574
17.6;11.6. Vision 21;578
17.6.1;11.6.1 Vision 21 Technologies;578
17.6.2;11.6.2 Vision 21 Benefits;580
17.7;11.7. FutureGen;580
17.8;11.8. DOE Carbon Sequestration Programs;583
17.9;11.9. International Carbon Sequestration Programs;587
17.10;11.10. International Clean Coal Technology and Carbon Sequestration Activities;587
17.10.1;11.10.1 Canada;588
17.10.2;11.10.2 Australia;589
17.10.3;11.10.3 Germany;591
17.10.4;11.10.4 Japan;591
17.10.5;11.10.5 China;592
17.10.6;11.10.6 Others;593
17.11;References;594
18;Chapter 12: Coal and Energy Security;600
18.1;12.1. Overview of U.S. Energy Security Issues;601
18.2;12.2. The Future of Energy in the United States;603
18.3;12.3. Energy and the Economy;604
18.4;12.4. Natural Gas Use in Power Generation;607
18.5;12.5. Coal's Potential to Reduce U.S. Dependence on Imported Crude Oil;609
18.6;12.6. Coal's Role in Future U.S. Electric Power Generation;611
18.7;12.7. Production of Hydrogen from Coal;618
18.8;12.8. Coal's Role in International Energy Security and Sustainable Development;619
18.8.1;12.8.1 International Demand for Electricity;619
18.8.2;12.8.2 Advanced Coal Technology Application Support for Sustained Coal Utilization;621
18.8.3;12.8.3 Energy Security;622
18.8.4;12.8.4 Sustainable Development;623
18.9;12.9. Concluding Statements;624
18.10;References;625
19;Appendix A:Regional Definitions;628
19.1;A.1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD);628
19.2;A.2. Non-Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Non-OECD);628
19.3;A.3. European Union (EU);629
19.4;A.4. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC);629
20;Appendix B: Commercial Gasification Facilities Worldwide;630
21;Appendix C: Coal-Fired Emission Factors;640
22;Appendix D: Original List of HazardousAir Pollutants;666
23;Appendix E: Initial 263 Units Identified in Phase I (SO2) of the Acid Rain Program;672
24;Index;676