Smart Grids and Microgrids

Technology Evolution
1. Auflage 2022
ISBN: 978-1-119-76055-9
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 400 Seiten, Format (B × H): 10 mm x 10 mm, Gewicht: 454 g

SMART GRIDS AND MICROGRIDS
Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart grids and microgrids for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals.
The power supply is one of the most important issues of our time. In every country, all over the world, from refrigerators to coffee makers to heating and cooling, almost everyone in the world needs to have access to power. As the global demand rises, new methods of delivering power, such as smart grids and microgrids, have, out of necessity or choice, been developed and researched.
In this book, modern and advanced concepts of both microgrid and smart grid technology are introduced. Beginning from the brief fundamental concepts of microgrids and its various constituents this team of experts discusses different architectures, control issues, communication challenges, measurement, stability, power quality and mitigation, protection, and power electronic aspects of the microgrid system. Through this book, tools and techniques needed to design both microgrids and smart grids are discussed.
Recent and developing topics like smart meter impact, remote data monitoring, communication protocols, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, and many others are covered. Furthermore, this new volume also covers simulation and stability analysis tools pertaining to microgrids and smart grids. Throughout the book, detailed examples of microgrid and smart grid design and development strategies are provided, based on different constraints and requirements. Case studies, numerical models, and design examples are also included. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this is a must-have volume for any library.
Audience: Engineers, scientists, industry professionals, students, and other lay people involved in the business of smart grids and microgrids

Autoren/Hrsg.

Prabhakaran, Prajof

Krishna, S Mohan

Daya, J L Febin

Subramaniam, Umashankar

Brijesh, P V

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technische Zuverlässigkeit, Sicherheitstechnik
• Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Energieverteilung, Stromnetze
• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Computerkommunikation & -vernetzung Cloud-Computing, Grid-Computing
• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Nachrichten- und Kommunikationstechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xv

1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition 1
Balasubramonian M, Rajeswari Ramachandran, Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Albert Paul Arunkumar C P and Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab

Nomenclature 2

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV 5

1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh 8

1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature 9

1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point 10

1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation 11

1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique 12

1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method 12

1.4 Results and Discussion 13

1.4.1 Simulation Results 16

1.4.2 Experimental Results 19

1.4.3 Comparative Analysis 19

1.5 Conclusion 24

References 24

2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 27
Md Waseem Ahmad and Ravi Raushan

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 28

2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies 30

2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 31

2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies 36

2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid 36

2.4.1 DC-DC Converter 36

2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier 38

2.4.3 AC-AC Converter 38

2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters 38

2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid 38

2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter 41

2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 44

2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid 45

2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI 50

2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 53

2.6 Conclusion 57

References 57

3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 59
Mohan Krishna S, Sheila Mahapatra, Febin Daya J L, Thinagaran Perumal, Saurav Raj and Prajof Prabhakaran

3.1 Introduction 60

3.1.1 Background and Motivation 60

3.1.2 Literature Review 62

3.1.3 Organization of the Paper 63

3.2 Application of the Technique 64

3.2.1 Economic Evaluation 64

3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 65

3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories 66

3.3 Result Analysis 67

3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy 67

3.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions 68

3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs 68

3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature 69

3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP) 69

3.3.6 Estimation of DPP 70

3.4 Conclusion 71

References 71

4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network 75
Archana A N and Rajeev T.

4.1 Introduction 76

4.2 Background 78

4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network 79

4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System 81

4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study 82

4.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios 84

4.5 Results and Discussions 87

4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers 87

4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers 88

4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices 89

4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network 91

4.6 Conclusion 91

Nomenclature 92

Appendix 92

References 97

5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability 99
Jithin S and Rajeev T.

5.1 Introduction 99

5.2 Microgrid Control 100

5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy 101

5.3.1 Primary Control 103

5.3.2 Secondary Control 106

5.3.3 Tertiary Control 107

5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods 108

5.4 Control Techniques 108

5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control 108

5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control 110

5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods 111

5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques 117

5.5 Stability of Microgrids 118

5.5.1 Stability Classification 119

5.5.2 Power Balance Stability 120

5.5.3 Control System Stability 120

5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques 121

5.7 Conclusions 122

References 123

6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station 127
Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur and Rintu Khanna

6.1 Introduction 128

6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description 132

6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling 132

6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) 133

6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units 135

6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs 135

6.4 PEVs Control Strategy 138

6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 139

6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1 140

6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2 141

6.6 Conclusions 143

References 143

7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids 147
Swetha Shekarappa G, Manjulata Badi, Saurav Raj and Sheila Mahapatra

7.1 Introduction 147

7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy 151

7.3 Hydro Energy 152

7.4 Solar Power 157

7.5 Wind Energy 160

7.6 Geothermal Energy 163

7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids 165

Conclusion and Future Scope 168

Acknowledgement 169

References 169

8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario 175
Dr Suresh N S., Padmavathy N S., Dr S Arul Daniel and Dr Ramakrishna Kappagantu

8.1 Introduction 176

8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies 176

8.1.2 Why Smart Grid 177

8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation 178

8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation 179

8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies 180

8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 180

8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR) 180

8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM) 181

8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS) 181

8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics 182

8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration 183

8.2.8 Microgrid 184

8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems 184

8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems 185

8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) 186

8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) 186

8.2.13 Cyber Security 187

8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs 187

8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 188

8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs 189

8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 191

8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India 191

8.5 Summary 192

References 193

9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid 195
B Dastagiri Reddy, K Venkatraman, M.P Selvan and S Moorthi

9.1 Introduction 196

9.2 System Description 197

9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller 202

9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System 208

9.5 Online Monitoring System 210

9.6 Conclusion 211

References 212

10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids 215
Tomina Thomas, DR Prawin Angel Michael and Anoop Joy

10.1 Introduction 216

10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology 217

10.2.1 Microgrid 220

10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation 221

10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow 221

10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology 226

10.3.1 Smart Grid 226

10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids? 227

10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids 228

10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid 229

10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs 229

10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India 230

10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India 234

10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids 234

10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids 235

10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India 236

10.7.4 Future Directions 238

10.8 Conclusion 239

References 240

11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment 241
Sreekanth Thamballa

11.1 Introduction 241

11.2 DC-DC Converters 244

11.2.1 Buck Converter 245

11.2.2 Boost Converter 249

11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 252

11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) 253

11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR) 253

11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR) 254

11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier 258

11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs) 260

11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 260

11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI) 261

11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter 263

11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters 265

11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters 266

11.5 AC-AC Converters 266

11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 267

11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter 269

11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters 270

11.6.1 Matlab 270

11.6.2 Pspice 270

11.6.3 Plecs 271

11.6.4 Saber 271

References 271

12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 273
Dheeban S S, Muthu Selvan N B and Krishnaveni L

12.1 Introduction 274

12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables 276

12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault 276

12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault 276

12.2.3 Earth Fault 277

12.3 Fault Location Methods 277

12.3.1 Online Method 277

12.3.2 Offline Method 278

12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test 278

12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test 279

12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping 281

12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer 282

12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods 283

12.4 Internet of Things 284

12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT 286

12.6 Conclusion 291

Annexure 292

References 293

13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology 295
Manjulata Badi, Swetha Shekarappa G, Sheila Mahapatra and Saurav Raj

13.1 Introduction 296

13.2 Background of Power Grid 296

13.3 India’s Current Situation 298

13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid 299

13.5 The Smart Grid 302

13.6 Smart Grid Components 304

13.6.1 Smart Meter 304

13.6.2 Distribution Automation 305

13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response 305

13.6.4 Demand Side Management 305

13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment 306

13.6.6 Transmission Automation 306

13.6.7 Vehicle Electric 306

13.6.8 Electric Storage 307

13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy 307

13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers 307

13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative 308

13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies 309

13.9.1 Power System Planning 309

13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization 310

13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations 310

13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids 311

13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach 312

13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps 312

13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function 313

13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality 314

13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response 315

13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods 317

13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope 317

References 318

14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 325
Vivek Menon U and Poongundran Selvaprabhu

14.1 Introduction 326

14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development 327

14.2.1 Microgrid 327

14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System 327

14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG) 329

14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System 330

14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid 330

14.2.2 Smart Grid 331

14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter 331

14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 331

14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 333

14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors 333

14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET) 334

14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid 335

14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid 335

14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid 337

14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid 340

14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid 341

14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends 341

14.4.1 Solutions 341

14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid 344

14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 346

14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids 352

14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids 354

14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies 355

14.7 Conclusion 357

Abbreviations 358

References 360

Index 365

Über Autor(innen)

P. Prajof, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal. After receiving his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai. He has over 10 years of teaching experience and has published a number of scientific and technical papers and presented at several international conferences.
S. Mohan Krishna, PhD, earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), India in 2017. He has several research publications in academic journals and conference proceedings to his credit. He serves as the associate editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal and is also a reviewer for several other scientific journals.
J. L. Febin Daya, PhD, is a professor at the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT University, Chennai, India. He received his PhD from Anna University, Tamilnadu, India in 2013 and has published more than 75 papers in various scientific journals and conferences. He serves as editor, associate editor, reviewer, or editorial board member on numerous journals and has served as a committee member or chair on over 15 conferences.
Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is an associate professor in the Renewable Energy Lab at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research, and industrial experience and has published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals and conferences. He has authored or co-authored 12 books or chapters and is an editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal. He also has several awards, including a fellowship, to his credit.
P.V. Brijesh is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government Engineering College, Wayanad, India. He has over seven years of teaching experience, after receiving his BTech and post-graduate degrees.