Stec / Hull Fire Toxicity

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84569-807-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 728 Seiten

Toxic fire effluents are responsible for the majority of fire deaths, and an increasing large majority of fire injuries, driven by the widespread and increasing use of synthetic polymers. Fire safety has focused on preventing ignition and reducing flame spread through reducing the rate of heat release, while neglecting the important issue of fire toxicity. This is the first reference work on fire toxicity and the only scientific publication on the subject in the last 15 years.Assessment of toxic effects of fires is increasingly being recognised as a key factor in the assessment of fire hazards. This book raises important issues including the types of toxic effluents that different fires produce, their physiological effects, methods for generation and assessment of fire toxicity, current and proposed regulations and approaches to modelling the toxic impact of fires.The contributors to Fire toxicity represent an international team of the leading experts in each aspect of this challenging and important field. This book provides an important reference work for professionals in the fire community, including fire fighters, fire investigators, regulators, fire safety engineers, and formulators of fire-safe materials. It will also prove invaluable to researchers in academia and industry. - Investigates the controversial subject of toxic effluents as the cause of the majority of fire deaths and injuries - Describes the different types of toxic effluents and the specific fires that they produce, their physiological effects and methods for generation - Provides an overview of national and international fire safety regulations including current and proposed regulations such as a standardized framework for prediction of fire gas toxicity

Autoren/Hrsg.

Stec, A A

Hull, T R

Leseproben

List of abbreviations and standards
Abbreviations
AAIB Air Accident Investigation Branch (UK Department of Transport) AAS atomic adsorption spectroscopy ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer ADP adenosine diphosphate AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Levels of Hazardous Substances AMP adenosine monophosphate ANSI American National Standards Institute APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation APP ammonium polyphosphate APS aerodynamic particle sizer ASET available safe escape time AT apnoea time ATH hydrated aluminium oxide or aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 ATP adenosine triphosphate ATPS ambient temperature and pressure, saturated BAL bronchoalveolar lavage BSI British Standards Institution BSL Building Standards Law (Japan) CAAT Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (Johns Hopkins University) CAIPE chloroformic acid isopropylester C6F-ketone dodecafluoro-2-methylpentane-3-one CEN European Committee for Standardization CENELEC European Electrotechnical Committee for Standardization CFAST The Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (a multizone model produced by NIST) CFD computational fluid dynamics CFK Coburn Forster Kane equation CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide COCl2 phosgene COF2 carbonyl fluoride COHb carboxyhaemoglobin CPU central processing unit CS ortho-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile CSF cerebrospinal fluid DBA di-n-butylamine DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung DLCO limiting value for uptake of carbon monoxide DLPI Dekati low pressure impactor DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine DNS direct numerical solution/simulation DTGS deuterated triglycine sulphate (FTIR detector) EC electron capture ECG electrocardiogram EDIT Evaluation-guided Development and new In vitro Tests EELs emergency exposure limits EEPS engine exhaust particle sizer ELPI electrical low pressure impactor EPA Environmental Protection Agency (US) EPFM Eulerian particle flamelet model ER endoplasmic reticulum ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guidelines ESTIV European Society of Toxicology In Vivo ET expiratory time ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer EVCAM European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods f (phi) equivalence ratio FAA Federal Aviation Administration (US) FAI Fatal Accident Inquiry FAR Federal Aviation Regulations (US global) FDF filtered density function FDM finite differences method FDS Fire Dynamics Simulator FEC fractional effective concentration FECsmoke fractional effective concentration of smoke FED fractional effective dose FEM finite element method FIC fractional irritant concentration FID flame ionisation detector FLD fractional lethal dose FPD flame photometric detector FPV flamelet/progress variable FR fire retardant (sometimes flame retardant) FRAME Fund for Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTP Code Fire Test Procedures Code (IMO) FVM finite volume method GC gas chromatography GC-MS gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry GER global equivalence ratio (fg) GFRP glass fibre reinforced polyester composite GRP glass reinforced polyester GSH glutathione H2O2 hydrogen peroxide H3PO4 phosphoric acid Halon 1301 bromotrifluoromethane HBr hydrogen bromide HCl hydrogen chloride HCN hydrogen cyanide HF hydrogen fluoride HFC 125 pentafluoroethane HFC 227ea heptafluoropropane HGV heavy goods vehicle HNCO isocyanic acid HPC high performance computing HPIC high performance ion chromatography HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HRR heat release rate IC50 irritant (or inhibitory) concentration affecting 50% of the population ICCVAM Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods IDLH immediately dangerous to life or health IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IL-8 interleukin 8 IMO International Maritime Organisation IPL isolated perfused lung ISE ion-specific electrodes ISO International Organization for Standarization IT inspiratory time IVTS In Vitro Toxicology Society KB kenacid blue KCN potassium cyanide LC liquid chromatography LC50 lethal concentration affecting 50% of the population (often referring to the concentration causing death of 50% of the test population during or after a 30 min exposure) LCt50 median lethal concentration per minute which is the product of the concentration of a toxic component and the exposure time causing lethality in 50% of test animals LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDPE low density polyethylene LEM linear eddy modelling LER local equivalence ratio LES large eddy simulation LFM Lagrangian flamelet model LoD limits of detection LoQ limits of quantification MCT mercury–cadmium–telluride (FTIR detector) MDF medium density fibreboard MDI methylene diphenyl...