Prevost Parasitoids of Drosophila

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-088832-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 415 Seiten

Much is known about the biology of Drosophila parasitoids, which is why they are used as a model for studying other parasitoids. This book brings together the different fields of research that can be explored, thanks to the 'Drosophila parasitoid' model. It shows how the complementary knowledge arising from different approaches is inspiring the development of new areas of research on this biological model. It also discusses techniques and methods specifically adapted to the study of larval parasitoid species.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Prevost, Genevieve

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Advances in Parasitology;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;12
6;Preface;16
7;Introduction;18
8;Section I: Ecology of Drosophila Parasitoids;26
8.1;Chapter 1: Ecology and Life History Evolution of Frugivorous Drosophila Parasitoids;28
8.1.1;1.1. Distribution, Community Structure and Ecological Interactions;31
8.1.2;1.2. Drosophila Parasitoid Life Histories;40
8.1.3;1.3. Geographical Differentiation and Local Adaptation;53
8.1.4;1.4. Concluding Remarks;58
8.1.5;References;60
8.2;Chapter 2: Decision-Making Dynamics in Parasitoids of Drosophila;70
8.2.1;2.1. Introduction;71
8.2.2;2.2. Levels of Plasticity;71
8.2.3;2.3. Relative Value of Hosts and Patches;73
8.2.4;2.4. Host Patch Detection;75
8.2.5;2.5. Prepatch Experience and (Initial) Leaving Tendency;76
8.2.6;2.6. The Effects of Intrapatch Experience;79
8.2.7;2.7. The Patch-Leaving Decision;81
8.2.8;2.8. Genetic Differences in Searching Behavior;82
8.2.9;2.9. Predation and Starvation;84
8.2.10;2.10. Prospects and Implications;85
8.2.11;Acknowledgments;86
8.2.12;References;86
8.3;Chapter 3: Dynamic Use of Fruit Odours to Locate Host Larvae: Individual Learning, Physiological State and Genetic Variability as Adaptive Mechanisms;92
8.3.1;3.1. Introduction;93
8.3.2;3.2. General Material and Methods;96
8.3.3;3.3. Dynamics of Odour Memory Displayed In Odour Choices;98
8.3.4;3.4. Dynamics of Odour Memory Displayed in Probing Behavior;102
8.3.5;3.5. Motivation Influences the Learned Searching Responses;106
8.3.6;3.6. Genetic Variability of the Learned Searching Response;108
8.3.7;3.7. Probing In Response to Fruit Odour: When Is It Adaptive?;109
8.3.8;3.8. General Discussion and Conclusions;114
8.3.9;Acknowledgements;116
8.3.10;References;116
9;Section II: The Physiology Andgenetics of Immunityrelationships Betweenparasitoids and Theirdrosophila Hosts;122
9.1;Chapter 4: Role of Melanization and Cytotoxic By-Products in the Cellular Immune Responses of DrosophilaAgainst Parasitic Wasps;124
9.1.1;4.1. Introduction;125
9.1.2;4.2. Hemocyte-Mediated Encapsulation;128
9.1.3;4.3. Melanization During the Drosophila Cellular Immune Reaction;128
9.1.4;4.4. Cytotoxic Molecules Associated with Melanization;132
9.1.5;4.5. The Prevention of Phenoloxidase Activity by Parasitoid Virulence Factors;138
9.1.6;4.6. Conclusions;140
9.1.7;References;141
9.2;Chapter 5: Virulence Factors and Strategies of Leptopilina spp.: SelectiveResponses in Drosophila Hosts;148
9.2.1;5.1. Introduction;149
9.2.2;5.2. The Host Range of L. Boulardi and L. Heterotoma;151
9.2.3;5.3. Origin of L. Heterotoma/L. Victoriae VLPs and their Effects on Host Hemocytes;159
9.2.4;5.4. Host Gene Expression Changes after L. Boulardi and L. Heterotoma Infection;163
9.2.5;5.5. Concluding Remarks;166
9.2.6;Acknowledgments;167
9.2.7;References;168
9.3;Chapter 6: Variation of Leptopilina boulardiSuccess in Drosophila Hosts:What is Inside the Black Box?;172
9.3.1;6.1. Introduction;173
9.3.2;6.2. Dissection of the Natural Variation of Encapsulation;174
9.3.3;6.3. Host Resistance: Origin of Variation;183
9.3.4;6.4. Parasitoid Virulence: Origin of Variation;188
9.3.5;6.5. Discussion;199
9.3.6;Acknowledgments;208
9.3.7;References;208
9.4;Chapter 7: Immune Resistance ofDrosophila Hosts AgainstAsobara Parasitoids:Cellular Aspects;214
9.4.1;7.1. Introduction;215
9.4.2;7.2. The Immune System in D. melanogaster;216
9.4.3;7.3. Encapsulation: A Story Based on Quantities;220
9.4.4;7.4. But Does Quality Matter? The Case of the Obscura Group;232
9.4.5;7.5. Discussion and Concluding Remarks;233
9.4.6;Acknowledgment;237
9.4.7;References;237
9.5;Chapter 8: Components of Asobara Venomsand their Effects on Hosts;242
9.5.1;8.1. Introduction;243
9.5.2;8.2. Anatomy of the Venom Apparatus within the Asobara Genus;244
9.5.3;8.3. The Venom of A. tabida;249
9.5.4;8.4. The Venom of A. Japonica;252
9.5.5;8.5. Expected Prospects from Studying Venoms in the Asobara Genus;253
9.5.6;Acknowledgments;255
9.5.7;References;255
10;Section III: Strategies and Evolutionof Parasitoid Virulenceand Host Resistance;258
10.1;Chapter 9: Strategies of Avoidanceof Host Immune Defensesin Asobara Species;260
10.1.1;9.1. Introduction;261
10.1.2;9.2. Conformer Versus Regulator Strategy;262
10.1.3;9.3. Arms Developed by Asobara Parasitoids to Regulate or Evade Host Immunity Defenses;271
10.1.4;9.4. Concluding Remarks and Prospects;275
10.1.5;References;276
10.2;Chapter 10: Evolution of Host Resistance and Parasitoid Counter-Resistance;282
10.2.1;10.1. Introduction;283
10.2.2;10.2. Drosophila melanogaster and its Parasitoids;284
10.2.3;10.3. Geographic Variation;286
10.2.4;10.4. Experimental Evolution of Resistance and Counter-Resistance;289
10.2.5;10.5. Costs of Resistance and Counter-Resistance;293
10.2.6;10.6. Behavior Related to Resistance and Counter-Resistance;296
10.2.7;10.7. Parasitoids as Hosts;299
10.2.8;10.8. Genetics and Genomics;299
10.2.9;10.9. Concluding Remarks;301
10.2.10;References;302
10.3;Chapter 11: Local, Geographic and Phylogenetic Scales of Coevolution in Drosophila-Parasitoid Interactions;306
10.3.1;11.1. Introduction;307
10.3.2;11.2. The Local Coevolutionary Dynamics;309
10.3.3;11.3. The Components of the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution;314
10.3.4;11.4. Hypothesis of Coevolutionary Diversification;316
10.3.5;11.5. Ancestral Traits and Phylogenetic Constraints on Coevolution;317
10.3.6;11.6. Conclusion;317
10.3.7;References;318
10.4;Chapter 12: Drosophila-ParasitoidCommunities as Model Systemsfor Host-WolbachiaInteractions;324
10.4.1;12.1. Introduction;325
10.4.2;12.2. Pattern of Infection and Phylogenetic Diversity of Wolbachia in Drosophila Parasitoids;327
10.4.3;12.3. Phenotypic Diversity of Wolbachia in Drosophila Parasitoids;333
10.4.4;12.4. Stability, Regulation and Consequences of Multiple Wolbachia Infections;342
10.4.5;12.5. The Role of Wolbachia in the Interaction Between Parasitoids and Hosts;345
10.4.6;12.6. Conclusion;348
10.4.7;Acknowledgments;350
10.4.8;References;350
10.5;Chapter 13: A Virus-Shaping Reproductive Strategy in a DrosophilaParasitoid;358
10.5.1;13.1 Introduction;359
10.5.2;13.2 Main Effect and Transmission of LbFV;360
10.5.3;13.3 Adaptive Significance of Superparasitism Alteration: A Modelization Approach;362
10.5.4;13.4 Effect of LbFV on Other Phenotypic Traits;365
10.5.5;13.5 Adaptive Significance of the Phenotypic Alteration Induced (Except Superparasitism);371
10.5.6;13.6 Evolution in Relation to the Frequency of Horizontal Versus Vertical Transmission;373
10.5.7;13.7 Experimental Evolution in Relation to Transmission Type (Horizontal or Vertical);377
10.5.8;13.8 Other Viruses in the Drosophila-Parasitoid Community;380
10.5.9;13.9 Conclusion;384
10.5.10;References;384
11;Index;390
12;Contents of Volumesin this Series;398
13;Color Plate;408