Niskanen Mechanics of Paper Products

1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-11-025463-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 271 Seiten

Reihe: De Gruyter Textbook

This graduate level textbook focuses on the mechanical properties and performance of products made of fiber-based materials such as paper and board. The book aims to help students develop effective skills for solving problems of product performance and engineering challenges in new product development. Therefore the material is organized with a problem-based approach - a practical example of product performance is presented and then the relevant mechanics are analyzed to deduce which material properties control the performance.

Zielgruppe

Advanced students in paper science, packaging and mechanical engineering programs

Autoren/Hrsg.

Niskanen, Kaarlo

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Technologie der Papierverarbeitung und Zellstoffverarbeitung
• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Technische Mechanik | Werkstoffkunde Materialwissenschaft: Keramik, Glas, Sonstige Werkstoffe

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;List of Contributing Authors;8
3;Contents;10
4;1 The challenge;16
5;2 Paper as an engineering material;20
5.1;2.1 Introduction;20
5.2;2.2 Linear elasticity of paper;21
5.2.1;2.2.1 Elastic constants;21
5.2.2;2.2.2 Typical stiffness values for paper;24
5.3;2.3 Stress-strain behavior of paper;26
5.3.1;2.3.1 In-plane tensile loading;26
5.3.2;2.3.2 Visco-elastic effects;30
5.3.3;2.3.3 Other loading modes;30
5.4;2.4 Multi-axial strength;32
5.5;2.5 Mechanical properties in relation to the papermaking process;34
5.5.1;2.5.1 Preparation of papermaking fibers;34
5.5.2;2.5.2 Effect of the paper machine;37
6;Part I: Structural strength;42
6.1;3 Packaging performance;44
6.1.1;3.1 Introduction;44
6.1.2;3.2 Paper-based packaging materials;45
6.1.2.1;3.2.1 Corrugated board;45
6.1.2.2;3.2.2 Box manufacturing process;48
6.1.2.3;3.2.3 Carton board;49
6.1.3;3.3 Loads imposed on boxes;50
6.2;3.4. Strength of boxes;53
6.2.1;3.4.1 Short-term compressive loading;53
6.2.2;3.4.2 Empirical models for static box strength;57
6.2.3;3.4.3 Finite element models;59
6.2.4;3.4.4 Long-term loading;62
6.2.5;3.5 Summary;63
6.3;4 Behavior of corners in carton board boxes;68
6.3.1;4.1 Introduction;68
6.3.2;4.2 Folding of a multiply carton board;70
6.3.3;4.3 Creasing;74
6.3.4;4.4 Important material properties;78
6.3.5;4.5 Final remarks;78
6.4;5 Fracture properties;82
6.4.1;5.1 Introduction;82
6.4.2;5.2 Examples of practical applications of fracture mechanics;84
6.4.2.1;5.2.1 Mode I failure under in-plane tension;84
6.4.2.2;5.2.2 Out-of-plane delamination;87
6.4.3;5.3 Crack tip modeling in paper materials;88
6.4.3.1;5.3.1 Characteristic length scale and the basis of crack tip modeling;88
6.4.3.2;5.3.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics LEFM;90
6.4.3.3;5.3.3 Nonlinear fracture mechanics using J-integral;91
6.4.3.4;5.3.4 Cohesive zone models;94
6.4.3.5;5.3.5 Continuum damage mechanics modeling of paper;96
6.4.3.6;5.3.6 Delamination of paper materials;98
6.4.4;5.4 Compressive failure;100
6.4.5;5.5 Summary;102
7;Part II: Dynamic stability;106
7.1;6 Web dynamics in paper transport systems;108
7.1.1;6.1 Introduction;108
7.1.2;6.2 Dynamics of web transport;109
7.1.2.1;6.2.1 Basic formulation of web transport problems;109
7.1.2.2;6.2.2 The case of an axially moving web;110
7.1.2.3;6.2.3 Moving thread problem;115
7.1.2.4;6.2.4 Fluttering of a two-dimensional web;120
7.1.3;6.3 Concluding remarks;122
7.2;7 Creep and relaxation;126
7.2.1;7.1 Introduction;126
7.2.2;7.2 Relaxation and creep as phenomena;127
7.2.3;7.3 Modeling of time-dependence;129
7.2.3.1;7.3.1 Linear behavior;129
7.2.3.2;7.3.2 Nonlinearity;130
7.2.3.3;7.3.3 Recoverability;131
7.2.3.4;7.3.4 Time scales;132
7.2.4;7.4 Creep and relaxation properties of paper;134
7.2.4.1;7.4.1 Creep;135
7.2.4.2;7.4.2 Stress relaxation;137
7.2.4.3;7.4.3 Tensile versus compressive creep;138
7.2.4.4;7.4.4 Effect of the papermaking process and furnish;139
7.2.5;7.5 Moisture effects;141
7.2.5.1;7.5.1 Softening with moisture;141
7.2.5.2;7.5.2 Accelerated creep;142
7.2.6;7.6 Prediction of box lifetime;144
7.2.6.1;7.6.1 Creep response of a box;144
7.2.6.2;7.6.2 Previous equations for box lifetime;146
7.2.6.3;7.6.3 Derivation of a new equation for box lifetime;147
7.2.6.4;7.6.4 Accounting for variability;148
7.2.7;7.7 Summary;149
7.3;8 Statistical aspects of failure of paper products;154
7.3.1;8.1 Introduction;154
7.3.2;8.2 Practical examples;154
7.3.2.1;8.2.1 Web breaks in a printing press and on a paper machine;154
7.3.2.2;8.2.2 Stacking performance of boxes;157
7.3.3;8.3 Statistical approaches for failure in materials or systems;158
7.3.3.1;8.3.1 The chain model;159
7.3.3.2;8.3.2 The bundle model;160
7.3.3.3;8.3.3 Time-dependent, statistical failure model;162
7.3.4;8.4 Statistical failure of paper;164
7.3.4.1;8.4.1 Strength distributions;165
7.3.4.2;8.4.2 Factors controlling strength distributions;166
7.3.4.3;8.4.3 Strength scaling;167
7.3.4.4;8.4.4 Web break prediction;169
7.3.5;8.5 Research front of statistical failure of paper;171
7.3.6;8.6 Concluding remarks;172
8;Part III: Reactions to moisture and water;176
8.1;9 Moisture-induced deformations;178
8.1.1;9.1 Introduction;178
8.1.2;9.2 Moisture-induced deformations;178
8.1.2.1;9.2.1 Hygroexpansion of paper;178
8.1.2.2;9.2.2 Effect of moisture history;182
8.1.3;9.3 Fluting;186
8.1.3.1;9.3.1 Tension wrinkling;186
8.1.3.2;9.3.2 Effect of small scale strain variations;189
8.1.3.3;9.3.3 Fluting vs. cockling;192
8.1.4;9.4 Summary;193
8.2;10 Mechanics in printing nip for paper and board;196
8.2.1;10.1 Introduction;196
8.2.2;10.2 Nip mechanics in offset printing of paper;197
8.2.3;10.3 Nip mechanics in flexo post printing of corrugated board;201
8.2.4;10.4 Micro-fluidics of ink in printing nip;203
8.2.5;10.5 Concluding remarks;206
9;Part IV: Material properties;210
9.1;11 Micromechanics;212
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction;212
9.1.2;11.2 Fiber network structure;213
9.1.2.1;11.2.1 Two-dimensional network;213
9.1.2.2;11.2.2 Densification mechanisms;215
9.1.2.3;11.2.3 Statistical geometry of real fiber networks;216
9.1.2.4;11.2.4 Key structural factors when engineering the mechanical properties of paper;220
9.1.3;11.3 Elastic modulus;221
9.1.3.1;11.3.1 The effect of paper density;221
9.1.3.2;11.3.2 The shear-lag mechanism;223
9.1.3.3;11.3.3 The activation mechanism;225
9.1.3.4;11.3.4 Elastic modulus of activated fiber network;226
9.1.3.5;11.3.5 Key factors when engineering the elastic modulus of paper;230
9.1.4;11.4 Stress-strain behavior, creep, and bond opening;231
9.1.5;11.5 Fracture process in the fiber network;235
9.1.5.1;11.5.1 Microscopic observations;235
9.1.5.2;11.5.2 Micromechanical description of the fracture process;236
9.1.6;11.6 Hygroexpansion;240
9.1.7;11.7 Final remarks;242
9.2;12 Wood biocomposites – extending the property range of paper products;246
9.2.1;12.1 Introduction;246
9.2.2;12.2 Material components: fibers and polymers;251
9.2.2.1;12.2.1 Plant fiber structure;251
9.2.2.2;12.2.2 Polymer matrices and binders;255
9.2.3;12.3 Micromechanics of fiber composites;257
9.2.3.1;12.3.1 Weight fraction and volume fraction;257
9.2.3.2;12.3.2 Elastic properties in unidirectional composites;258
9.2.3.3;12.3.3 Elastic properties in short fiber composites;259
9.2.3.4;12.3.4 Interfacial strength in short fiber composites;261
9.2.4;12.4 Composites data: wood fiber/thermoplastic;262
9.2.5;12.5 Composites data: wood fiber/thermoset;263
9.2.6;12.6 Nano-fibrillated cellulose materials;265
9.2.6.1;12.6.1 Cellulosic “nano-paper”;265
9.2.6.2;12.6.2 Nano-composites;267
9.2.7;12.7 Conclusions;267
10;Index;270

Über Autor(innen)

Niskanen, Kaarlo
Kaarlo Niskanen, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.

Kaarlo Niskanen, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.