Ruggeri / Sinn Liberty and Security in Europe

A comparative analysis of pre-trial precautionary measures in criminal proceedings
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-86234-967-8
Verlag: V&R unipress
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 0 - No protection

E-Book, Englisch, 296 Seiten

Reihe: Schriften des Zentrums für Europäische und Internationale Strafrechtsstudien.

Over recent years most of the criminal justice systems in Europe have witnessed a tendency to enhance the role of pre-trial inquiries. Different kinds of pre-trial measures have had a heavy impact on the fundamental rights of individuals involved in criminal procedures. The book contains a comparative study of four European countries on pre-trial precautionary measures limiting personal liberty. This comparison is part of two general frameworks concerning the ECtHR case-law and the EU legislation in the field of the right to liberty and security. In its two level approach, the book provides a critical guide for understanding the most significant changes which occurred in the area of liberty and security in the pre-trial phases of criminal proceedings as well as the protection systems developed in Europe both at national and supranational level to face the new challenges of the modern criminal investigation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ruggeri, Stefano

Sinn, Arndt

Weitere Mitwirkende

Sinn, Arndt

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Recht, Rechtswissenschaft Allgemein Rechtsvergleichung
• Rechtswissenschaften Strafrecht Strafverfahrens- und -prozessrecht, Strafverteidigung und Opferschutz
• Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Europarecht Europäisches Straf- und Strafverfahrensrecht

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;3
2;Copyright;4
3;Table of Contents;5
4;Body;7
5;Acknowledgements;7
6;Renzo Orlandi: Introduction. The protection of the right to liberty and security in the field of pre-trial precautionary measures in criminal matters;9
6.1;Table of Abbreviations;9
7;Bibliography;14
8;I. The supranational frameworks A) The ECHR system of protection of personal freedom;15
9;Enrico Marzaduri: The application of pre-trial precautionary measures;17
9.1;Table of Contents;17
9.2;Table of Abbreviations;17
10;1. The aim of Article 5 ECHR: to ensure that no one is arbitrarily deprived of his liberty;18
11;2. The cases of arrest or detention during criminal proceedings;21
12;3. The reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence;22
13;4. The meaning of the other situations provided for by Article 5.1.(c) ECHR;24
14;5. The arbitrary deprivation of the accused's liberty;26
15;6. Reasonable grounds for justifying the continued deprivation of personal liberty;28
16;Bibliography;31
17;Paola Maggio: Judicial reviews against deprivation of liberty;33
17.1;Table of Contents;33
17.2;Table of Abbreviations;33
18;1. Grounds and reasons of arrest;33
19;2. The right to be brought promptly before a judicial authority and the need for subsequent reviews of the remand detention;35
20;3. The Habeas Corpus guarantee;38
20.1;3.1. The right to take proceedings under Article 5.4 ECHR ;38
20.2;3.2. Fair trial guarantees in the Habeas Corpus procedure;39
21;Bibliography;44
22;B) The harmonization at European Union level;45
23;Sabela Oubiña Barbolla: The European Arrest Warrant in Law and Practice;47
23.1;Table of Contents;47
23.2;Table of Abbreviations;47
24;1. Introduction: the EAW Framework Decision and its history;48
25;2. Competent judicial authorities;49
26;3. Scope of application;52
27;4. Grounds for refusal and other guarantees;55
28;5. EAW procedure;59
29;6. Personal reflection: usefulness of the EAW for future criminal justice cooperation instruments;62
30;Bibliography;63
31;Tommaso Rafaraci: The application of the principle of mutual recognition to decisions on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention;67
31.1;Table of Contents;67
31.2;Table of Abbreviations;67
32;1. Objectives of the FD 2009./829./JHA;67
33;2. Scope of application;70
34;3. Procedure of recognition;71
35;4. Execution of supervision measures and surrender of the person;74
36;5. Effectiveness of the new instrument;76
37;6. Mutual recognition and harmonization after the Treaty of Lisbon;78
38;Bibliography;82
39;II. The perspective of domestic legal systems;85
40;Richard Vogler: England and Wales;87
40.1;Table of Contents;87
40.2;Table of Abbreviations;87
41;1. The right to liberty;88
41.1;1.1. A history of the right to liberty;89
41.2;1.2. The current situation;92
42;2. Limitations to the right to liberty;94
42.1;2.1. Pre-trial supervision measures as an alternative to custody;94
42.2;2.2. Custody;95
43;3. Procedures;97
43.1;3.1. Domestic Procedures;97
43.2;3.2. International Procedures;100
44;4. Recent reform and proposals of reform;101
45;Bibliography;102
46;Arndt Sinn: Germany;105
46.1;Table of Contents;105
46.2;Table of Abbreviations;106
47;1. The right to liberty;106
47.1;1.1. Introduction;106
47.1.1;1.1.1. The goal of a criminal investigation;107
47.1.2;1.1.2. Stages of German criminal procedure;107
47.1.3;1.1.3. Constitutional guarantees of freedom of the person;107
47.2;1.2. History of the right to liberty;108
47.3;1.3. Current situation;109
48;2. Limitations to the right to liberty;110
48.1;2.1. Conditional release and supervision measures alternative to custody;111
48.2;2.2. Custody;111
48.2.1;2.2.1. Pre-trial detention and the presumption of innocence;111
48.2.2;2.2.2. Pre-trial detention's place in the criminal process;112
48.2.3;2.2.3. Substantive requirements for a detention order;113
48.2.3.1;2.2.3.1. Urgent suspicion;113
48.2.3.2;2.2.3.2. Grounds for detention;114
48.2.3.3;2.2.3.3. Detention for certain serious crimes;115
48.2.3.4;2.2.3.4. Detention and the risk of repeat offending;115
48.2.3.5;2.2.3.5. Proportionality;116
48.2.4;2.2.4. Detention of minors;116
49;3. Procedures;116
49.1;3.1. Domestic;116
49.1.1;3.1.1. Measures to secure the integrity of the criminal process;116
49.1.2;3.1.2. Execution of the arrest warrant;117
49.1.3;3.1.3. Challenging an arrest warrant;117
49.1.4;3.1.4. Lifting the detention order;118
49.2;3.2. International;118
50;4. The current direction of reform;119
51;5. Concluding remarks;119
52;Bibliography;120
53;Giuseppe Di Chiara: Italy;121
53.1;Table of Contents;121
53.2;Table of Abbreviations;122
54;1. The constitutional protection of personal freedom;122
54.1;1.1. The historical background: united Italy and the Albertine Statute;122
54.2;1.2. The current situation: the Constitution of 1948;123
54.2.1;1.2.1. Inviolability of personal freedom;123
54.2.2;1.2.2. Presumption of innocence and rule of treatment;125
55;2. Active enforcement: the system of personal precautionary measures;126
55.1;2.1. Non-custodial precautionary measures;126
55.2;2.2. Custodial precautionary measures;128
55.3;2.3. The operational core of the system;129
55.3.1;2.3.1. The requirement of proof: serious evidence of guilt;129
55.3.2;2.3.2. Precautionary needs;130
55.3.3;2.3.3. The selection criteria;131
56;3. Precautionary proceedings;132
56.1;3.1. Internal regulations;132
56.1.1;3.1.1. The procedural core: the principle of application, decision on custody and review examination;133
56.1.2;3.1.2. The mechanism for amending or revoking the measure;133
56.1.3;3.1.3. Contesting precautionary orders;134
56.1.3.1;3.1.3.1. Judicial complaint;134
56.1.3.2;3.1.3.2. Appeals against precautionary measures and appeal to the Court of Cassation;135
56.1.4;3.1.4. Remedies for false imprisonment;136
56.2;3.2. International relations: passive extradition and precautionary mechanisms;137
57;Bibliography;138
58;Víctor Moreno Catena: Spain;141
58.1;Table of Contents;141
58.2;Table of Abbreviations;142
59;1. The Right to Liberty;142
59.1;1.1. History of the Right to Liberty;143
59.2;1.2. Pre-trial detention and Habeas corpus;144
59.2.1;1.2.1. Provisional imprisonment;144
59.2.2;1.2.2. Habeas Corpus;146
59.3;1.3. Current situation;147
60;2. Theoretical framework: significance and procedural purpose of interim measures in criminal proceedings;150
60.1;2.1. Instrumentality and provisional nature of interim measures;152
60.2;2.2. Preconditions of interim measures: fumus boni iuris and periculum in mora;154
60.2.1;2.2.1. Fumus boni iuris and the presumption of innocence;154
60.2.2;2.2.2. Periculum in mora;159
60.2.3;2.2.3. Need for and proportionality of interim measures;161
61;3. Limitations on the right to liberty;162
61.1;3.1. Pre-trial supervision measures other than custody;162
61.1.1;3.2.1. Pre-trial release;163
61.2;3.2. Custody;164
61.2.1;3.2.1. Requirements for the application of remand detention;165
61.2.2;3.2.2. Time Limits;168
62;4. Procedures;169
62.1;4.1. Domestic Procedure;170
62.2;4.2. Court resolution granting an interim measure;172
62.3;4.3. International Procedure;175
63;5. Recent Reform and Proposals of Reform;177
63.1;5.1. Preventive Detention;177
63.2;5.2. Interim measures, protective measures and other measures;178
64;Bibliography;180
65;III. Comparative Analysis;183
66;Stefano Ruggeri: Personal Liberty in Europe. A comparative analysis of pre-trial precautionary measures in criminal proceedings;185
66.1;Table of Contents;185
66.2;Table of Abbreviations;186
67;1. Introduction. Pre-trial precautionary measures in a multilevel system of protection of personal freedom in Europe;186
68;2. The right to liberty in Europe;190
68.1;2.1. The historical development of the right to liberty in Europe;190
68.1.1;2.1.1. The physical liberty of the individual;190
68.1.2;2.1.2. The evolution of the right to liberty and the widening of its scope of application;192
68.1.2.1;2.1.2.1. The perspective of the domestic legal systems;192
68.1.2.2;2.1.2.2. The supranational context;196
68.2;2.2. The fundamental guarantees of protection of the right to liberty in Europe;199
68.2.1;2.2.1. The guarantee of lawfulness;199
68.2.2;2.2.2. Protection against arbitrariness;201
68.2.3;2.2.3. The judicial guarantee;204
68.2.4;2.2.4. The audi alteram partem rule;206
68.2.5;2.2.5. The Habeas corpus proceedings;208
68.3;2.3. Presumption of liberty and presumption of innocence;210
68.4;2.4. The requirement of proportionality;216
69;3. Interim restrictions on personal liberty;219
69.1;3.1. Pre-trial measures aimed at preventing precautionary risks;219
69.2;3.2. Justification of pre-trial measures;223
69.3;3.3. Reasoning of pre-trial orders imposing precautionary measures;230
69.4;3.4. Special regulations relating to serious crimes;233
70;4. Procedural safeguards;235
71;5. Conclusive remarks. The development of pre-trial precautionary measures and the approximation of the notions of personal liberty and security;239
72;Bibliography;241
73;IV. Annex;245
74;Questionnaire on Pre-trial Precautionary Measures in Criminal Proceedings. A comparison between England and Wales, Germany, Italy and Spain;247
74.1;1. The right to liberty and security;249
74.1.1;1.1. What protection does the right to liberty and security receive in your legal system?;249
74.1.2;1.2. Does your law grant the right to Habeas Corpus proceedings?;250
74.2;2. Types of pre-trial precautionary measures in criminal proceedings;253
74.2.1;2.1. What is meant by “pre-trial precautionary measures” in your legal system?;253
74.2.2;2.2. What position does remand detention occupy in your legal system in relation to the presumption of innocence?;255
74.2.3;2.3. Does your law provide for alternatives to custody? In the affirmative case, what kind of alternatives does your law permit and which fundamental rights do such measures limit or prejudice?;256
74.2.4;2.4. Does your legal system provide for special pre-trial measures and./or any special regulation of pre-trial measures with regard to specific forms of crime (juvenile crime, terrorism, organized crime etc.)?;259
74.3;3. The competent authority;262
74.3.1;3.1. Which kind of authority is competent to order pre-trial precautionary measures?;262
74.3.2;3.2. If your system requires judicial authority, does the judge intervene before or may he or she intervene after pre-trial measures have been ordered?;264
74.3.3;3.3. If your system requires the intervention of a judicial authority, is it a different authority from the one competent for criminal proceedings? If not, does your law contain any provision guaranteeing the impartiality of the judicial authority in both criminal and remand proceedings?;266
74.4;4. The procedure for ordering precautionary measures;268
74.4.1;4.1. May pre-trial measures be ordered ex officio? If not, does your law provide for any request to be made by the Prosecutor?;268
74.4.2;4.2. Does your law provide for any hearings of the person subject to pre-trial measures? In the affirmative case, which procedure does your law establish for such hearings?;269
74.4.3;4.3. Does your law grant the defendant the right to legal assistance during remand proceedings?;271
74.4.4;4.4. What kind of information does your law grant the defendant on remand and./or subject to alternatives to custody?;271
74.5;5. Justification;273
74.5.1;5.1. Which pre-conditions does your law require as a basis for ordering precautionary measures?;273
74.5.2;5.2. Are the conditions established for ordering pre-trial measures proportionate to the different limitations of fundamental rights imposed by them?;275
74.5.3;5.3. Do legal conditions have the same relevance throughout the remand proceedings?;276
74.6;6. The duration of precautionary measures;277
74.6.1;6.1. Which provisions ensure the continued lawfulness of pre-trial precautionary measures?;277
74.6.2;6.2. Does your law provide for periodic review of pre-trial precautionary measures by judicial authorities?;277
74.6.3;6.3. Does your legislation provide for maximum time limits of pre-trial measures?;279
74.7;7. Remedies;282
74.7.1;7.1. What remedies does your law grant to a defendant subject to a deprivation./restriction of his or her right to liberty?;282
74.7.2;7.2. Which rights are granted to a defendant through appeal against a remand decision?;284
74.7.3;7.3. May the appeal against a remand order coexist with a judicial review of the remand detention?;285
74.8;8. Pre-trial precautionary measures and criminal proceedings;285
74.8.1;8.1. May pre-trial precautionary measures be ordered at any stage of the criminal proceedings?;285
74.8.2;8.2. What influence do pre-trial orders and./or decisions of the criminal proceedings have on pre-trial precautionary measures?;286
74.8.3;8.3. Do the legal conditions governing pre-trial measures have the same relevance throughout criminal proceedings? If not, how does their effect vary according to the stage of the criminal proceedings?;290
74.8.4;8.4. Does the length of the criminal proceedings influence that of the precautionary measures?;290
74.8.5;8.5. May the duration of the precautionary measures influence that of the criminal proceedings?;291
74.8.6;8.6. Does a charge always accompany the imposition of pre-trial measures?;292
75;The Authors;295

Über Autor(innen)

Sinn, Arndt
Prof. Dr. Arndt Sinn ist Direktor des Zentrums für Europäische und Internationale Strafrechtsstudien und lehrt Deutsches und Europäisches Straf- und Strafprozessrecht, Internationales Strafrecht sowie Strafrechtsvergleichung an der Universität Osnabrück.

Ruggeri, Stefano
Prof. Stefano Ruggeri received a Ph.D. in Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure from the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa in 2004. In 2007, he habilitated as Titular Professor at the KORE University in Enna. In 2008, he was appointed Professor at the Law School of the University of Messina, where he holds the chair of Italian criminal procedure and judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU.