Scott Textiles for Protection

1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-1-84569-097-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 784 Seiten

Reihe: Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

In today's climate there is an increasing requirement for protective textiles, whether for personal protection, protection against the elements, chemical, nuclear or ballistic attack. This comprehensive book brings together the leading protective textiles experts from around the world. It covers a wide variety of themes from materials and design, through protection against specific hazards, to specific applications. This is the first book of its kind to give a complete coverage of textiles for protection. - Covers a wide variety of themes from materials and design, through protection against specific hazards, to specific applications - The first book of its kind to give a complete coverage of textiles for protection - Written by leading protective textiles experts from around the world

Autoren/Hrsg.

Scott, Richard A.

Leseproben

Introduction
R.A. Scott, RASCOTEX, UK The primary aims of this book are to educate, inform, enlighten and to stimulate the reader. T. H. Huxley once wrote in Science and Education IV: Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of nature, under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men and their ways: and the fashioning of the affections and of the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. Man is a singular creature. He/she has a set of gifts that make them unique among animals. Millions of years of biological evolution has not really fitted man to any specific environment. On the contrary, by comparison with evolved animals he has a rather crude personal survival kit. His imagination, reasoning and toughness make it possible for him to change the environment in which he lives. He is not merely a figure in the landscape, but a shaper of the landscape. So wrote Jacob Bronowski in his book The Ascent of Man in 1976. Man makes plans, inventions and new discoveries by putting different talents together. This book is the fruit of a diverse body of talents, drawing together scientific and technical expertise from all corners of the globe, to produce a valuable source of current knowledge on textile materials and clothing, and their use in the protection of humans in hostile environments. Historical
About two million years ago man evolved from the hairy ape-like creature into the upright, hairless homo sapiens living in a warm Mediterranean or tropical climate. Covering the body to protect against the environment became critical when homo sapiens began to move long distances and live in colder climates. Animal skins would constitute the first protective clothing, and wool fibres stuffed into crude footwear probably formed the first nonwoven felt insoles to protect against cold and abrasion. In Palaeolithic and Mesolithic times (about 10,000 to 5,000 BC) there is evidence of thread and cord made from grasses, reeds, or animal sinews being used to bind or fasten tools or weapons together. The discovery of bone awls and needles indicates that leather was sewn to form protective garments or containers. The first evidence of spinning and weaving occurred in Neolithic times, when vegetable bast fibres, flax, cotton, silk and wool were available to man, who now lived in agricultural settlements. One of the earliest fragments of woven woollen cloth was dated at about 6,500 BC, and was found in the excavated ruins of Catal Huyuk in the Middle East. The oldest cotton fabric dates from about 2,500 BC and is from the ancient city of Mohenjodaro in what is now the lower Indus river region of Pakistan. Examples of complex brocaded fabrics were found in Neolithic Swiss lake-side villages, along with spindle whorls for hand-spinning, and stone loom weights. (Cole S (1965) The Neolithic Revolution, 3rd edn, British Museum Natural History, pp. 45–48.) History indicates that protective textiles were often developed for use by fighters and warriors. Thus, Roman soldiers wore heavy cloth tunics and skirts in conjunction with metal and leather armour. Mediaeval knights wore textile clothing as padding under chain mail or suits of armour to prevent chafing of the skin. The industrial revolution in the 19th century probably heralded a significant increase in the use of protective clothing against industrial hazards such as heat, fire, blast, impact, cuts, chemical splashes and dirt in the emerging metal, glass, ceramic and chemical industries and crafts. This could be considered to be the first serious interest in personal protective equipment. The present day
The late 20th century saw an unprecedented increase in emphasis on protection of the human from occupational and recreational hazards. Increasingly complex legislation and regulation in the workplace was the result of the philosophy that it was no longer acceptable for humans to incur injury or death in advanced societies. The range of hazards and the means of combating them continue to grow and become ever more complex. A consequence of this is the development and exploitation of new textile fibres, structures, and clothing systems whose purpose is to provide improved protection, whilst maintaining comfort, efficiency and well-being. The contents of this book cover the major approaches and applications of protective textiles in the present day and for the future. Technical textiles for protection tend to be complex, high added value speciality products. They tend to be sourced from the scientific and technical communities of North America and Europe, where educated workforces and high labour costs mean that commodity textiles for routine use are not an economically viable part of industry. The production of mass-market utility textiles, such as cotton, nylon, polyester and polyester/cotton blends have graduated towards the Far East. The protective textilesmarket
The increasing emphasis on human protection, and the continued introduction of health, safety and environmental legislation means that the technical textile market continues to be buoyant and thrive. The world market for technical textiles in 2005 was about 20 million tons per year. Of this about 280,000 tons was consumed by Protech or technical protective materials, with a value of about $3.3 billion (£1.8 billion). This market was increasing by between 3.3 and 4.0% per annum, so Protech could reach a capacity of 340,000 tons by 2010. (Rigby D (2002) Non Wovens Report International. http://davidrigbyassociates.co.uk.) Hazards to the human
Perhaps the most prevalent hazard encountered in everyday life is the threat from the natural environment. The hazards include heat,cold, rain, snow, wind, ultraviolet light, abrasion, dust, micro- organisms and the effects of static electricity. These can cause problems during occupational, recreational and routine activities. Man-made threats which are caused accidentally include fire, heat, flash, industrial chemicals, bio-hazards, high-velocity and blunt impacts, and cutting/slashing by sharp objects. Military and emergency personnel face the deliberate use of ballistic projectiles (bullets and bomb fragments), chemical and biological warfare agents, heat, flames and flash, and the threat of detection by wide-spectrum sensors. All these hazards can cause injury or death to the unprotected upper and lower torso, extremities, head, eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Overview of book contents
The book is divided into three parts: Part I concerns materials and design issues which are covered in eleven chapters. Part II covers general protective requirements and applications, comprising nine chapters. Part III deals with case studies that detail six specific applications of protective clothing systems. All contributing authors are world-renowned experts in their particular fields of textiles and protective clothing. The majority are scientists from universities and colleges, or with academic backgrounds, whilst others are experts from industry, research organisations, and government departments. Part I: Materials and design
The starting point for Part I is a complete overview of personal protection by Dr Yiqi Yang, Dr Zhou and Dr Reddy from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. This includes all the hazards, the types of personal protection available, and includes the design, finishing, manufacture, and testing of materials and protective clothing. This chapter should be read as an introduction to this part of the book. The second chapter covers the important topic of international legislative and regulative standards for all types of human protection involving textiles. Dr J Haase from the Saxon Technical Research Institute in Germany discusses the markets, requirements, performance and evaluation testing of materials and clothing. The chapter details ISO, European EN, ASTM and other national standards, as they existed in the year 2004. In these respects this information is a valuable reference document. Chapter 3 on fashion and function is written by a group of experts from the London College of Fashion. Doctors Sandy Black, Frances Geesin, Veronika Kapsali and Jennifer Bougourd present the problem of the balance between functional, fashion and aesthetic requirements for protective clothing, highlighting the many conflicting factors which need to be reconciled. The classic dilemma which faces protective clothing designers is to provide the required level of protection and comfort, whilst ensuring that the wearer feels that it projects the right image, is fashionable, and meets cultural norms. If these factors are not reconciled there is a tendency for people to avoid wearing the items, or to put forward illogical reasons for rejecting the items during development. Dr Anugrah Shaw from the University of Maryland, USA, describes a formal process for selecting the appropriate textiles for protective clothing in Chapter 4. Correct selection must be based upon the work environment, economic considerations, the performance properties required, and compliance with standards and performance specifications. This chapter includes the demonstration of modern on-line internet knowledge databases, involving drop-down selection menus. Chapter 5 is a fundamental contribution to this book, dealing as it does with comprehensive details of all technical fibres, and fabrics used in protective clothing. The author is Professor John Hearle, former head of textiles at...