Prineas / Crow / Zhang The Minnesota Code Manual of Electrocardiographic Findings

2. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84882-778-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 328 Seiten

The manual is suitable for training electrocardio- without digital recording and that are accompanied graphers and technicians and can be accompanied by other uniquely rich data. Despite my expectations by sets of training ECGs already coded by trainers. during the 1960s that such archives would cease to It is our expectation that the manual will serve as a be used after the introduction of digital recording, reference, guide, and training source for those con- the tide of such treasures has hardly ebbed. ducting studies that require objective evidence of The changes included in this edition arise from cardiac disease, both prevalent and incident, by non- more than a quarter of a century of directing central invasive, highly standardized, inexpensive record- ECG reading and research centers and collectively ing of the electrocardiogram. In our own ECG Read- 60+ large and small epidemiologic studies and m- ing Center, this has included epidemiologic studies ticenter national and international clinical trials. The among healthy populations, diabetics, psychiatric changes include the description of a new measuring patients, pregnant women, cohorts of patients with loupe in Chap. 3, developed over the past decade, to clinical heart disease, populations exposed to envi- better serve a more ef? cient and a more extensive ronmental contaminants such as arsenic, populations span for measurement of relevant durations, voltages, exposed to Chagas disease, and in clinical trials of and deviations from the isoelectric line. In Chap.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Prineas, Ronald J.

Crow, Richard S.

Zhang, Zhu-Ming

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;The Minnesota Code Manual of Electrocardiographic Findings: Standards and Procedures for Measurement and Classification;2
1.1;Contents;6
1.2;Preface to the Second Edition;7
1.3;Preface to the First Edition;9
1.4;Acknowledgements;11
1.5;Chapter 1;12
1.5.1;What Is the Electrocardiogram or ECG1?;12
1.5.2;The Electricity Part of the ECG;13
1.6;Chapter 2;17
1.6.1;ECG Leads;17
1.6.1.1;Bipolar Limb Leads (I, II, III);17
1.6.1.2;Unipolar Limb Leads (aVR, aVL, aVF);18
1.6.1.3;Chest Leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6);19
1.7;Chapter 3;21
1.7.1;Measuring Devices;21
1.7.1.1;Recording Paper Grid;21
1.7.1.2;Measuring Loupe;23
1.7.2;Plastic Ruler;24
1.7.3;Calibration Deflection;24
1.7.4;Beats to Be Measured;24
1.7.5;Mathematical Symbols;26
1.7.6;Differences in Measurement between Visual and Electronic Measurements;26
1.7.7;Reference;26
1.8;Chapter 4;27
1.8.1;Q-QS Waves (1-Codes);27
1.9;Chapter 5;60
1.9.1;Frontal Plane QRS Axis (2-Codes);60
1.9.2;Frontal Plane T-Wave Axis;65
1.9.3;Reference;65
1.10;Chapter 6;66
1.10.1;High R-Waves (3-Codes);66
1.11;Chapter 7;71
1.11.1;ST Segment Depression (4-Codes) and Negative T-Waves (5-Codes);71
1.12;Chapter 8;109
1.12.1;Atrioventricular (A-V) Conduction Defects (6-Codes);109
1.13;Chapter 9;122
1.13.1;Intraventricular Conduction Defects (7-Codes);122
1.13.1.1;References;144
1.14;Chapter 10;145
1.14.1;Arrhythmias, 8-Codes;145
1.15;Chapter 11;170
1.15.1;Miscellaneous Codes (9-Codes);170
1.15.2;Lead Reversals;182
1.15.3;References;197
1.16;Chapter 12;198
1.16.1;Exact Measurements;198
1.16.1.1;References;213
1.17;Chapter 13;214
1.17.1;Coding the Whole ECG;214
1.17.1.1;Coding Hierarchy;214
1.17.1.2;Data Recording;215
1.18;Chapter 14;217
1.18.1;ECG Data Acquisition Procedures and Maintenance of Recording Quality Including Technician Training;217
1.18.1.1;Preparation of Study Participant;217
1.18.1.1.1;Participant Position;217
1.18.1.1.2;Fasting State;217
1.18.1.2;Single Channel Electrocariographs;218
1.18.1.2.1;Machine Standardization;218
1.18.1.2.2;Electrodes and Electrode Placement;218
1.18.1.2.3;Electrode Position Measurement and Marking;218
1.18.1.2.4;Application of Electrodes;219
1.18.1.2.5;ECG Recording;219
1.18.1.2.6;Mounting Electrocardiograms;219
1.18.1.3;Twelve-Lead ECG Using Multichannel Electrocardiographs;223
1.18.1.3.1;Electrode Position Measuring and Marking;223
1.18.1.3.2;Electrode Placement;223
1.18.2;Attaching the electrodes;226
1.18.2.1;Fault Detection Procedures;226
1.18.2.2;Self-Evaluation of Technical Performance;226
1.18.2.3;Continued Quality Assurance for Electrocardiographs;229
1.18.2.4;ECG Quality Grading for Electronic ECGs;233
1.18.2.5;Training of Clinic Site ECG Technicians Helps to Maintain High Quality ECG Recording;233
1.18.2.6;Quality Control of ECG Data Collection and Processing Procedures;233
1.18.2.6.1;Quality Control at Field Centers;234
1.18.2.6.2;Quality Trend Monitoring;234
1.18.2.6.3;Minimizing Biologic Variability;234
1.18.2.6.3.1;Rest ECG;234
1.18.3;References;235
1.19;Chapter 15;236
1.19.1;Criteria for Significant Electrocardiographic Change;236
1.19.2;Evolving ECG-LVH (Minnesota Code 3-1 and 3-3 or ECG Measures for LVH);242
1.19.2.1;Serial Change for Acute Myocardial Infarction;243
1.19.2.2;Categories of Significant ECG Waveform Change Determined by Minnesota Code Serial Comparison;243
1.19.3;References;272
1.20;Chapter 16;273
1.20.1;ECG Indices that Add to Independent Prognostication for Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes;273
1.20.2;QRS/T Angle and Spatial T Axis;273
1.20.2.1;(A) The spatial QRS/T angle from X, Y, and Z leads by a matrix transformation methods – “QRS/T matrix”;274
1.20.2.2;(B) The spatial QRS/T angle by using the net QRS and T amplitudes in 3 standard leads – “QRS/T simple”;274
1.20.2.3;(C) The frontal plane QRS/T angle defi ned as the absolute value of the difference between the frontal plane QRS axis and T axis in the route ECG report directly – “QRS/T frontal”;275
1.20.2.4;(D) Spatial T-wave axis based on areas of the wave components of the QRS complex and T wave;275
1.20.3;Heart Rate Variability;276
1.20.4;References;279
1.21;Chapter 17;280
1.21.1;Quality Control of Visual and Electronic Coding;280
1.21.1.1;Visual Coding;280
1.21.1.1.1;Analysis of Repeatability Tests;281
1.21.1.1.2;Qualitative Variables;281
1.21.1.1.3;Kappa Statistics;282
1.21.1.1.4;Quantitative Variables;282
1.21.1.1.5;The Minimum Accepted Standard for Repeatability Tests;283
1.21.1.2;Quality Control of Electronically Processed ECGs;285
1.21.1.2.1;Trend Analysis;286
1.21.2;References;286
1.22;Appendix A;287
1.22.1;MINNESOTA CODE 2009;287
1.22.1.1;Q and QS Patterns;287
1.22.1.2;QRS Axis Deviation;288
1.22.1.3;High Amplitude R Waves;288
1.22.1.4;ST Junction (J) and Segment Depression;289
1.22.1.5;T-Wave Items;290
1.22.1.6;A-V Conduction Defect;290
1.22.1.7;Ventricular Conduction Defect;291
1.22.1.8;Arrhythmias;292
1.22.1.9;ST Segment Elevation;293
1.22.1.10;Miscellaneous Items;293
1.22.1.11;Incompatible Codes;294
1.22.1.12;ECG Criteria for Signifi cant Serial ECG Change;294
1.22.1.12.1;Evolving Q-wave;294
1.22.1.12.2;Evolving ST-Elevation;295
1.22.1.12.3;Evolving ST-Depression / T Wave Inversion;295
1.22.1.12.4;Evolving Bundle Branch Block;296
1.22.1.12.5;Evolving ECG – LVH 5;296
1.23;Appendix B;297
1.23.1;The Novacode Criteria for Classifi cation of ECG Abnormalities and Their Clinically Signifi cant Progression and Regression;297
1.23.1.1;The Structure of the Novacode -- Coding Categories for Prevalent ECG Abnormalities;297
1.23.1.2;Measurement;297
1.23.1.3;Dictionary of Variables and Novacode Defi nitions of ECG Wavesa;300
1.23.1.4;Defi nitions of ECG Waveform Variables;300
1.23.1.5;General Defi nitions Related to Rhythm Codes;301
1.23.1.6;Codes for Prevalent ECG Abnormalities;301
1.23.1.6.1;1. Rhythm Codes;302
1.23.1.6.2;2. Atrioventricular Conduction Abnormalities;306
1.23.1.6.3;3. Prolonged Ventricular Excitation;309
1.23.1.6.4;4. Prolonged Ventricular Repolarization;310
1.23.1.6.5;5. ECG Categories Associated with Prevalent Myocardial Infarction/Ischemia (MI Likelihood);311
1.23.1.6.6;6. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy;312
1.23.1.6.7;7. Left Atrial Enlargement;313
1.23.1.6.8;8. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy;313
1.23.1.6.9;9. Right Atrial Enlargement;313
1.23.1.6.10;10. Fascicular Blocks;313
1.23.1.6.11;11. Other Clinically Signifi cant Abnormalities;314
1.23.1.7;Defi nitions of Supplementary Codes (S);314
1.23.1.8;The Novacode Criteria for Classifi cation of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Abnormalities;318
1.23.1.8.1;Waveform Pattern Labels for Coding of Q Wave Abnormalities;318
1.23.1.8.2;Lead Groups for Coding of Myocardial Infarctions and Ischemic Abnormalities;319
1.23.1.8.3;Coding of Repolarization Abnormalities;319
1.23.1.8.4;Classifi cation Criteria for Prevalent Myocardial Infarction and Categorization for Risk Stratifi cation;320
1.23.1.8.5;Classifi cation of Incident Myocardial Infarctions;320
1.23.1.8.6;Criteria for Other (than Incident MI) Incident or Progressing EGG Abnormalities;327
1.23.1.8.6.1;I 0 Serial Change Uncodable (Totally or Partially) Due to Suppression Code;327
1.23.1.8.6.2;I 1 Incident Arrhythmias;327
1.23.1.8.6.3;I 2 Incident AV Conduction Abnormalities;329
1.23.1.8.6.4;I 3 Incident Prolonged Ventricular Excitation;330
1.23.1.8.6.5;I 4 Incident Prolonged Ventricular Repolarization;332
1.23.1.8.6.6;I 5 Incident ECG Abnormalities Related to Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia;332
1.23.1.8.6.7;I 6 Incident Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH);332
1.23.1.8.6.8;I 7 Incident Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE);333
1.23.1.8.6.9;I 8 Incident Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH);333
1.23.1.8.6.10;I 9 Incident Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE);333
1.23.1.8.6.11;I 10 Incident Fascicular Block;334
1.23.1.8.6.12;References;334
1.24;Appendix C;335
1.24.1;Major and Minor ECG Abnormalities for Population Comparisons with Minnesota Code and Novacode Equivalents;335
1.25;Index;337