Pupillo / Noam / Waverman Digitized Labor

The Impact of the Internet on Employment
1. Auflage 2018
ISBN: 978-3-319-78420-5
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 285 Seiten

Reihe: Progress in Mathematics

As with previous technological revolutions, innovations in the online world have triggered transformations in the labor market and the economy. While the Internet is trumpeted as a great job creator, there are also downsides that need to be identified and dealt with. The book discusses the following topics:Is the Internet a net creator of jobs?
How are job profiles changed by the digital economy?
What are the impacts on income distribution? Is it a winner-takes-all tournament?
What models can facilitate adjustment without slowing innovation?This book features essays from major experts in the field coming from academia, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society. It blends theoretical and applied research presenting results from many countries, with particular emphasis on Europe, the USA, Canada and Asia.



Lorenzo Pupillo is Associate Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels, Belgium, and Affiliated Researcher at the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information at Columbia Business School, Columbia University, USA.
Eli Noam is Director of the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information; Professor of Finance & Economics; and Garrett Professor of Public Policy and Business Responsibility at Columbia Business School, Columbia University, USA.
Leonard Waverman is Dean of the DeGroote School of Business at McMaster University, Canada.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Pupillo, Lorenzo

Noam, Eli

Waverman, Leonard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;7
3;Editors and Contributors;10
4;List of Figures;21
5;List of Tables;23
6;1 Introduction;26
6.1;1.1Key Messages from Our Book, Chapter by Chapter;33
6.1.1;1.1.1The Impact of Technological Change on Jobs;34
6.1.2;1.1.2Internet Economic Fundamentals and Their Impact on the Economy and Distribution;37
6.1.3;1.1.3Policies to Facilitate Structural and Social Adjustments Without Slowing Innovation;38
6.2;1.2Conclusion;41
6.3;References;43
7;Part I The Impact of Technological Change on Jobs;44
8;2 ICT Investments and Labour Demand in OECD Countries;45
8.1;2.1Introduction;45
8.2;2.2ICTs and Employment: What Does Economic Theory Say?;46
8.3;2.3Innovation and Employment: Findings from Recent Studies;49
8.4;2.4Modelling the Effects of ICT on Employment;51
8.5;2.5The Dataset;53
8.6;2.6Results;55
8.7;2.7Conclusions;58
8.8;References;59
9;3 A One-Sector Model of Robotic Immiserization;62
9.1;3.1Introduction;62
9.2;3.2Literature Review;63
9.3;3.3The Model Framework;64
9.3.1;3.3.1Households;65
9.4;3.4Production;66
9.4.1;3.4.1Households;67
9.4.2;3.4.2Equilibrium;67
9.4.3;3.4.3Equilibrium Analysis;68
9.4.4;3.4.4Ensuring That All Generations Benefit from the Rise in;69
9.5;3.5Conclusion;71
9.6;References;71
10;4 Routinization and the Labour Market: Evidence from European Countries;74
10.1;4.1Introduction;74
10.2;4.2The EU-SILC Database;76
10.2.1;4.2.1Different Measures of Routinization;77
10.2.2;4.2.2Trends in Routinization in Europe;78
10.3;4.3The Determinants of Routinization;82
10.4;4.4Is Routinization a Driver of Unemployment Inflows?;85
10.5;4.5Conclusion;91
10.6;References;91
11;5 Labor Markets in the Digital Economy: Modeling Employment from the Bottom-Up;93
11.1;5.1Introduction;93
11.2;5.2Methodology and Hypotheses;95
11.3;5.3UK Investment in Recovery;97
11.4;5.4Employment Effects of Cloud Services;100
11.5;5.5Findings of Cloud Studies;106
11.6;5.6Digital London;106
11.7;5.7Synthesis;110
11.8;Bibliography;114
12;6 The Impact of the Broadband Internet on Employment;116
12.1;6.1Introduction;116
12.2;6.2What Does Our Research Tell Us About Employment Effects of Broadband?;117
12.3;6.3The “Construction” Effect;118
12.4;6.4Job Creation Resulting from Broadband Spillovers;121
12.5;6.5Differential Employment Impact by Industry Sector;122
12.6;6.6Differential Employment Impact by Region;123
12.7;6.7Conclusion;127
12.8;References;128
13;7 The Impact of the Internet on Employment and Income in the US Media and Entertainment Business;130
13.1;7.1Introduction;130
13.2;7.2Consumption of Media;131
13.3;7.3Demand for Labor;132
13.4;7.4Supply of Labor;132
13.5;7.5Aggregate Employment;133
13.6;7.6Performer Income;134
13.7;7.7Benefits and Drawbacks for Labor;134
13.8;7.8Protecting Performers;134
13.9;7.9Conclusions;135
13.10;References;135
14;Part II Internet Economic Fundamentals and Their Impact on Economy and Distribution;136
15;8 Inequality and the Digital Economy;137
15.1;8.1Introduction;137
15.2;8.2Gains;138
15.3;8.3Losses;138
15.3.1;8.3.1The Internet-Induced Job Losses in the Industrial Sector;139
15.3.2;8.3.2The Impact of the Internet on Service Jobs;139
15.3.3;8.3.3The Unequal Impact on Different Income Classes;140
15.3.4;8.3.4The Impact of the Internet on Younger Workers;142
15.3.5;8.3.5The Impact of the Internet on Older Workers;142
15.3.6;8.3.6Is the Creative Sector the Remedy for These Job Losses?;143
15.4;8.4The Fundamental Economics of the Digital Economy;144
15.4.1;8.4.1Fundamental Characteristic #1 of the Digital Economy: Digital Activities Are Typically Characterized by High Fixed Costs, Low Marginal Costs, and Network Effects;144
15.4.2;8.4.2Fundamental Characteristic #2 of the Digital Economy: A High-Risk Distribution of Success;145
15.4.3;8.4.3Fundamental Characteristic #3 of the Digital Economy: The Presence of Non-Maximizers of Profit;146
15.4.4;8.4.4Fundamental Characteristic #4 of the Digital Economy: Excess Supply;146
15.4.5;8.4.5Fundamental Characteristic #5 of the Digital Economy: Price Deflation;147
15.4.6;8.4.6Fundamental Characteristic #6 of the Digital Economy: The “Reverse” Cost Disease;147
15.4.7;8.4.7Fundamental Characteristic #7 of the Digital Economy: Instability;148
15.4.8;8.4.8Fundamental Characteristic #8 of the Digital Economy: The Transformation of Firms into “Network Companies” Leads to a “Freelance” Economy;148
15.5;8.5Consequences for Digital Management;149
15.5.1;8.5.1Expect a Return of Unionization;149
15.5.2;8.5.2Expect a New Wave of Political Disputes and Activism in the Digital Economy;149
15.5.3;8.5.3Expect a New Wave Government Policies;150
15.5.4;8.5.4The Need for Direct Business Action;151
15.5.5;8.5.5Stop Claiming to Be the Solution;151
15.5.6;8.5.6Stop Arguing That Seeing a Problem Is Anti-technology Luddism;151
15.5.7;8.5.7Recommend, Support, and Finance Governmental Actions Where Appropriate;152
15.6;References;157
16;9 Job Losses and the Middle Class: Canada and the USA, and the Possible Role of ICT;161
16.1;9.1Introduction;161
16.2;9.2Productivity and Polarization;162
16.3;9.3Canada and the USA;165
16.3.1;9.3.1Productivity and ICT;165
16.4;9.4Income/Wage/Job Polarization: USA and Canada;168
16.5;9.5Relation to ICT?;173
16.6;Bibliography;176
17;10 Internet Innovations–Software Is Eating the World: Software-Defined Ecosystems and the Related Innovations Result in a Programmable Enterprise;178
17.1;10.1The Internet as a Driver for Innovations;178
17.2;10.2Software-Defined Infrastructure: The Central Software Innovation;179
17.3;10.3Software-Defined Environments: Controlling Today’s Infrastructure;179
17.4;10.4The Move to OpenStack and APIs;180
17.5;10.5The Emergence of Continuous Software Delivery and DevOps: Creating Software Using Software;181
17.6;10.6Containers: An Innovation to Deploy and Manage Software and Data;181
17.7;10.7Federating Data and Providing for Data Collection at the Edge of Networks (“Fog Computing”);182
17.8;10.8Block Chains and More Secure Infrastructure;182
17.9;10.9The Impact of Recent Internet Innovations;183
17.9.1;10.9.1As Enterprises Adopt Cloud Computing, the Firm Changes to a “Programmable Enterprise”;183
17.9.2;10.9.2The “Programmable Enterprise”—The Motor Promoting Dramatic Job Change;184
17.10;10.10Conclusions;188
17.11;Bibliography;192
18;Part III Polices to Facilitate Structural and Social Adjustments without Slowing Innovation;195
19;11 ICT Innovation, Productivity, and Labor Market Adjustment Policy;196
19.1;References;214
20;12 Ensuring the Education and Skills Needed for ICT Employment and Economic Growth;218
20.1;12.1Overview;218
20.2;12.2Influence of ICTs in Today’s Economy;219
20.2.1;12.2.1What Are ICTs?;220
20.2.2;12.2.2Influence of ICTs on Economic Growth;221
20.2.3;12.2.3Influence of ICTs on Employment and Wage Growth;222
20.3;12.3Educational Requisites for ICT-Related Employment;224
20.3.1;12.3.1Challenges Facing the Current Educational System;224
20.3.2;12.3.2Possible Solutions to These Educational Challenges;225
20.4;12.4AT&T Educational Initiatives;227
20.4.1;12.4.1General Educational Support;227
20.4.2;12.4.2Post-secondary STEM Education Initiatives;228
20.5;12.5Summary;229
20.6;References;230
21;13 Smart Organizations, New Skills, and Smart Working to Manage Companies’ Digital Transformation;232
21.1;13.1The Transformation of Work Through Digital Transformation;232
21.2;13.2Smart Organization;234
21.3;13.3Transition from Knowledge to New Skills: TIM Academy;235
21.4;13.4Transition to a New Way of Working: Smart Working;239
21.4.1;13.4.1TIM’s Smart Working for TIM’s People;239
21.4.2;13.4.2TIM’s Smart Working for TIM’s Customers;242
21.5;13.5Conclusion;242
21.6;References;243
22;14 Investigating the Potential for Micro-work and Online-Freelancing in Sri Lanka;245
22.1;14.1Introduction: Outsourcing and Micro-work in Sri Lanka;245
22.1.1;14.1.1Sri Lanka as an Outsourced Work Destination;245
22.1.2;14.1.2Online Freelancing/Micro-work Platforms;246
22.1.3;14.1.3Micro-work in Sri Lanka: Is There Potential?;248
22.2;14.2Methodology;250
22.2.1;14.2.1Quantitative Sample Survey;250
22.2.2;14.2.2Qualitative Research Protocols;250
22.3;14.3Results and Discussion;251
22.3.1;14.3.1Low Awareness of and Low Willingness to Do Online Freelancing/Micro-work. Those Willing Are Only Interested in Doing So on a Part-Time Basis;251
22.3.2;14.3.2Awareness Came Through Multiple Channels;254
22.3.3;14.3.3Getting a Foothold on Platforms Is Not Easy, and Signaling Quality Is Important;255
22.3.4;14.3.4Flexibility Offered by Freelancing/Micro-work Platforms Is Attractive;256
22.3.5;14.3.5The Range of Work Is Varied. Higher Value Jobs Enable Workers More Control Over Price;257
22.3.6;14.3.6Perceived and Real Barriers Make Micro-work/Online-Freelancing an Unattractive Full-Time Work Options;258
22.3.7;14.3.7Cashing Out Earnings for Work Done Online Is a Problem;260
22.4;14.4Conclusions;262
22.5;References;265
23;15 Do Municipal Broadband Networks Stimulate or Crowd Out Private Investment? An Empirical Analysis of Employment Effects;267
23.1;15.1Introduction;267
23.2;15.2Literature Review;268
23.3;15.3Analysis of NTIA Data;272
23.4;15.4Policy Implications;274
23.5;References;275
24;Index;278